Chapter 2 Programming and Instruction Set PDF

CHAPTER 2
8085 Microprocessor Programming & Instruction

Sets
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Instruction formats
 Addressing modes
 Instruction set
 Assembler directives
 Simple program examples
2
INTRODUCTION
 A microprocessor executes instructions given

by the user
 Instructions should be in a language known to

the microprocessor
 Microprocessor understands the language of 0’s

and 1’s only
 This language is called Machine Language

3
INTRODUCTION CONT..
 For e.g.
 0100 1111
 Is a valid machine language instruction of

8085
 It copies the contents of one of the internal

registers of 8085 to another
4
INTRODUCTION CONT..
 A Machine language program to add two

numbers
 0011 1110 ; Copy value 2H in register A

0000 0010
0000 0110 ; Copy value 4H in register B
0000 0100
1000 0000 ;A=A+B
5
INTRODUCTION CONT..
 Assembly Language of 8085

 It uses English like words to convey the
action/meaning called as MNEMONICS
 For e.g.
 MOV to indicate data transfer
 ADD to add two values
 SUB to subtract two values
6
INTRODUCTION CONT..
 Assembly language program to add two numbers
MVI A, 2H ;Copy value 2H in register A
MVI B, 4H ;Copy value 4H in register B
ADD B ;A = A + B
 Note:
 Assembly language is specific to a given processor
 For e.g. assembly language of 8085 is different
than that of Motorola 6800 microprocessor
7
INTRODUCTION CONT..
 Microprocessor understands Machine Language
only!
 Microprocessor cannot understand a program
written in Assembly language
 A program known as Assembler is used to
convert a Assembly language program to
machine language
Assembly Machine
Assembler
Language Language
Program
Program Code
8
INSTRUCTION FORMATS
 8085 Instruction set can be classified according to

size (in bytes) as
 1-byte Instructions
9
INSTRUCTION FORMAT CONT..
 One-byte Instructions
 Includes Opcode and Operand in the same byte
• Examples
Opcode Operand Binary code Hex code

MOV C,A 0100 1111 4FH
ADD B 1000 0000 80H
HLT 0111 0110 76H
10
INSTRUCTION FORMATS CONT..
 Two-byte Instructions
 First byte specifies Operation Code
 Second byte specifies Operand
 Examples
Opcode Operand Binary Hex Code

Code
MVI A, 32H 0011 1110 3EH
0011 0010 32H
MVI B, F2H 0000 0110 06H
1111 0010 F2H
11
INSTRUCTION & DATA FORMATS
 Three-byte Instructions
• First byte specifies Operation Code
• Second & Third byte specifies Operand
• Examples
Opcode Operand Binary Hex Code
Code
LXI H, 2050H 0010 0001 21H
0101 0000 50H
0010 0000 20H
LDA 3070H 0011 1010 3AH
0111 0000 70H 12
0011 0000 30H
ADDRESSING MODES
 Format of a typical Assembly language
instruction is given below
 [Label:] Mnemonic [Operands] [;comments]
 HLT
 MVI A, 20H
 MOV M, A ;Copy A to memory location
whose address is stored in
register pair HL
 LOAD: LDA 2050H ;Load A with contents of memory
location with address 2050H
 READ: IN 07H ;Read data from Input port
with address 07H 13
ADDRESSING MODES
 The various formats of specifying operands are

called addressing modes
 Addressing modes of 8085

1. Register Addressing
2. Immediate Addressing
3. Memory Addressing
4. Input/ Output Addressing
5. Implied addressing mode 14
ADDRESSING MODES
1. Register Addressing
 Operands are one of the internal registers of

8085
 A, B, C, D, E, H, L
 Examples
 MOV A, B
 ADD C
15
ADDRESSING MODES
2. Immediate Addressing
 Value of the operand is given in the instruction
itself
 Example
 MVI A, 20H
 LXI H, 2050H
 ADI 30H
 SUI 10H
16
ADDRESSING MODES
3. Memory Addressing
 One of the operands is a memory location
 Depending on how address of memory location

is specified, memory addressing is of two types
 Direct addressing
 Indirect addressing
17
ADDRESSING MODES
3.1 Direct Addressing

 16-bit Address of the memory location is specified in
the instruction directly
 Examples
 LDA 2050H ;load A with contents of memory
 STA 3050H ;store A with contents of memory

18
ADDRESSING MODES
3.2 Indirect Addressing
 A memory pointer register is used to store
the address of the memory location
 Example
 MOV M, A ;copy register A to memory location whose
address is stored in register pair HL
H L
20H 50H 2050H 30H
A 30H
19
ADDRESSING MODES
4. Input / Output Addressing

 8-bit address of the port is directly specified in
the instruction
 Examples
 IN 07H
 OUT 21H
20
ADDRESSING MODES
5. Implied addressing mode

 This mode doesn’t require any operand;
 The data is specified by the opcode itself.
 For example:
 CMP ; complement content of accumulator
 XCHG ; exchange values of HL to DE
21
INSTRUCTION SET
 Simple program to compute 2’s complement of a
number
 LDA 2345H ; A  [2345] =12H
 CMA ; A  ED
 INR A ; AEE
 STA 2345H ; 2345HEE
 HLT ; terminate program
22
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
 8085 is an 8-bit device
 it can have up to 28 =256 instructions.
 However, the 8085 only uses
 246 combinations that represent a total of 66

instructions.
 Most of the instructions have more than one
format.
23
 These instructions can be grouped into
Instruction group No of opcodes No of Instruction type
Data Transfer 83 13
Arithmetic Operation 62 14
Logical operation 43 15
Branch operation 36 8
Stack operation 15 9
I/O operation 2 2
Interrupt operation 5 5
Total 246 66
24
Data Transfer Instructions
1. INSTRACTION TYPE MVI r,d8
 Move immediate value to register
 rd8
 d8  any 8 bit value
 r  register (A,B,C,D,E,H or L) 7 opcode
 Immediate addressing mode

 2 byte instruction
 1 byte for opcode and
 1 byte for operand
 Example:
 MVI B,45H ; B =45H; 25
Data Transfer Instructions con..
2. INSTRACTION TYPE MOV r1,r2
 Move value from register r2 to r1
 r1,r2 = Register(A,B,C,D,E,H or L)
  7*7  49 opcode
 One byte Instruction
 Example:
 MOV B,C ; copy value from register C to B
26
3. INSTRACTION TYPE MOV r, M
 Move value from memory, M to register r
 r= Register(A,B,C,D,E,H or L)
 7 opcode
 Memory address from HL register

 Example:
 MOV B,M ; copy value from memory to B
27
4. INSTRACTION TYPE MOV M, r
 Move value from register, r to memory, M
 r= Register(A,B,C,D,E,H or L)
 7 opcode

 Example:
 MOV M,B ; copy value from B to memory, M
28
5. INSTRACTION TYPE LXI rp, d16
 Load extended register immediate value of 16
bit
 rp= Register pair(BC, DE or HL)
 3 opcode
 d16  any 16 bit value
 three byte Instruction

 Example:
 LXI B, 1234H ; BC1234H
 B  34, C12
29
6. INSTRACTION TYPE MVI M, d8
 Move 8 bit immediate value to memory, M
 d8 8 bit value
 two byte Instruction

 One for opcode
 One for value
 One opcode only

 Example:
 MVI M, 12H ; move value, 12H to memory located by 30
HL
7. INSTRACTION TYPE LDA d16
 Load Accumulator with 16 bit value
 Three byte Instruction
 One byte for opcode
 Two byte for operand
 One opcode only

 Example:
 LDA 1234H ; A1234
31
8. INSTRACTION TYPE STA a16
 Store accumulator value to memory address
a16
 One byte for opcode
 Two byte for operand
 One opcode only

 Example:
 STA 1234H ; [A]1234H
32
9. INSTRACTION TYPE XCHG
 Exchange value of HL and DE
 Implied addressing
 One opcode only
 Example:
 XCHG ;DE HL and HLDE
33
10. INSTRACTION TYPE LAX rp
 Load accumulator from memory pointed by
extended register pair, rp
 rp can be BC or DE
 Indirect addressing
 Two opcodes
 Example:
 LAX B; A values from memory pointed by BC
 LAX C; A values from memory pointed by DE 34
11. INSTRACTION TYPE STAX rp
 Store content of accumulator to memory pointed
by extended register rp
 rp can be BC or DE
 Indirect addressing
 Two opcodes
 Example:
 STAX B; content of A copied to memory pointed by BC
 STAX C; content of A copied to memory pointed by DE 35
12. INSTRACTION TYPE LHLD a16
 Load HL register pair from direct memory
address a16
 a16 address value
 Absolute addressing
 One opcodes
 Example:
 LHLD 1234H; HL content of memory pointed by 1234H
36
13. INSTRACTION TYPE SHLD a16
 Store HL pair directly to memory address
starting at a16
 Absolute addressing
 One opcodes
 Example:
 SHLD 1234H; HL to memory pointed by 1234H
37
Data Transfer 83 13
I/O operation 2 2
Total 246 66
38
Arithmetic group of instructions
 Addition and Subtraction
 No multiplication or division
 14 instruction type
 62 instruction
 One of the operand must be Accumulator
 Others can be
 Content of 8 bit register
 Content of memory location pointed by HL pair
 8 bit immediate data
39
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
1. INSTRACTION TYPE ADD R
 Add content of R to Accumulator
 R  A,B,C,D,E,H,L or M
 8 opcode
 Result stored on Accumulator
 One byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 Cy, P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 ADD E ; AA+E 40
2. INSTRACTION TYPE ADI d8
 Add immediate value d8 to Accumulator
 one opcode
 Result stored on Accumulator
 two byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 Cy,P,AC,Z,S
 Example
 ADI B1H; AA+B1H
41
3. INSTRACTION TYPE INR R
 Increment R, register
 R: A, B, C, D, E, H, L or M
 Eight opcode
 Affect flags:
 P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 INR A; AA+01h
42
4. INSTRACTION TYPE ADC R
 Add content of R with carry to accumulator
 R: A, B, C, D, E, H, L or M
 Eight opcode
 Affect flags:
 Cy, P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 ADC B; AA+B
43
5. INSTRACTION TYPE ACI d8
 Add immediate with carry to accumulator
 One opcode
 Two byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 Cy, P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 ADC B; AA+B
44
6. INSTRACTION TYPE SUB R
 Subtract content of R from Accumulator
 R: A,B,C,D,E,H,L or M
 Eight opcode
 Affect flags:
 Cy, P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 SUB B; AA-B
45
7. INSTRACTION TYPE SUI d8
 Subtract d8 from accumulator
 One opcode
 Affect flags:
 Cy, P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 SUI 12H; AA-12H
46
8. INSTRACTION TYPE DCR R
 Decrement register R
 8 opcode
 Affect flags:
 P, AC, Z, S not Cy
 Example
 DCR B; BB-01H
47
9. INSTRACTION TYPE SBB R
 Subtract R with borrow from accumulator
 8 opcode
 Affect flags:
 P, AC, Z, S, Cy
 Example
 SBB B; AA-B
48
10. INSTRACTION TYPE SBI d8
 Subtract immediate with borrow from
accumulator
 One opcode
 Affect flags:
 P, AC, Z, S, Cy
 Example
 SBI F2h ; AA-d8
49
11. INSTRACTION TYPE INX rp
 Increment extended register pair rp
 rp : BC, DE, HL
 Three opcode
 No flag affected
 Example
 INX B
 INX B = INX C???
50
12. INSTRACTION TYPE DCX rp
 Decrement extended register pair rp
 rp : BC, DE, HL
 Three opcode
 No flag affected
 Example
 DCX B
51
13. INSTRACTION TYPE DAD rp
 Double add
 Add content of rp to HL
 rp : BC, DE, HL
 Three opcode
 No flag affected except Cy
 Example
 DAD B
52
Data Transfer 83 13
I/O operation 2 2
Total 246 66
53
Logical group of instructions
 15 instruction type
 45 instructions
 Includes
 AND
 OR
 Exclusive OR
 Complement accumulator
 Complement carry flag
 Compare and rotate 54
Logical group of instructions cont..
AND operation
 Operand
 Accumulator and
 8 bit immediate data, register or memory pointed by
HL
 Bitwise AND operation
 Flag
 S, P and Z based on result
 Cy reset
 Ac set
55
1. INSTRACTION TYPE ANA R
 AND accumulator with register R
 R: A, B, C, D, E, H, L or MEMORY
 One byte instruction

 8 opcode
 Result on Accumulator
 Example :
56
 ANA B
2. INSTRACTION TYPE ANI d8
 AND accumulator with immediate value
 Two byte instruction
 1 opcode
 Example :
 ANI 45h 57
OR operation
 Operand
 Accumulator and
 8 bit immediate data, register or memory pointed by HL
 Bitwise OR operation
 Flag
58
 Cy and Ac reset
3. INSTRACTION TYPE ORA R
 OR accumulator with Register R

 8 opcode
 Example :
59
 ORA B
4. INSTRACTION TYPE ORI d8
 OR accumulator with immediate value
 1 opcode
 Example :
 ORI 45h ; A A OR 45h 60
Exclusive OR operation
 Operand
 Accumulator and
 8 bit immediate data, register or memory pointed by HL
 Bitwise Ex-OR operation
 Flag
61
 Cy and Ac reset
5. INSTRACTION TYPE XRA R
 Ex-OR accumulator with Register R

 8 opcode
 Example :
62
 XRA B
6. INSTRACTION TYPE XRI d8
 Ex-OR accumulator with immediate value
 1 opcode
 Example :
 XRI 45h 63
7. INSTRACTION TYPE CMA
 Complement Accumulator
 One opcode
 Example :
 CMA
64
 Affects no flag
8. INSTRACTION TYPE CMC
 Complement CARRY FLAG
 One opcode
 Result on carry flag
 Example :
 CMC 65
9. INSTRACTION TYPE STC
 Set carry flag

 One opcode
 Result on carry flag
 Example :
 STC 66
10 INSTRACTION TYPE CMP R
 Compare accumulator with Register R

 8 opcode
 Result on Temp register
 Affects all flags
 Example :
67
 CMP B
11. INSTRACTION TYPE CPI d8
 Compare accumulator with immediate value
 1 opcode
 Result on Temp register
 Affect all flags
 Example :
68
 CPI 45h
12. INSTRACTION TYPE RLC
 Rotate accumulator left with out carry flag

 Affects Cy : MSB
 To check MSB
 To multiply by 2
 Example :
 RLC 69
13. INSTRACTION TYPE RAL
 Rotate accumulator left with carry flag

 Application:
 To check MSB
 Example :
70
 RAL
14. INSTRACTION TYPE RRC
 Rotate accumulator right with out carry flag
 Affects Cy : LSB
 Application:
 To check LSB
 To divide by 2
 Example :
71
 RRC
15. INSTRACTION TYPE RAR
 Rotate accumulator right with carry flag
 Application:
 To check MSB
 Example :
72
 RAL
Data Transfer 83 13
I/O operation 2 2
Total 246 66
73
Stack group of instructions
 Stack
 Data structure implemented in a RAM
 LIFO (last in first out)
 Store data and address
 SP (stack pointer)
 16-bit special register
 Pointes to top of stack
 Stack operation instruction

 9- instruction type
 15 – instruction 74
Stack group of instructions cont..
1. INSTRACTION TYPE POP rp

 Load register pair rp 2 byte from top of stack
 rp: BC, DE, HL, or PSW (accumulator + flag)
 Four opcode
 Example:
 POP B ; load BC from top of stack

75
2. INSTRACTION TYPE PUSH rp
 Store content of rp to top of stack

 rp: BC, DE, HL, or PSW
 Four opcode
 Example:
 PUSH D ; store content of DE to top of stack
 PUSH PSW ; store content of PSW to top of stack 76

3. INSTRACTION TYPE LXI SP, d16
 Load extended immediate value to SP

 Load SP immediate value of 16-bit
 To change stack pointer address from top of stack to
other stack address
 One opcode
 Three byte instruction
 Example:
 LXI SP, 1234h; load SP with new address 1234h
77
4. INSTRACTION TYPE SPHL
 Load SP with content of HL register pair
 One opcode
 Example:
 SPHL ; SP HL
78
5. INSTRACTION TYPE XTHL
 Exchange top of stack with HL pair

 Not SP with HL
 One byte
 One opcode
 Example:
 XTHL
79
6. INSTRACTION TYPE INX SP
 Increment SP by one
 One opcode only
 Example:
 INX SP
80
7. INSTRACTION TYPE DCX SP
 Decrement SP by one
 One opcode only
 Example:
 DCX SP
81
8. INSTRACTION TYPE DAD SP
 Add content of SP to HL
 One opcode
 Example:
 DAD SP
 Affects carry flag only

82
9. INSTRACTION TYPE NOP
 No operation
 Do nothing
 Application :
 To generate small delay
 To delete/Insert few instruction in program

 One opcode
83
Data Transfer 83 13
I/O operation 2 2
Total 246 66
84
Branch group of instructions
 Eight Instruction Type
 36 instruction
 Unconditional/Conditional Branch instruction
 Unconditional / conditional call instruction
 Return from call instruction
85
Unconditional Branch Instruction
1. INSTRACTION TYPE JMP a16
 Jump to memory address a16
 Direct memory addressing
 Example:
 JMP 12EFh; PC 12EFh
86
Unconditional Branch Instruction
2. INSTRACTION TYPE PCHL
 Load PC with content of HL
 Unconditional indirect jump
 Example:
 PCHL ; PC [HL]
87
Conditional Branch instructions
3. INSTRACTION TYPE JNC a16
 Jump if not carry, cy =0 to memory address a16

 Example: JNC 123Ah
4. INSTRACTION TYPE JC a16
 Jump if carry, cy =0 to memory address a16

 Example: JC 123Ah
88
Conditional Branch instructions cont..
5. INSTRACTION TYPE JNZ a16
 Jump if not zero, Z=0 to memory a16
 Example: JNZ 1234h

6. INSTRACTION TYPE JZ a16
 Jump if zero, Z=1 to memory a16
 Example: JZ 1234h 89
7. INSTRACTION TYPE JPO a16
 Jump if parity odd, P=0

 Three Byte
 Example: JPO 1234h
8. INSTRACTION TYPE JPE a16
 Jump if parity even, P=1

 Three Byte
 Example: JPE 1234h
90
9. INSTRACTION TYPE JP a16
 Jump if positive, S=0

 Three byte
 Example: JP 1234h
10. INSTRACTION TYPE JM a16
 Jump if Minus, S=1

 Three byte
 Example: JM 1234h
91
Branch instructions cont..
11. INSTRACTION TYPE CALL , a16
 Call a subroutine at memory address a16
 PUSH next instruction on top of stack
 Example: CALL 1234h ; PUSH (PC+3byte) and PC1234h
12. INSTRACTION TYPE RET
 Return from call
 New PC POP from stack top
92
 Example: RET; PC POP
13.INSTRACTION TYPE CNC a16
 Call if not carry, cy =0 subroutine at a16
 Example: CNC 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
14. INSTRACTION TYPE CC a16
 Call if carry, cy =1 subroutine at a16
93
 Example: CC 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
15. INSTRACTION TYPE CNZ a16
 Call if not zero, Z =0 subroutine at a16
 Example: CNZ 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
16. INSTRACTION TYPE CZ a16
 Call if zero, Z =1 subroutine at a16
94
 Example: CZ 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
17. INSTRACTION TYPE CPO a16
 Call if parity odd, P =0 to subroutine at a16
 Example: CPO 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
18. INSTRACTION TYPE CPE a16
 Call if parity even, P =1 to subroutine at a16
95
 Example: CPE 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
19. INSTRACTION TYPE CP a16
 Call if positive, S =0 to subroutine at a16
 Example: CP 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
20. INSTRACTION TYPE CM a16
 Call if minus, S =1 to subroutine at a16
96
 Example: CM 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
21. INSTRACTION TYPE RNC
 Return if not carry, CY=0
 POP PC from top of stack
 Example: RNC ; POP PC
22. INSTRACTION TYPE RC a16
 Return if carry, CY=1
97
 Example: RC ; POP PC
23. INSTRACTION TYPE RNZ
 Return if not Zero, Z=0
 Example: RNZ ; POP PC
24 INSTRACTION TYPE RZ a16
 Return if Zero, Z=1
98
 Example: RZ ; POP PC
25. INSTRACTION TYPE RPO
 Return if parity odd, P=0
 Example: RPO ; POP PC
26. INSTRACTION TYPE RPE a16
 Return if parity even, P=1
99
 Example: RPE ; POP PC
27. INSTRACTION TYPE RP
 Return if positive, S=0
 Example: RP ; POP PC
28. INSTRACTION TYPE RM a16
 Return if minus, S=1
100
 Example: RM ; POP PC
29. INSTRACTION TYPE RST n
 Restart
 n: 0-7
 Example:
 RST 0 ; CALL 0*8= CALL 0000h
 RST 2; CALL 2*8 = CALL 0010h
101
Data Transfer 83 13
I/O operation 2 2
Total 246 66
102
I/O instructions
1. INSTRACTION TYPE IN a8
 Input to accumulator from input port
 a8 address of the port
 Two byte
 One opcode
 Example:
 IN 0Fh ; A InPort[OFh]
103
I/O instructions
2. INSTRACTION TYPE OUT a8
 Output content of accumulator to output port
 a8 address of output port
 Two byte
 One opcode
 Example:
 OUT FFh ; A Output Port[FFh]
104
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Instruction set
105
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES
 Definition:
 Are instructions used by assembler at the time of
assembling source code.
 Instruction to control assembler, nothing to do with
the microprocessor
 Also known as Pseudo-instructions or pseudo-opcode
106
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES CONT..
 What they do:
 Show beginning and end of source code
 Provide storage locations to data
 To give value to variables
 To define start and end of segments
107
 ORG:
 Origin
 To assign starting/beginning address for module of
segment
 ORG 1000H
 Following instruction must be stored in memory location
starting at 1000H
 END:
 End program
 For program termination
108
 DB:
DATA 21H
 Define Byte
20H
 To allocate and initialize data byte
 DATA DB 20H,21H
 Memory named Data has 2 consecutive information 20H
and 21H on it
DATAWORD 40H
 DW:
22H
 Define Word
ACH
 To define and initialize 16-bit word
20H
 DATAWORD DW 20ACH, 2240H
 Memory named DATAWORD has 4 consecutive
byte with information40H, 22H, ACH and 20H 109
 EQU:
 Equate
 To assign value to variables
 X EQU A1H
 X A1H
 MACRO : beginning of macro

 ENDM: end of macro
 Exam MACRO
….
….
….
110
Exam ENDM
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Instruction set
111
SIMPLE PROGRAM EXAMPLES
Write an assembly language program to transfer data from
register B to C.
MVI B, 4AH ; BAH
MOV C, B ;CB
HLT ; stop process and wait
112
 Write an assembly language program to store data from B
register into memory location 1050H.
MVI B, 1020H ; B 1020H
MOV A, B ; A B
STA 1050H ; M[1050H] A
HLT
113
 Write an assembly language program to exchange 8-bit
data stored in memory locations 2050H and 2051H
LDA 2050H ; A [2050h
MOV B, A ;B A
LDA 2051H ; A[2051H]
STA 2050H ; [2050]A
MOV A , B ;AB
STA 2051H ;[2051]A
HLT 114
Write an assembly language program to add two 8-bit numbers
stored in memory location 2050h and 2051h. Store result in location
2052h.
LXI H 2050H ; HL2050
MOV A, M ; AM[2050]
INX H ; HL2051
ADD H ; A A+M[HL=2051]
INX H ; HL2052
MOV M , A ; M[2052]A
HLT ; STOP PROGRAM 115

Write an assembly language program to find 1’s complement of the
data stored in memory location 2500 H and the result is to be stored
in memory location 2501 H.
 LDA 2500H ; A[2500h]
 CMA ; complement [A]
 STA 2501H ; 2501[A]
 HLT ; end program
116
Write an assembly language program of 8085 to find

1’s complement of n (decimal number) bytes of data
stored in memory location starting at 2501 H. The
number n (decimal number) is stored in memory
location 2500 H. Store the result in memory locations
starting at 2601 H.
117
LXI D, 2601h ; DE first address 2601h
LXI H, 2500h ; HL second address 2500h

MOV C, M ; C [2500] counter register
INX H ; Increment H-L register pair.
LOOP: MOV A, M ; AM[H-L]
CMA ; complement content of Accumulator
STAX D ; M[DE]A.
INX D ; Increment D-E register pair.

INX H ; Increment H-L register pair.
DCR C ; Decrement the C-register data.
JNZ LOOP ; If data in C-reg. is not zero jump to LOOP
HLT ; Stop processing. 118
Write an Assembly program for 8085 to arrange a
series of N-numbers in descending order. The
number N is stored in memory location 2100 H. The
series is stored in memory location starting at 2101
H. The result is to be stored in memory locations
starting at 2201 H.
119
Main Program:
LXI SP, XXXX H ; Initialize stack pointer.
LXI D, 2201 H ; Get D-E pair with 2201 H.
LXI H, 2100 H ; Get H-L pair with 2100 H.
MOV B, M ; Store the count N in B-register.
START LXI H, 2100 H ; Get H-L pair with 2100 H.
MOV C, M ; Store the number N in C-register
INX H ; Increment the H-L pair.
MOV A, M ; AM[HL]
DCR C ; Decrement count.
LOOP INX H ; Increment the H-L pair.
CMP M ; Compare the second number with first number.
JNC NXT ; If the accumulator content is larger
; then jump to NXT.
MOV A, M ; Else move [M −LH ] to accumulator.
120
NXT DCR C ; Decrement count.
JNZ LOOP ; Jump to LOOP if not zero.
STAX D ; Store the largest number in memory location
; addressed by D-E register pair.
CALL SUBR ; Call the subroutine SUBR to put 00 H to the
; memory location where the largest number
; was found.
INX D ; Increment D-E register pair.
DCR B ; Decrement B.
JNZ START ; Jump to START if not zero.
HLT ; Stop processing.
121
Subroutine Program:
SUBR LXI H, 2100 H ; Get H-L pair with 2100 H.

MOV C, M ; Store the number N is C-register
AGAIN INX H ; Increment the H-L pair.
CMP M ; Compare the number with the largest
; number obtained in the main program.
JZ NXT ; If it is largest jump to NXT.
DCR C ; Decrement count.
JNZ AGAIN ; If counts not complete jump to AGAIN.
MVI A, 00 H ; Store 00 H to the accumulator.
MOV M, A ; Put 00 H to the location at which
; the largest number was found.
RET ; Go back to main program.
122

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CHAPTER 2

8085 Microprocessor Programming & Instruction

 Simple program examples

 A microprocessor executes instructions given

 Instructions should be in a language known to

 Microprocessor understands the language of 0’s

 This language is called Machine Language

 Is a valid machine language instruction of

 It copies the contents of one of the internal

 A Machine language program to add two

 0011 1110 ; Copy value 2H in register A

 Assembly Language of 8085

 ADD to add two values

 SUB to subtract two values

 8085 Instruction set can be classified according to

Opcode Operand Binary code Hex code

 Second byte specifies Operand

Opcode Operand Binary Hex Code

 The various formats of specifying operands are

 Addressing modes of 8085

 Operands are one of the internal registers of

 One of the operands is a memory location

 Depending on how address of memory location

3.1 Direct Addressing

 STA 3050H ;store A with contents of memory

4. Input / Output Addressing

5. Implied addressing mode

 The data is specified by the opcode itself.

 XCHG ; exchange values of HL to DE

 246 combinations that represent a total of 66

 Immediate addressing mode

 One byte Instruction

 One byte Instruction

 three byte Instruction

 two byte Instruction

 One opcode only

 One opcode only

 One opcode only

 One byte instruction

 8 bit immediate data, register or memory pointed by HL

 One byte instruction

 8 bit immediate data, register or memory pointed by HL

 Bitwise Ex-OR operation

 One byte instruction

 Ex-OR accumulator with immediate value

 Two byte instruction

 Complement CARRY FLAG

 One byte instruction

 Result on carry flag

 Set carry flag

 One byte instruction

 Rotate accumulator left with out carry flag

 Rotate accumulator left with carry flag

14. INSTRACTION TYPE RRC

 Rotate accumulator right with out carry flag

15. INSTRACTION TYPE RAR

 Rotate accumulator right with carry flag

 Stack operation instruction

Stack group of instructions cont..

1. INSTRACTION TYPE POP rp

 One byte instruction

 Store content of rp to top of stack