INTRODUCTION

An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely

encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose
computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined
tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks,
design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems
are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers
are generally considered embedded devices because of the nature of
their hardware design, even though they are more expandable in
software terms. This line of definition continues to blur as devices
expand. With the introduction of the OQO Model 2 with the
Windows XP operating system and ports such as a USB port —
both features usually belong to "general purpose computers", — the
line of nomenclature blurs even more.
Embedded systems plays major role in electronics varies from portable devices to large
stationary installations like digital watches and MP3 players, traffic lights, factory controllers, or
the systems controlling nuclear power plants.
In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single
Raspberry pi chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside
a large chassis or enclosure.

Examples of Embedded Systems:

 Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other
integrated systems in aircraft and missiles
 Cellular telephones and telephone switches
 Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles
 Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security
monitoring systems
 Handheld calculators
 Handheld computers
  Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets,
DVD players and recorders
 Medical equipment
 Personal digital assistant
 Videogame consoles
 Computer peripherals such as routers and printers.
 Industrial controllers for remote machine operation.

LITERATURE SURVEY
Yuichi Saito, Makoto Itoh, Toshiyuki Inagaki [1] have described a multilayered assistance with a
dual control scheme, which could assist in reducing sleep related accidents. The system judges
the driver's state in multilayered way through the interaction between the driver and the
assistance system in addition to executing the first and second stage controls to maintain the
safety.
Duy Tran, Eyosiyas Tadesse, Weihua Sheng , Yuge Sun, Meiqin Liu and Senlin Zhang [2]
Proposed the designing of a driver assistance framework which allowed switching between
manual and autonomous driving on a simulated testbed. This testbed is driving simulator which
can create realistic environment and driving experience while enabling both autonomous and
manual driving capabilities. This framework demonstrated that intermittent autonomous driving
can be adopted as a mechanism to prevent accidents in certain abnormal situations. Ajay Mittal,
Kanika Kumar, Sarina Dhamija, Manvjeet Kaur[3] have presented a survey which includes the
techniques for detecting driver drowsiness by monitoring the driving pattern. A number of
measures like subjective, physiological, behavioral and vehicular were used in this model.
Among various behavioral measures the most precise and effective is head movement measure.
Aleksandar Colic, Oge Marques and Borko Furtht[4] have described the steps involved in
designing and implementing driver's drowsiness detection system based on visual input (driver's
face and head). It combines off-the-shelf software components for the face detection human skin
color detection, and eye state (open vs. closed) classification in a novel way. Anjali K U,
Athiramol K Thampi, Athira Vijayraman, Franiya Francis M, Jeffy James N, Bindhu K Rajan[5]
have implemented a system by analyzing the eye movement of the driver and alerting the driver
by activating the buzzer when he /she is drowsy. The system implemented is a nonintrusive real
time monitoring system for eye detection. They obtained visual cues by observing eye blink rate
using camera which characterize the alertness level of a driver. Javed Ahmed, Jain -Ping-Li,
Saeed Ahmed Khan, Riaz Ahmed Shaikh[6] have developed the system to concentrate the eyes of
driver and check the drowsiness. The system manages utilizing data gained for the image to
locate the face edges. At the point when the eyes of driver are closed for really long time, a
warning sign is issued to driver. Amna Rahman, Mehreen Sirshar, Aliya Khan[7] have presented
new eye blink monitoring algorithm that uses eye feature points to determine the open and closed
state of the eye and activate the alarm ti determine if the driver is drowsy in real time. This
technique highly accurate results when used under good illumination conditions and executed
using high resolution camera.
INTRODUCTION
Drowsiness is a state resulting in reduction of consciousness caused due to lack of sleep or
fatigue. Due to drowsiness, drive loses control of the vehicle which may deviate him/her from the
road and results in severe accidents. According to NHTSA organization statistics, the major
factor causing accidents is sleepiness of driver. India is a signatory to Brasilia Declaration and is
committed to reduce the number of road accidents and fatalities by 50 per cent by 2020.
However, over the years, with the increasing growth rate of motorization accompanied by road
network expansion and urbanization, India is facing serious impacts on road safety levels. In
India the total number of road accidents is increased by 2.5 per cent from 4,89,400 in 2014 to
5,01,423 in 2015. The road accident data analysis of 2015 reveals that about 1374 accidents and
400 deaths take place every day on Indian roads. Few of the major causes for this huge loss are
alcohol consumption while driving and drowsiness of driver. In order to minimize this huge
number of accidents, advanced driver assistance techniques can be used. For this the driver is
monitored using two ways: direct and indirect. Direct monitoring technique consists of head
movement, facial expressions captured using sensors like camera. Driver activities and his/her
response to specific situation are included in indirect techniques for monitoring drowsiness. A
series of actions performed by driver while driving involves eye activities, frequency and the
amount of time for which eyes were closed, head displacement with respect to the centre of
gravity assists in detecting the driver’s current state.Considering the available statistics,
importance of drowsiness detection systems is unavoidable. The main objective of this paper is to
design and implement a combination of hardware and software system which will detect driver’s
drowsiness, especially those diagnosed at the right time to alert which will result in preventing
many accidents and save countless lives.
EXISTED SYSTEM:
Farmers need agricultural information and pertinent knowledge to make knowledgeable decisions
and to satisfy informational needs. In agriculture domain through the development of a
knowledge management system, enquiries of farmers can be answered with the help of
multimedia which is easily accessible.
In an existing automated water management system we cannot take decision at that instance by
taking different attribute of agriculture soil. Current automated irrigation system only works on
one parameter at one time. Soil have different attribute like soil moisture and temperature,
humidity etc. Soil moisture is below threshold value then water valve is open for water supply
and after proper water supply if it goes above threshold value water valve is get close. Existing
system does not concern about available water in reservoir and requirement of water to particular
crop. So system does not have decision power. It only works on one condition at one time. In the
system send the information about the growth of paddy plant and sugarcane in the field. The data
are send details about the every stage in the plant growth in the field.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:
In recent years, driver's drowsiness is the main cause of accidents causing severe physical
injuries, death and economic loss. The purpose of this paper is to develop a drowsiness detection
system. In this work, images are processed using image processing techniques for identifying
driver's current state. Driver's drowsiness is analyzed by his/her facial expression and head
movement. This system manages utilizing data gained for the image which is in binary form to
locate the face. Detection of alcohol consumption and heart pulse is done with the help of
sensors. The number of road accidents might then be avoided if an alert is sent to a driver that is
deemed drowsy. The drowsiness measure based on camera give an appreciated contribution.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 Power Motor
supply

Alcohol Buzzer
sensor
RASPBERRY PI3

Web
camera Gsm /
Gprs

Gps

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Power Supply: This section is meant for supplying Power to all the sections mentioned above. It
basically consists of a Transformer to step down the 230V ac to 9V ac followed by diodes. Here
diodes are used to rectify the ac to dc. After rectification the obtained rippled dc is filtered using a
capacitor Filter. A positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the obtained dc voltage.
RASPBERRY PI
The Raspberry Pi-3 is used in my model .Raspberry Pi is a single board computer with Linux or
other small operating systems. It was developed by Raspberry Pi foundation in UK for the use of
computer science education. The second version of the Raspberry Pi is used in my project. This
part describes models of Raspberry Pi is available. This report will not attempt to provide full
specifications but an overview in order to help in making decision as to which device it is
required to accomplish the objectives in question. Currently, five Raspberry Pi model do exists.
They are: Model B+, Model A+, Model B, Model A and the Compute Module(currently only
available as part of the Compute Module development kit).All these models use the same SoC
(Sytem on Chip combined CPU & GPU),the BCM2835,but other hardware features differ. The
raspberry pi board is consists of HDMI port is connected to monitor.usb1 is connected to
keyboard and other usb2 is connected to mouse. The board that has power supply port and insert
memory card.
Alcohol Sensor:An alcohol sensor detects the attentiveness of alcohol gas in the air and an
analog voltage is an output reading. The sensor can activate at temperatures ranging from -10 to
50° C with a power supply is less than 150 Ma to 5V. Thesensing range is from 0.04 mg/L to 4
mg/L, which is suitable for breathalyzers.

GSM:GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access
(TDMA) technique for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then
sends it down through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own
particular time slot. The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data
rates.There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells.
Each cell varies as per the implementation domain. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM
network macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according
to the implementation environment.

GPS:The working/operation of Global positioning system is based on the 'trilateration'

mathematical principle. The position is determined from the distance measurements to satellites.
From the figure, the four satellites are used to determine the position of the receiver on the earth.

DC Motor: DC motor is an output for this project. And DC motor is connected to Raspberry pi.
And this motor controlled by the Raspberry pi with the respective inputs given by us. Its speed
will be varied according to the speed set by the switches..

HARDWARE COMPONENTS
 Raspberry Pi 3 Model (BCM2836)

Raspberry Pi is an ARM (built by using the RISC architecture) based credit card sized
single board computer.

Fig 2.1 Raspberry Pi 3 Model B

It based over Broadcom SOC, which is an incorporated circuit that coordinates all
parts of a PC. Raspberry Pi, for the most part, contains a CPU, memory controller and
different peripherals like USB, GPIO, and GPU and so on, which all are coordinated into a
solitary chip contrasted with our customary work area pc.

The most recent adaptation of raspberry pi is Raspberry Pi 3 Model B (BCM2837),

which is 10x quicker than its past models. It additionally has remote LAN and Bluetooth
network making it perfect to ease for associated outlines.

Specifications of Raspberry Pi 3 Model B

SoC Broadcom BCM2837

Instruction Set ARMv8-A

CPU Quad Cortex A53 @ 1.2GHz

GPU 400MHz VideoCore IV

Memory 1GB SDRAM

Power Micro USB socket 5V, 2A

Dimensions 85 x 56 x 17mm

GPIO 40 Pins

USB 4 x USB 2.0 Connector

Ethernet 10/100

Wireless 802.11n / Bluetooth 4.0

Video Output HDMI/Composite

Audio Output HDMI/Headphone

Storage Micro-SD

Table 2.1: Specifications of Raspberry Pi 3 Model B

 Raspberry Pi 3 Model B GPIO Pin Description

Broadly useful information/yield (GPIO) is a non-specific stick on an incorporated

circuit, which can be utilized as an information or yield stick, which can be controlled by the
client at runtime. GPIO pins have no exceptional reason described and are unused of course.
The thought is that occasionally the framework integrator constructing a full framework that
uses the chip may think that it’s valuable to have a bunch of extra computerized control lines,
and having these accessible from the chip can maintain a strategic distance from the exertion
of arranging extra hardware to give them. GPIO can be able to do one or more capabilities
listed below

Fig 2.2 GPIO Pin Diagram for Raspberry Pi3 Model B

  GPIO pins can be designated as an input or output.
 GPIO pins can be enabled/disabled.
 GPIO pins Input esteems are clear (normally high=1, low=0).
 GPIO pins Output esteems are writable/meaningful.
 GPIO pins Input esteems can frequently be utilized as Interrupt Requests (IRQs),
commonly for wakeup occasions.

Raspberry Pi 3 Model B contains a total of 40 GPIO pins from which 26 pins are
available to use. Pins 2, 4 are correlated with 5v control supply. 1, 17 are correlated with the
3.3v, remaining pins are correlated with ground and other leftover pins are UART, GPIO,
I2C, and SPI.
Quantum QHM495LM 25MP Web Camera:

Stay connected with your loved ones. Your loved one might be miles apart, but the Quantum
QHM495LM 25MP webcam bridges the distance with life-like picture quality and excellent
sound reproduction. It has a built-in microphone that helps you to chat with them online and
enjoy clear conversation in a video call. Simply clip this 6 led webcam on your PC or laptop and
start chatting without downloading any drivers. The web camera also has six lights that
automatically switch on in the dark. It also has 16 special effects and 10 backgrounds frames. Pep
up your images in these frames and add special effects for added fun. Clean Picture, Clear Sound.
This USB webcam with mic comes with high speed USB 2.0 interface. The webcam also offers
great camera resolution and is available with AWB (Automatic Whiteness Balance) so that you
get clear and natural images. The Quantum 25MP night vision webcam has some advanced
features like brightness control, sharpness control and adjust that help you get the expected high-
quality image output. With the CMOS sensor incorporated in this webcam, the images are
rendered with supreme quality. It is the most easy and amazing way to feel close to your loved
ones while you enjoy face-to-face chats with them. 10x digital zoom. Six white lights. Built-in
sensitive microphone. Snap shot mode for taking all pictures. Adjustable brightness, sharpness
and colour. Anti-flicker. Comes with AWB (Automatic Whiteness Balance).

Power Supply:
The power supply is designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable
low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down
into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A D.C. power supply which
maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is
known as “Regulated D.C Power Supply”
For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

Fig 22: Functional Block Diagram of Power supply

Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one
electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains
voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called
the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by
an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the
middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the
power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is
stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the
ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input)
coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

Fig 23: An Electrical Transformer

Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NS
Power Out= Power In
VS X IS=VP X IP
Vp = primary (input) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip  = primary (input) current    

Rectifier:
A circuit, which is used to convert a.c to dc, is known as RECTIFIER. The process of
conversion a.c to d.c is called “rectification”
Types of Rectifiers:
 Half wave Rectifier
 Full wave rectifier
1. Center tap full wave rectifier.
2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.
Full-wave Rectifier:
From the above comparisons we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as more
advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full wave bridge rectifier
circuit.
Bridge Rectifier:
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and
with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in fig(a) to
achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes
wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Fig(24.A):

Operation:
During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased
while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(b). The current flow direction is
shown in the fig (b) with dotted arrows.

Fig(24.B)
During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in forward
biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(c). The current flow direction
is shown in the fig (c) with dotted arrows.

Fig(24.C)

Filter:
A Filter is a device, which removes the a.c component of rectifier output but allows the d.c
component to reach the load.
Capacitor Filter:
We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121%
or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of ripples
is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one of the following
methods of filtering:
(a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass for the ripples voltage though
it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load.
(b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high
impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low resistance to d.c)
(c) various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter section filter,
multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above.
Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full wave
rectifier.
Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from
the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then
discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering significantly increases the average DC
voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
To calculate the value of capacitor(C),
C = ¼*√3*f*r*Rl
Where,
f = supply frequency,
r = ripple factor,
Rl = load resistance
Note: In our circuit we are using 1000microfarads.
Type of Rectifier
Parameter Half wave Full wave Bridge
Number of diodes
1 2 3
PIV of diodes
Vm 2Vm Vm

D.C output voltage Vm/ 2Vm/ 2Vm/

Vdc, at 0.318Vm 0.636Vm 0.636Vm

no-load

Ripple factor 1.21 0.482 0.482

Ripple
frequency f 2f 2f
Rectification
efficiency 0.406 0.812 0.812
Transformer
Utilization 0.287 0.693 0.812
Factor(TUF)
RMS voltage Vrms Vm/2 Vm/√2 Vm/√2

Table: Comparison of rectifier circuits:

Regulator:
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are
available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection
from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the
fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A
regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead
of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect
the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt
supply from the output pin.

Fig 25: A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator

78XX:
The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The
LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications.
When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an
effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current.
The LM78XX is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,
Features:
• Output Current of 1.5A
• Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Internal Short-Circuit Limited
• No External Component
• Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V
• Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263
• Direct Replacement for LM78XX

ALCOHOL SENSOR:
Used for perceiving alcohol obsession in breath. It gives a straightforward yield reliant on alcohol
obsession. In case the proportion of alcohol outperforms the limit regard it won't empower the
bike to start.

This module is made using Alcohol Gas Sensor MQ3. It is an insignificant exertion
semiconductor sensor which can recognize the proximity of alcohol gases at obsessions from
0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The sensitive material used for this sensor is SnO2, whose conductivity is
bringing down in clean air.Its conductivity increments as the centralization of liquor gases
increments. It has high affectability to liquor and has a decent protection from aggravations
because of smoke, vapor and gas. This module gives both computerized and simple yields. MQ3
liquor sensor module can be effortlessly interfaced with Microcontrollers, Arduino Boards, and
Raspberry Pi and so on.

This alcohol sensor is suitable for perceiving alcohol center around your breath, much equivalent
to your standard breathalyzer. It has a high affectability and brisk response time. Sensor gives a
straightforward resistive yield subject to alcohol obsession. The drive circuit is incredibly
essential; all it needs is one resistor. A direct interface could be a 0-3.3V ADC.
 Figure: Alcohol sensor

Pin Out:

 VCC – Input Power Supply

 GND – Supply Ground
 DO – Digital Output
 AO – Analog Output

Technical Data:

 Concentration : 0.05 mg/L ~ 10 mg/L Alcohol

 Operating Voltage : 5V ±0.1
 Current Consumption : 150mA
 Operation Temperature : -10°C ~ 70°C

DC Motor

DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush less, servo, and gear
motor types. A motor consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator. The magnetic
field is maintained using either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings. DC motors are
most commonly used in variable speed and torque.
 Motion and controls cover a wide range of components that in some way are used to
generate and/or control motion. Areas within this category include bearings and bushings,
clutches and brakes, controls and drives, drive components, encoders and resolves, Integrated
motion control, limit switches, linear actuators, linear and rotary motion components, linear
position sensing, motors (both AC and DC motors), orientation position sensing, pneumatics and
pneumatic components, positioning stages, slides and guides, power transmission (mechanical),
seals, slip rings, solenoids, springs.

Motors are the devices that provide the actual speed and torque in a drive system.  This
family includes AC motor types (single and multiphase motors, universal, servo motors,
induction, synchronous, and gear motor) and DC motors (brush less, servo motor, and gear
motor) as well as linear, stepper and air motors, and motor contactors and starters.

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying

conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it
will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite
(North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South)
repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational
motion.

Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet
or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a
"South" polarization).

Fig 25: Block Diagram of the DC motor

 Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator,
field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the
external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets 1. The stator is the
stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent
magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with
respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being
electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout --
with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that
when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are
misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As
the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize
the next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of
current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, and driving it
to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a
very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can
imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation
(perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole
motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes
touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste
energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor
is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque” ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is
cyclic with the position of the rotor).
Fig 26: Block Diagram of the DC motor having two poles only

So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the
workings of one via an interactive animation (JavaScript required):

Fig 27: Block Diagram of the DC motor having Three poles

You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but
two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to
the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this
occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the
meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:
Fig 28: Internal Block Diagram of the Three pole DC motor

There's probably no better way to see how an average dc motor is put together, than by
just opening one up. Unfortunately this is tedious work, as well as requiring the destruction of a
perfectly good motor. This is a basic 3-pole dc motor, with 2 brushes and three commutator
contacts.

GPS:

The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS,[1] is a satellite-

based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United
States Air Force.[2] It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocationand time
information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line
of sight to four or more GPS satellites.[3] Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the
relatively weak GPS signals.

The GPS does not require the user to transmit any data, and it operates independently of any
telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS
positioning information. The GPS provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and
commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains
it, and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.[4]

The GPS project was launched by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973 for use by the United
States military and became fully operational in 1995. It was allowed for civilian use in the 1980s.
Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to
modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of GPS Block IIIA satellites and Next
Generation Operational Control System (OCX).[5] Announcements from Vice President Al
Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized
the modernization effort, GPS III. During the 1990s, GPS quality was degraded by the United
States government in a program called "Selective Availability"; this was discontinued in May
2000 by a law signed by President Bill Clinton.[6]

The GPS system is provided by the United States government, which can selectively deny access
to the system, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during the Kargil War, or degrade the
service at any time.[7] As a result, several countries have developed or are in the process of
setting up other global or regional satellite navigation systems. The Russian Global Navigation
Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from
incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s.[8]GLONASS can be added to GPS
devices, making more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and
accurately, to within two meters (6.6 ft).[9] China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is due to
achieve global reach in 2020. There are also the European Union Galileo positioning system, and
India's NAVIC. Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a GPS satellite-based
augmentation system to enhance GPS's accuracy.

When selective availability was lifted in 2000, GPS had about a five-meter (16 ft) accuracy. The
latest stage of accuracy enhancement uses the L5 band and is now fully deployed. GPS receivers
released in 2018 that use the L5 band can have much higher accuracy, pinpointing to within 30
centimetres or 11.8 inches.

The GPS concept is based on time and the known position of GPS specialized satellites. The
satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized with one another and with the
ground clocks. Any drift from true time maintained on the ground is corrected daily. In the same
manner, the satellite locations are known with great precision. GPS receivers have clocks as well,
but they are less stable and less precise.

Each GPS satellite continuously transmits a radio signal containing the current time and data
about its position. Since the speed of radio waves is constant and independent of the satellite
speed, the time delay between when the satellite transmits a signal and the receiver receives it is
proportional to the distance from the satellite to the receiver. A GPS receiver monitors multiple
satellites and solves equations to determine the precise position of the receiver and its deviation
from true time. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute
four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from satellite time).

Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal (carrier wave with modulation) that includes:

 A pseudorandom code (sequence of ones and zeros) that is known to the receiver. By

time-aligning a receiver-generated version and the receiver-measured version of the code, the
time of arrival (TOA) of a defined point in the code sequence, called an epoch, can be found
in the receiver clock time scale
 A message that includes the time of transmission (TOT) of the code epoch (in GPS time
scale) and the satellite position at that time

Conceptually, the receiver measures the TOAs (according to its own clock) of four satellite
signals. From the TOAs and the TOTs, the receiver forms four time of flight (TOF) values, which
are (given the speed of light) approximately equivalent to receiver-satellite ranges. The receiver
then computes its three-dimensional position and clock deviation from the four TOFs.

In practice the receiver position (in three dimensional Cartesian coordinates with origin at the
Earth's center) and the offset of the receiver clock relative to the GPS time are computed
simultaneously, using the navigation equations to process the TOFs.

The receiver's Earth-centered solution location is usually converted to latitude, longitude and

height relative to an ellipsoidal Earth model. The height may then be further converted to height
relative to the geoid (e.g., EGM96) (essentially, mean sea level). These coordinates may be
displayed, e.g., on a moving map display, and/or recorded and/or used by some other system
(e.g., a vehicle guidance system).

User-satellite geometry[edit]

Although usually not formed explicitly in the receiver processing, the conceptual time differences
of arrival (TDOAs) define the measurement geometry. Each TDOA corresponds to
a hyperboloid of revolution (see Multilateration). The line connecting the two satellites involved
(and its extensions) forms the axis of the hyperboloid. The receiver is located at the point where
three hyperboloids intersect.[66][67]

It is sometimes incorrectly said that the user location is at the intersection of three spheres. While
simpler to visualize, this is the case only if the receiver has a clock synchronized with the satellite
clocks (i.e., the receiver measures true ranges to the satellites rather than range differences).
There are marked performance benefits to the user carrying a clock synchronized with the
satellites. Foremost is that only three satellites are needed to compute a position solution. If it
were an essential part of the GPS concept that all users needed to carry a synchronized clock, a
smaller number of satellites could be deployed, but the cost and complexity of the user equipment
would increase.

Receiver in continuous operation[edit]

The description above is representative of a receiver start-up situation. Most receivers have
a track algorithm, sometimes called a tracker, that combines sets of satellite measurements
collected at different times—in effect, taking advantage of the fact that successive receiver
positions are usually close to each other. After a set of measurements are processed, the tracker
predicts the receiver location corresponding to the next set of satellite measurements. When the
new measurements are collected, the receiver uses a weighting scheme to combine the new
measurements with the tracker prediction. In general, a tracker can (a) improve receiver position
and time accuracy, (b) reject bad measurements, and (c) estimate receiver speed and direction.

The disadvantage of a tracker is that changes in speed or direction can be computed only with a
delay, and that derived direction becomes inaccurate when the distance traveled between two
position measurements drops below or near the random error of position measurement. GPS units
can use measurements of the Doppler shift of the signals received to compute velocity accurately.
[68] More advanced navigation systems use additional sensors like a compass or an inertial
navigation system to complement GPS.

Non-navigation applications[edit]
For a list of applications, see § Applications.

In typical GPS operation as a navigator, four or more satellites must be visible to obtain an
accurate result. The solution of the navigation equations gives the position of the receiver along
with the difference between the time kept by the receiver's on-board clock and the true time-of-
day, thereby eliminating the need for a more precise and possibly impractical receiver based
clock. Applications for GPS such as time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of
cell phone base stations, make use of this cheap and highly accurate timing. Some GPS
applications use this time for display, or, other than for the basic position calculations, do not use
it at all.
Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one
variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For
example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional
clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation,
or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly degraded) position when
fewer than four satellites are visible

GPS or Global Positioning System is a satellite navigation system that furnishes location and
time information in all climate conditions to the user. GPS is used for navigation in planes, ships,
cars and trucks also. The system gives critical abilities to military and civilian users around the
globe. GPS provides continuous real time, 3-dimensional positioning, navigation and timing
worldwide.

How does GPS System Work?

The GPS system consists of three segments:

1) The space segment: the GPS satellites

2) The control system, operated by the U.S. military,

 3) The user segment, which includes both military and civilian users and their GPS equipment.

User Segment:

The control segment (CS) is composed of:

1. a master control station (MCS),

2. an alternative master control station,
3. four dedicated ground antennas, and
4. six dedicated monitor stations.

The MCS can also access U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) ground antennas
(for additional command and control capability) and NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence
Agency) monitor stations. The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by dedicated U.S. Air
Force monitoring stations in Hawaii, Kwajalein Atoll, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Colorado
Springs, Colorado and Cape Canaveral, along with shared NGA monitor stations operated in
England, Argentina, Ecuador, Bahrain, Australia and Washington DC.[85] The tracking
information is sent to the Air Force Space Command MCS at Schriever Air Force Base 25 km
(16 mi) ESE of Colorado Springs, which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations
Squadron (2 SOPS) of the U.S. Air Force. Then 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite regularly
with a navigational update using dedicated or shared (AFSCN) ground antennas (GPS dedicated
ground antennas are located at Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, and Cape Canaveral).
These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a
few nanoseconds of each other, and adjust the ephemeris of each satellite's internal orbital model.
The updates are created by a Kalman filter that uses inputs from the ground monitoring
stations, space weather information, and various other inputs.[86]

Satellite maneuvers are not precise by GPS standards—so to change a satellite's orbit, the satellite
must be marked unhealthy, so receivers don't use it. After the satellite maneuver, engineers track
the new orbit from the ground, upload the new ephemeris, and mark the satellite healthy again.

The operation control segment (OCS) currently serves as the control segment of record. It
provides the operational capability that supports GPS users and keeps the GPS operational and
performing within specification.

OCS successfully replaced the legacy 1970s-era mainframe computer at Schriever Air Force
Base in September 2007. After installation, the system helped enable upgrades and provide a
foundation for a new security architecture that supported U.S. armed forces.

OCS will continue to be the ground control system of record until the new segment, Next
Generation GPS Operation Control System[5] (OCX), is fully developed and functional. The new
capabilities provided by OCX will be the cornerstone for revolutionizing GPS's mission
capabilities, enabling[87] Air Force Space Command to greatly enhance GPS operational
services to U.S. combat forces, civil partners and myriad domestic and international users. The
GPS OCX program also will reduce cost, schedule and technical risk. It is designed to provide
50%[88] sustainment cost savings through efficient software architecture and Performance-Based
Logistics. In addition, GPS OCX is expected to cost millions less than the cost to upgrade OCS
while providing four times the capability.
The GPS OCX program represents a critical part of GPS modernization and provides significant
information assurance improvements over the current GPS OCS program.

 OCX will have the ability to control and manage GPS legacy satellites as well as the next
generation of GPS III satellites, while enabling the full array of military signals.
 Built on a flexible architecture that can rapidly adapt to the changing needs of today's and
future GPS users allowing immediate access to GPS data and constellation status through
secure, accurate and reliable information.
 Provides the warfighter with more secure, actionable and predictive information to
enhance situational awareness.
 Enables new modernized signals (L1C, L2C, and L5) and has M-code capability, which
the legacy system is unable to do.
 Provides significant information assurance improvements over the current program
including detecting and preventing cyber attacks, while isolating, containing and operating
during such attacks.
 Supports higher volume near real-time command and control capabilities and abilities.

On September 14, 2011,[89] the U.S. Air Force announced the completion of GPS OCX
Preliminary Design Review and confirmed that the OCX program is ready for the next phase of
development.

The GPS OCX program has missed major milestones and is pushing the GPS IIIA launch beyond
April 2016.

Space Segment:

The space segment is the number of satellites in the constellation. It comprises of 29 satellites
circling the earth every 12 hours at 12,000 miles in altitude. The function of the space segment is
utilized to route/navigation signals and to store and retransmit the route/navigation message sent
by the control segment. These transmissions are controlled by highly stable atomic clocks on the
satellites. The GPS Space Segment is formed by a satellite constellation with enough satellites to
ensure that the users will have, at least, 4 simultaneous satellites in view from any point at the
Earth surface at any time.
 Control Segment:

The control segment comprises of a master control station and five monitor stations outfitted with
atomic clocks that are spread around the globe. The five monitor stations monitor the GPS
satellite signals and then send that qualified information to the master control station where
abnormalities are revised and sent back to the GPS satellites through ground antennas. Control
segment also referred as monitor station.

control segment

User Segment:

The user segment comprises of the GPS receiver, which receives the signals from the GPS
satellites and determine how far away it is from each satellite. Mainly this segment is used for the
U.S military, missile guidance systems, civilian applications for GPS in almost every field. Most
of the civilian uses this from survey to transportation to natural resources and from there to
agriculture purpose and mapping too.

User segment

How GPS Determines a Position:

The working/operation of Global positioning system is based on the ‘trilateration’ mathematical

principle. The position is determined from the distance measurements to satellites. From the
figure, the four satellites are used to determine the position of the receiver on the earth. The target
location is confirmed by the 4th satellite. And three satellites are used to trace the location place.
A fourth satellite is used to confirm the target location of each of those space vehicles. Global
positioning system consists of satellite, control station and monitor station and receiver. The GPS
receiver takes the information from the satellite and uses the method of triangulation to determine
a user’s exact position.
GPS is used on some incidents in several ways, such as:

1. To determine position locations; for example, you need to radio a helicopter pilot the
coordinates of your position location so the pilot can pick you up.
2. To navigate from one location to another; for example, you need to travel from a lookout
to the fire perimeter.
3. To create digitized maps; for example, you are assigned to plot the fire perimeter and hot
spots.
4. To determine distance between two different points.
3 Advantages of GPS:

 GPS satellite based navigation system is an important tool for military, civil and
commercial users
 Vehicle tracking systems GPS-based navigation systems can provide us with turn by turn
directions
 Very high speed
2 Disadvantages of GPS:

 GPS satellite signals are too weak when compared to phone signals, so it doesn’t work as
well indoors, underwater, under trees, etc.
 The highest accuracy requires line-of-sight from the receiver to the satellite, this is why
GPS doesn’t work very well in an urban environment.
Using a GPS Receiver:

There are several different models and types of GPS receivers. While working with a GPS
receiver it is important to have :

 A compass and a map.

 A downloaded GPS cable.
 Some extra batteries.
 Knowledge about the memory capacity of the GPS receiver to prevent loss of data,
decrease in accuracy   of data, or other problems.
 An external antenna whenever possible, especially under tree canopy, in canyons, or
while driving.
 A set up GPS receiver according to incident or agency standard regulation; coordinate
system.
 Notes that describe what you are saving in the receiver.
GPS Error

There are many sources of possible errors that will degrade the accuracy of positions computed
by a GPS receiver. The travel time taken by the GPS satellite signals can be changed  by
atmospheric effects; when a GPS signal passes through the ionosphere and troposphere it is
refracted, causing the speed of the signal to be different from the speed of a GPS signal in space.
Another source of error is noise, or distortion of the signal which causes electrical interference or
errors inherent in the GPS receiver itself. The information about satellite orbits will also cause
errors in determining the positions, because the satellites are not really where the GPS receiver
“thought” based on the information it received when it determine  the positions. Small variations
in the atomic clocks on board the satellites can translate to large position errors; a clock error of 1
nanosecond translates to 1 foot or .3 meters user error on the ground. A multipath effect occurs
when signals transmitted from the satellites bounce off a reflective surface before getting to the
receiver antenna.  During this process, the receiver gets the signal in straight line path as well as
delayed path (multiple paths). The effect is similar to a ghost or double image on a TV set.
Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP)

Satellite geometry can also affect the accuracy of GPS positioning. This effect is refers as
Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP). Which is refers to where the satellites are in related to
one another, and is a measure of the quality of the satellite configuration. It can be able to modify
other GPS errors. Most GPS receivers select the satellite constellation that will give the least
uncertainty, the best satellite geometry.

GPS receivers usually report the quality of satellite geometry in terms of Position Dilution of
Precision, or PDOP. PDOP are of two types, horizontal (HDOP) and vertical (VDOP)
measurements (latitude, longitude and altitude). We can check the quality of the satellite
positioning the receiver is currently available by the PDOP value. A low DOP indicates a higher
probability of accuracy, and a high DOP indicates a lower probability of accuracy. Another term
of PDOP is TDOP (Time Dilution of Precision). TDOP refers to satellite clock offset. On a GPS
receiver can set a parameter known as the PDOP mask. This will cause the receiver to ignore
satellite configurations that have a PDOP higher than the limit specified.

GSM:

GSM or Global System for Mobile Communications is the most popular wireless cellular
communication technique, used for public communication. The GSM standard was developed for
setting protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks.

It initially started as a circuit switching network, but later packet switching was implemented
after integration General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technology as well. The widely-used
GSM frequency bands are 900 MHz and 1800 MHz.

In the Europe and Asia, the GSM operates in 900 to 1800 MHz frequency range, whereas in
United States and other American countries, it operates in the 850 to 1900 MHz frequency range.
It uses the digital air interface wherein the analog signals are converted to digital signals before
transmission. The transmission speed is 270 Kbps.
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is currently used by about 80% of mobile
phones across the worlds. There are about more than three billion users of this technology.

GSM History

The standard GSM was first developed in 1982 by a committee of Conference Europeenne des
Postes et Telecommunications (CEPT) (Recent – European Telecommunications Standard
Institute), the European Standard Organization, as a new mobile communications standard in the
900 MHz frequency band.

The main goal was to provide a uniform international standard for wireless mobile
communications. The first GSM based mobile services were started in 1991 in Finland and the
acronym changed to Global System for Mobile Communications. At the same time the first
digital cellular system was formed which was based on GSM recommendations and later known
as GSM-1800.

GSM Architecture

The GSM architecture is divided into Radio Subsystem, Network and Switching Subsystem and
the Operation Subsystem. The radio sub system consists of the Mobile Station and Base Station
Subsystem.

The mobile station is generally the mobile phone which consists of a transceiver, display and a
processor. Each handheld or portable mobile station consists of a unique identity stored in a
module known as SIM (Subscriber Identity Chip). It is a small microchip which is inserted in the
mobile phone and contains the database regarding the mobile station.
Fig – GSM Network architecture

The base station subsystem

It connects the mobile station with the network subsystem via the air interface.

It consists of the below given elements:

Base Transceiver Station: One or more Base Transceiver Station provides physical connection
of a mobile station to the network in form of air interface. Depending on load, subscriber
behavior and morph structure, it can have different configurations – Standard configuration (Each
BTS is assigned a different cell identity (CI) and several BTS forms a location area).

Umbrella Cell configuration (One BTS with high transmission power installed at a higher
altitude, acting as an umbrella to the lower transmission power Base Transmitter Stations),
Collocated configurations (several BTSs collocated at one site, but antennas cover only area of
120 or 180 degrees). It is a network of neighboring radio cells which provide a complete
coverage of the service area.
Base Station Controller: It controls operation of one more Base Transceiver Stations, basically
the handover or power control. A BSC connects to the BTS over a Abis-interface. It consists of a
database comprising the whole maintenance status of the BTS, quality of radio and terrestrial
resources and BTS operations software).

Transcoding Rate and Adaption Unit: It is located between a Base Station Controller and a
Mobile Switching Centre. It compresses or decompresses speech from the mobile station.
However, it is not used for data connections.

Network Switching Subsystem: It provides the complete set of control and database functions
needed to set up a call using encryption, authentication and roaming features. It basically
provides network connection to the Mobile Station. It consists of the below given elements

Mobile Switching Centre: It is the main element within the overall GSM network. It is like a
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) exchange or Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) exchange. Apart from the normal functionary, it supports additional functionality like
registration, authentication, call location and call routing to the subscriber.

It provides interfaces to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) for connection with
landline or interface to another Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) for connection to another mobile
phone.

Home Location Register: It is a repository which stores data belonging to large number of
subscribers. It is basically a large database which administers data of each subscriber. For
security purposes, it maintains subscriber specific parameter such as parameter Ki, known only to
the HLR and the SIM.

Virtual Location Register: It is similar to Home Location Register (HLR) , but differs in the fact
that it stores dynamic information regarding the subscriber data. It comes to act in case of
roaming where a subscriber moves from one location to another. The information is stored in the
Equipment Identity Register that maintains account of all mobile stations, each identified by their
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number.
How GSM communication works?

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) uses a combination of Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

Frequency Division Multiple Access: It involves dividing a frequency band into multiple bands
such that each sub-divided frequency band is allotted to a single subscriber. FDMA in GSM
divides the 25MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies each spaced 200 KHz apart. Each base
station is allotted one or more carrier frequencies.

Time Division Multiple Access: It involves allotting same frequency channel to different
subscribers by dividing the frequency band into multiple time slots. Each user gets his/her own
timeslot, allowing multiple stations to share same transmission space.

For GSM, each sub divided carrier frequency is divided into different time slots using TDMA
technique.  Each TDMA frame lasts for 4.164 milliseconds (ms) and contains 8 time slots. Each
time slot or a physical channel within this frame lasts for 577 microseconds and data is
transmitted in the time slot in form of bursts.

Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles,

household appliances such as a microwave ovens, & game shows.

The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were
electromechanical devices, operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles. Other
sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep.

The "Piezoelectric sound components" introduced herein operate on an innovative principle

utilizing natural oscillation of piezoelectric ceramics. These buzzers are offered in lightweight
compact sizes from the smallest diameter of 12mm to large Piezo electric sounders. Today,
piezoelectric sound components are used in many ways such as home appliances, OA equipment,
audio equipment telephones, etc. And they are applied widely, for example, in alarms, speakers,
telephone ringers, receivers, transmitters, beep sounds, etc.
Fig: Types of Buzzers
 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

This chapter gives a brief introduction and in-detailed explanation of software’s used
in this project. Which includes an operating system, programming language, and other
software applications.

Linux Operating System

Evolution of computer:

In earlier days, every software was developed to serve a specific purpose which
cannot be used for any other purposes. And also it was more costly which cannot be afforded
by a normal person.

Evolution of UNIX:

In between 1963-1969, Bell laboratories computer sciences research center

developing a mainframe time-sharing operating system called Multics, which is based around
the concept of a single-level memory. Bell labs quit financing the Multics project, yet a
gathering of software engineers, including Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, kept working
with the Multics project standards, from which UNIX was produced in 1969.

First edition of UNIX was released by Dennis Ritchie on November 3, 1971. And it
includes over software commands like:

 boot - to reboot the system.

 b - to compile B program.
 chmod - to change the access mode.
 chown - to change owner.
 ls - to list directory contents.
 mv - move or rename the file.
 cp - to copy files.
 cat - concatenate files.
 wc - to get a word count.
Evolution of Linux:

Linux is a free and open-source operating system created by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
An operating system is simply a collection of software which is capable of managing
hardware resources and provides an environment where applications can run, it can also allow
applications to store information, send documents to printers and other things. The kernel is
the core of the Linux operating system, it runs on numerous different platforms including the
Alpha and Intel platform, and Linux kernel is available under the GNU GPL.

Linux part is an interface between the equipment and programming, however keeping
in mind the end goal to have a completely helpful working framework, a framework requires
libraries, graphical UI, internet browsers and different projects notwithstanding the portion.
As Linux is an open source programming. It is allowed to utilize, duplicate, study and change
the product as required by the designers. Right now, Linux has prompted the ascent of Linux
dispersions. Linux dissemination is the blend of Linux bit and another programming's as one
make a working framework.

Linux is being utilized by a great many clients around the globe. It keeps running on
different equipment stages from devoted systems administration gadgets to telephones to PCs
and even supercomputers. Linux is mostly used for server applications, which means it is
capable to host websites, act as a file server and can run database software.

Some of Linux distributions:

 CentOS

 Chrome OS

 Debian

 Fedora
 Raspbian

 Red Hat Linux

 Ubuntu

 Arch Linux
 Raspbian Operating System

Raspbian is a PC working framework for Raspberry Pi, which was produced in light
of Linux Kernel. Also, is advanced to chip away at Raspberry Pi equipment. Raspbian was
made by Mike Thompson and Peter Green in June 2012, the Raspbian working framework is
still under dynamic advancement and the most recent form of the Raspbian working
framework is Stretch, which was released in August 2017. By default, the Raspbian operating
system comes with a full Graphical User Interface and mostly useful utility software installed.

Installing an Operating system into Raspberry Pi 3

Raspberry Pi supports various operating systems to run on it. A few operating systems
which support Raspberry pi includes Raspbian OS, RISC OS, Windows 10 IoT Core, Plan 9
and Free BSD and many other operating systems. The most preferred and official operating
system for Raspberry Pi is a Raspbian operating system, which is a Linux kernel distribution.
The Raspbian can be installed in two ways those are:

Installing Operating System using NOOBS

NOOBS is the abbreviation for New Out of the Box Software, It lets the user choose a
preferred operating system and install in Raspberry Pi.

Step 1: Download and Extract NOOBS

The NOOBS software can be downloaded from Raspberry Pi official site as a zipped
format file, which lists two versions of NOOBS software’s

NOOBS: it is an operating system installer, which is preloaded with Raspbian and

LibreELEC operating systems. The user can select any one of the operating systems to install
on Raspberry Pi. Apart from the above two operating systems NOOBS can be able to
download other operating systems through the network and install it on Raspberry Pi.

NOOBS Lite: it is an operating system installer, which doesn't come with preloaded
operating systems instead it gives an option for the user to select and install all available
operating systems which are supported by Raspberry Pi.
 Fig 3.1 NOOBS Software in Raspberry Pi Official Website

After downloading NOOBS/NOOBS Lite extract the zipped file using 7Zip preferably.

Step 2: Format the microSD Card using the File Explorer or using any Formatting software.

Fig 3.2 SD Formatter Software

Step 3: Copy the extracted NOOBS/NOOBS Lite files into formatted microSD Card.
Step 4: Put microSD Card which contains extracted NOOBS/NOOBS Lite files into
Raspberry Pi and Boot it up. After booting, the Raspberry Pi shows a menu that lets you
choose which operating system you'd like to install and then choose your preferred operating
system and click on install. Raspberry Pi will install that operating system, complete the boot
and load the respective operating system.
 Fig 3.3 NOOBS Software Menu

Installing Raspbian Operating System without using NOOBS Step 1:

Download Raspbian

Download Raspbian operating system disk image from Raspberry Pi official website
which is available in zipped format.

Fig 3.4 Raspbian Operating System in Raspberry Pi Official Website

Step 2: Unzip the File

 Unzip the downloaded zipped file, which contains Raspbian operating system disk
image. The unzipping must be done by the software that uses ZIP64 unzipping format. Mostly
used software’s are 7Zip for windows operating system, The Unarchive application for Mac
operating system and Unzip for Linux operating system.
Step 3: Write Raspbian Disk Image to microSD Card

Write the Raspbian operating system disk image into microSD Card using the
appropriate software. Mostly used software’s are Win32 Disk Imager for windows operating
system, The Etcher for Mac and Linux operating system.

Fig 3.5 Win32 Disk Imager Software

Step 4: Put microSD Card into Raspberry Pi

After the completion of writing the disk image into microSD Card insert that microSD
Card into Raspberry Pi and boot it up after completion of booting Raspberry Pi will load the
Raspbian operating system.

Python Programming Language

Introduction to Python

Python is a high-level, general-purpose interpreted and object-oriented programming

language. Python is likewise an open source programming dialect which can be utilized
without purchasing any permit. The development of python was started by Guido van
Rossum in the year 1989 and he made the code public in February 1991.

Python is capable of working on different operating systems including windows, mac,

Linux, Raspberry Pi and many other operating systems. Python syntax is similar to the
English
language, which has more readable than other programming languages. Python can be used as
functional, procedural or an object-oriented programming paradigm.

Python version 2 and version 3 are having a huge difference, which should be kept in
mind in order to work with the Python programming language. Python uses a new line to
complete the programming command, whereas other programming languages use
parentheses and, or semicolons. In python, the scope can be decided by indentation and
whitespace for classes, functions, and loops, etc.

Where Python programming language used

It is used for web application development, software development, mathematics,

system scripting and many more applications. Python programming language is used by huge
traffic web applications like Google, YouTube, Quora, Dropbox, Yahoo, Instagram and
many more.

Python Programming Syntax

Fig 3.6 Python Console

Python programming language designed for readability to developers and its syntax
has more similar to the English language.
 CONCLUSION

This paper has proposed a system for assisting driver to avoid major accidents caused due to
drowsiness of driver and alcohol consumption by assisting his/her state. State of driver is
identified using algorithms related to image processing. A buzzer is used to alert the driver if
he/she is drowsy. With reference to the center of gravity the position of driver’s head is
determined and accordingly the current state of driver is identified. The movement of head is
captured using a camera of appropriate resolution. A system gives extra feature of yawning
detection. If a driver yawns more frequently then also an alarm is generated. A sensor is used to
detect whether the driver is drunken or not. There should be proper distance between the sensor
and the driver for accuracy. To inspire the driver to reach destination safely the alarm is
generated which can be in the form of audio or vibration. Although there is need for more
research, the proposed system can contribute effectively in detecting the driver’s state and highly
decrease the frequency of road accidents.
FUTURE SCOPE:
The Advanced Driver Assistance System is used to detect the drowsiness of driver. It can also
be used to check if the driver is drunk or not. This system can be implemented in vehicles in real
world to give provision to take live video feed of driver It can be used to send an alarm to the
owner of the vehicle after detecting drowsiness Research can be done to implement the model in
two-wheelers.

APPLICATION

Vehicle Automation

Speed control applications

All types of vehicles

This project can be used in various organizations to detect alcohol consumption of employees.

Travels Operators.
Drunk Driving is one of the biggest threats to Road Safety. Applications of Automatic Engine
Locking System Through Alcohol Detection can be used anywhere to reduce the probability of
road accidents.

Automatic drawsiness and alcohol detection project” can be used in various vehicles for
detecting whether the driver has consumed alcohol or not.

This can also be used in various companies, organisations, mines to detect alcohol consumption
of employees.

ADVANTAGES
Automatic drawsiness and alcohol detection project provides an automatic safety system for cars
and other vehicles as well.

To prevent accident due to drunk and driving.

Easy and efficient to test the alcohol content in the body.

Quick and accurate results.

Helpful for police and provides and automatic safety systems for cars and other vehicles as well.

DISADVANTAGES

If any person other than the driver has consumed alcohol and if system detects it then also it will
not allow the car to start (even if the driver is not drunk)
 REFERENCES
[1] Yuichi Saito, Makoto Itoh, Toshiyuki Inagaki, “Driver Assistance System With a Dual
Control Scheme: Effectiveness of Identifying Driver Drowsiness and Preventing Lane Departure
Accidents“ IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems March 21, 2016.
[2] D. Tran, E. Tadesse and W. Sheng, Y. Sun, M. Liu and S. Zhang, “A Driver Assistance
Framework Based on Driver Drowsiness Detection“ The 6th Annual IEEE International
Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems June 19-22,
2016.
[3] A. Mittal, K. Kumar, S. Dhamija, M. Kaur “Head Movement-Based Driver Drowsiness
Detection: A Review of State-of-Art Techniques” 2nd IEEE International Conference on
Engineering and Technology(ICETECH) March 17-18, 2016.
[4] Aleksandar, Oge Marques and Borko Furht “Design and Implementation of a Driver
Drowsiness Detection System A Practical Approach”.
[5] Anjali K U, Athiramol K Thampi, Athira Vijayaraman, Franiya Francis M, Jeffy James N,
Bindhu K Rajan “ RealTime Nonintrusive Monitoring and Detection of Eye Blinking in View of
Accident Prevention Due to Drowsiness” 2016 International Conference on Circuit ,Power and
Computing Technologies[ICCPCT]. (2002) The IEEE website. [Online]. Available:
http://www.ieee.org/
[6] J. Ahmed, Jain–Ping Li, S. Ahmed Khan, R. Ahmed Shaikh “Eye Behavior Based
Drowsiness Detection System”.
[7] A. Rahman, M. Sirshar, A. Khan ”Real Time Drowsiness Detection Using Eye Blink
Monitoring” 2015 National Software Engineering Conference(NSEC 2015).
[8] Nila Novita Sari and Yo-Ping Haung “A Two-Stage Intelligent Model To Extract Features
From PPG for Drowsiness Detection” 2016 International Conference on System Science and
Engineering (ICSSE) National Chi Nan University July 7-9, 2016.