LECTURE 12 PART 2

Nematodes
• also called “Round Worms”: are elongated not segmented cylindrical worms that look
pointy at both ends (tapered ends) and it has 4 tubes.
• They have complete Digestive system, genital system, excretory system, and nervous
system, each one is tube (therefore, there is 4 tubes in it).
• Digestive system: mouth, intestine and anus that spans almost all body length.
• Body of Nematodes is protected by tough non-cellular cuticles
• Most Nematodes have separate anatomical distinctive sexes: Female or male
• Mode of transition differ and depends on the species like direct skin penetration,
eating undercooked pork, insect bites and eating contaminated food.
• Can invade any body part like liver, kidneys, intestines, subcutaneous tissue and the
eye
• Categories:
1) Intestinal Nematodes
2) Tissue Nematodes

Ascaris Lumbricoides
- Common
- Intestinal Nematodes (colonize mainly in the small intestine, 85% in the jejunum
and 15% in the ilium)
- Infective state: by eggs (resistant to desiccation & environmental conditions)
- Freshly passed eggs in feces are not infective, they require 2-3 weeks to develop to
be embryonated (contain larva) which is the infective state.
- Largest Nematodes in human small intestine
- Adult characteristics:
1- Large cylindrical with tapering end
2- Sex is separate
3- Flesh color
4- Mouth at the interior end with 3 toothed lips
 Male Female
Size 15-30cm * 2-4mm (smaller) 20-40cm *3-6mm (bigger)
Posterior end curved to form hook straight
Distinctive - Distinct groove is present at valvar
features opening (external genitala)
- 2,00,000 eggs per day (higher risk
of transmission)

2 eggs type:

1- Fertilized egg 2- Unfertilized

Larva

Embryonated unsegmented ovum Atrophied ovum

Round oval shape Elliptial in shape
Elongated
Larger
Thin shelled
Disorganized internal content
Develop into the infective form (contain
larva)
 Diagnostic stage

Diagnostic stage
(‫)اﻟدﻛﺗور ﻗرأ اﻟﺻورة ﻓﺎﻧﮫ اﺣﻔظوھﺎ واﻧﺗﺑﮭوا اﻧﮭﺎ ﺧطوات‬
Symptoms:
1- Anemia
2- In large numbers it can cause intestinal obstruction

Hookworms
 2 types: Ancylostoa duodenale & Necator Americanus
 Intestinal Nematodes (Adult worms found in small intestine)
 Size: 1cm x 1mm get
 Get hold by teeth resulting in hemorrhages.
Trichuris trichiura
• Whipworm
• Size: adults 3-7cm
• Live in caecum & colon of man
• Eggs are barrel-shaped, 50x25 µm with a thick brown shell and a mucoid plug at each
pole (distinctive feature). They are passed in feces (diagnostic stage).

Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

 Small nematode, a common parasite among children.
 it is unique in that eggs are viable shortly after being laid directly on the perianal skin.
 They can be accidentally ingested, or passed on fingers, clothing, or fecal flecks to
others.
 Most common Symptom: Itching around the anal or vaginal areas
 Suspect a pinworm infection if the child shows nighttime itching in these areas.
(‫)ﺑرﺿو اﻟدﻛﺗور ﻗرأھﺎ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ‬

Tissue nematodes: Skin and lymph vessel