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Application of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning in

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JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131

Application of Artificial Intelligence, Machine

Learning and Deep Learning in Fight against
Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Detailed Analysis
Dipak Ramoliya*1, Akash Patel2, Chandrashekhar Pawar3, Dr. Amit Ganatra4
1,3
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, 2Department of Information Technology,
4
Department of Computer Engineering
1,2,3,4
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology & Research (DEPSTAR),
1,2,3,4
Charotar University of Science & Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Gujarat, India
1dipakramoliya.ce@charusat.ac.in
2akashpatel.dit@charusat.ac.in
3chandrashekharpawar.dcs@charusat.ac.in
4amitganatra.ce@charusat.ac.in

Abstract: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has made an excessive challenge for the Global healthcare system.
The epidemic of Coronavirus has the nature of exponential growing and it is difficult to control with overloaded healthcare systems
and limited medical people for supervising a massive number of patients within a reasonable time. So, Different Applications of
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning can be applied which we are using generally in our everyday lives in
different ways with various effective tiers to solve the pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which currently exists across
the globe. This paper presents a survey of AI, ML, DL methods used in the fight against the deadly COVID-19 outbreak in different
applications, and discusses the key roles in this unparalleled war. We focus on a variety of areas where AI, ML and DL acts as an
important part, From Automatic Detection of Coronavirus Disease, Deep Transfer Learning for medical image processing, Data
analytics, Data Science Methodologies, Text mining and Natural language processing, Approach for Confirmation of COVID-19
Cases, Computational biology and medicine, Internet of things for patient tracking and different decision making in diagnosis,
treatment, risk analysis and management. This will also provide a description of the COVID-19 based data sources available for
research purposes. Future Research directions on exploring AI, ml and DL's potentials and improving its combat capabilities and
strength are explored in detail. It is predicted that this study will provide an overview of the current status of AI, ML and DL
applications to researchers and inspire them to prove the ability of AI, ML and DL in the battle against COVID-19.

Keywords: Coronavirus, COVID-19, Artificial intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN)

I. INTRODUCTION

The COVID-19 coronavirus was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization which means the virus
can geographically spread and affects an entire country or the whole world. During this unprecedented and tumultuous
period, science and technology have contributed greatly to the implementation of those policies. Many researchers
race to develop medications and medicines for treating infected patients while others seek to investigate vaccines to
avoid the virus. At the other hand, computer science researchers have helped to identify infectious patient’s early using
methods that can interpret and recognize data from medical imaging, such as X-ray images and computed tomography
(CT) scans. Such analytical methods are part of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning and has
been successfully applied in various fields. We have a thorough analysis of AI, ML and DL systems assisting humans
in reducing and mitigating the outbreak's major impacts [2]. Recent developments in AI, ML and DL have made a
major contribution to improving the lives of humans and so there is a strong hope that proper development plans can
completely leverage AI's ability to help humans fight this daunting virus war. We discuss these possible plans, and
highlight areas of AI, ML and DL research that could bring great benefits and contributions to the battle overcome.
Furthermore, we present a list of data sources relevant to COVID-19 to promote potential research on this deadly
illness. [9]

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II. APPLICATIONS OF AI, ML AND DL IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC

 Infection identification and early treatment
 Tracking diagnosis
 Human touch tracing
 Case prediction and death
 Drug and Vaccine Development
 Reducing healthcare employees' workload
 Illness control [13]

Fig: Application of AI, ML and DL in Covid-19 [13]

III. Approaches for COVID-19 Data processing

A. Data Science Methodology for COVID-19

An updated stacked auto encoder deep learning model is used to predict the COVID-19 verified in real time Cases in
all of China. This modified network of auto encoders contains four layers, i.e. input, first latent layer, second latent
layer and output layer, with the number of nodes being 8, 32, 4 and 1. An 8 point data sequence (8 days) are used as
network inputs. The latent variables collected from the auto encoder model’s second latent layer are processed using
the singular value decomposition method before being fed into clustering algorithms to organize the cases into
provinces or towns to investigate the pandemic propagation dynamics. The resulting model errors are small, giving
confidence that they can be used to reliably forecast the transmission dynamics of the environment Virus as a valuable
method for the preparation and implementation of public health policies. [14]
On the other hand, in order to assess the infectious risk of a given geographical area at community level, a prototype
of an AI-based system, namely al-Satellite, is proposed. The network gathers different forms of large-scale and real-
time data from heterogeneous sources, such as numbers of cases and fatalities, demographic data, traffic density and
social media data, e.g., Reddit articles. The accessible social media data for a given region may be restricted in order
to be enhanced by conditional generative adversarial networks for learning COVID-19's public awareness. In order to
estimate its risk indexes, a heterogeneous graph autoencoder model is then programmed to aggregate information from
neighborhood areas of the given area. This risk knowledge helps residents to take appropriate measures to protect
them from infection with minimal disturbance in their daily lives. The introduction of effective prevention measures
to tackle the rapidly emerging pandemic is also beneficial to the authorities. [15]
Chang et al. change a model based on discrete time and stochastic agents, namely ACEMod (Australian Census-based
Epidemic Model), previously used for pandemic simulation of influenza to model the COVID-19 pandemic across
Australia over time. Every agent exemplifies a person characterized by a number of attributes such as age, occupation,
gender, disease susceptibility and disease immunity, and contact rate. The ACEMod is optimized based on main
parameters of transmission of the disease to model details of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several coping approaches are
then tested using this optimized model, including social distancing, school suspensions, travel bans, and case isolation.
Results derived from the experiments show that the mitigation and suppression of the COVID-19 pandemic requires

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a combination of several strategies. The best approach suggested by the model is to combine international restrictions
on arrival, case isolation and social distancing in at least 13 weeks with 80 percent or higher compliance. [16]

B. AI and Internet of things for COVID-19

A system for detecting COVID-19 using data from onboard sensors such as cameras, microphones, temperature and
inertial sensors from smartphones is proposed in. Machine learning approaches are used to train and gaining
information about the effects of the disease based on the data obtained. Compared with medical kits or CT scan
approaches, this provides a low-cost and fast approach to coronavirus detection. This is potentially possible because
the data obtained from the sensors of the smartphones have been used successfully in numerous individual
applications, and the proposed solution incorporates these applications in a specific context. [17] Data obtained from
the temperature-fingerprint sensor, for example, can be used for prediction of fever rates. Videos and photos taken
from smartphones. The camera or onboard inertial sensor data can be used to detect human fatigue. Likewise, Story
et al. use videos from smartphones to predict nausea while Lawanont et al. use camera photos, and Measurements of
inertial sensors for tracking the neck position and predicting human headache rates. Alternatively, audio data from the
mobile microphone is used to detect cough form in. [18]
An approach to collecting individuals’ basic travel history and their common manifestations using a phone-based
online survey is proposed in. These data are valuable for machine learning algorithms to learn and predict the infection
risk of each individual, thus help to early identify high-risk cases for quarantine purpose. This contributes to reducing
the spread of the virus to the susceptible populations. [19] In another work, Allam and Jones suggest the use of AI and
data sharing standardization protocols for better global understanding and management of urban health during the
COVID-19 pandemic. For example, added benefits can be obtained if AI is integrated with thermal cameras, which
might have been installed in many smart cities, for early detection of the outbreak. AI methods can also demonstrate
its great effectiveness in supporting managers to make better decisions for virus containment when loads of urban
health data are collected by data sharing across and between smart cities. [20]

C. NLP and Text Mining for COVID-19

A hybrid AI model for COVID-19 infection risk forecasting is proposed in which the algorithm, NLP and deep
learning resources epidemic susceptible to infection (SI) combine. The SI pattern and its extension which is susceptible
to infection Recovered (SIR) are standard epidemic models for modeling and forecasting the development of infectious
diseases where S is the number of susceptible persons, I denote the number of people infected, and R specifies the
cases recovered [21]. Those models were used to successfully predict cases infected with SARS and Ebola using
differential equations to characterize the relationship between I, S and R. NLP is used to separate abstract features
from relevant news such as policy disease reduction initiatives, or citizens' knowledge of prevention. Such features
are then used as inputs to the deep learning model for long-term memory (LSTM) to update the SI model's infection
risk predictions. Experiments use epidemic data from Wuhan, Beijing, Shanghai and the whole of China, showing the
great accuracy of the hybrid model being proposed. It can be used to predict the COVID-19 transmission law and the
trend in growth, and therefore useful to create Measures to avoid and monitor future pandemics. This study also
demonstrates the importance of public knowledge of governmental policies on epidemic prevention, and the role of
accountability and accessibility of epidemic reports and news in containing infectious disease growth [22].

Figure 1 NLP Architecture Flow

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In another study, Lopez et al. suggest using network analytics techniques as well as NLP and text mining to analyze
a Twitter multilingual dataset to understand evolving policies and specific responses to the COVID-19 outbreak over
time and countries. Since the start of the pandemic several countries' governments have sought to Implement Virus
Dissemination Prevention measures. People's comments on the pandemic and government policies can be gathered
from social media sites like Twitter. When more strict policies such as social distancing and country lockdowns are
implemented, people's lives are greatly changed and part of that can also be captured through people's reflection on
social media platforms. The results of these data can be useful in mitigating the impacts of the current pandemic and
in preparing better policies for possible future pandemics for government decision-makers [23].
When more strict policies such as social distancing and country lockdowns are implemented, people's lives are greatly
changed and part of that can also be captured through people's reflection on social media platforms. The results of
these data can be useful in mitigating the impacts of the current pandemic and in preparing better policies for possible
future pandemics for government decision-makers [24].
D. ML in Medicine and Computational Biology

Capable of predicting a protein's structures can help you understand its functions. Google DeepMind uses the latest
iteration of its protein structure prediction method, called AlphaFold, to predict structures of multiple COVID-19-
associated proteins based on their respective amino acid sequences. They have published the predicted structures but
they still need experimental testing of these structures. Nonetheless, these predictions are expected to help us
understand how the coronavirus functions and possibly contribute to possible therapeutic success against COVID-19
[25].
It proposes an AI-based approach to generative chemistry to design novel molecules that can inhibit COVID-19.
Several generative machine learning models, such as generative auto encoders, generative adversarial networks,
genetic algorithms, and language models, are used to manipulate molecular representations to construct structures,
which are then optimized using reinforcement learning methods. This is an ongoing work, as the authors synthesize
and test the molecules that have been obtained. However, it is a promising approach as these AI methods can
manipulate the broad chemical space similar to a drug and derive valuable information from high-dimensional data
automatically. Thus, without manually designing features and studying the relationships between molecular structures
and their pharmacological properties, it is possible to construct molecules. The solution proposed is cost-effective and
time-efficient, and has great potential for Generate novel drug compounds to counter COVID-19 [26].
Randhawa et al., on the other hand, plan to predict COVID-19's taxonomy using a machine-learning-driven,
alignment-free framework based on genomic signatures and a decision tree approach. The alignment-free method is a
computationally inexpensive approach which can offer rapid taxonomic classification of novel pathogens by
processing raw DNA sequence data only. By analyzing over 5000 unique viral sequences, the authors can confirm the
COVID-19 taxonomy as belonging to the Beta coronavirus genus Sarbecovirus subgenus, as previously discovered
in. The proposed method provides also quantitative evidence supporting a COVID-19 bat origin hypothesis [27].

E. Deep Learning for Covid-19

Deep learning is a sub-branch of the field of machine learning, informed by a brain structure. As in many fields, deep
learning techniques employed in recent years continue to show impressive performance in the field of medical image
processing. It is attempted to derive concrete conclusions from medical data by applying profound learning methods
to medical data.

F. Convolution Neural Networks and Use of Transfer Learning

Convolutionary Neural Networks (ConvNet) have achieved remarkable success in classification and identification of
medical image / video. In 2012, Ciregan et al. and Krizhevsky et al [11]. showed how CNNs based on the Graphics
Processing Unit ( GPU) can improve several vision benchmark records such as MNIST, Chinese characters, Arabic
digit recognition, Arabic handwritten character recognition, NORB (jittered, cluttered), traffic signs, and ImageNet
tests on a wide scale. Various developments in ConvNets in the following years further improved the accuracy rate
for the tasks of image detection / classification competition. ConvNets pretrained models made major changes in the
performance of the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Competition (ILSVRC) annual challenges. Many

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ConvNets transfer models, such as VGGNet, GoogleNet, ResNet, Xception, Inception-V3, and DenseNet, were
introduced [11].

Transfer learning is a technique in which the information derived from the given data by a CNN is transferred to solve
a separate but related problem, involving new data, which are typically of a smaller population to train a CNN from
scratch [12].

Data quality for initial training is the most important element for effective training because CNN can learn to remove
the image's significant features. Based on the CNN's ability to recognize and remove the most outstanding image
attributes, it is being tested if this model is appropriate for learning transfer.

The CNN is employed during the next step to process a new collection of images of a different nature and to extract
features, according to its knowledge of extraction of features, which was acquired during the initial training[12].

G. Artificial neural networks

The use of artificial neural networks to design a model for automatic classification of patients with respiratory crises
has brought brilliant results [7]. This platform can also be used to track the trend in ICU treatment and therapy so that
the following issues of clinical practice will be measurable [7]

 Recognition of the face

 Detection of unit facial action
 Recognition of facial expression
 Awareness of posture
 Study of the motion of extremities
 Measurement of sound pressure level
 Measurement of light level for realization
 Detection of Visitation Rate

H. Generative Adversarial Network

GANs are a unique kind of neural network model in which two networks are concurrently trained, one focusing on
image generation and the other on identification. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) provide a means of learning
profound representations without commonly stated data on preparation. These networks accomplish learning by using
a competitive method involving a pair of networks to extract reverse propagation signals. GANs have made huge
progress in many application areas, including semantic image editing, pattern transfer, image synthesis, super-
resolution and classification [4].

Fig. GAN Graphical Representation

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Figure indicates the general geometry of the GAN In a general architecture, the adversarial generative network
comprises two types of networks, named discriminatorily and generator, respectively, called D and G. GANs train a
deep G-generated neural network that inputs a random multidimensional sample z (from a Gaussian or standardized
distribution) to generate a sample from the distribution needed.
Generator: Generator (G), where G is a grid that uses Z random noise to generate images, Noise-generated images
are recorded as G (z). A random point in the latent space is data, which is normally Gaussian noise. During the GAN
training process the parameters for both G and D networks are frequently updated
Discriminator: Discriminator is considered a biased network to decide whether an image belongs to a particular
distribution or not. It receives an X image input and generates D (x) output, which reflects the probability of X
belonging to a specific distribution. If the result is 1 it indicates the distribution of the true image. The value of D
output as 0 indicates that it belongs to a fake distribution of images [4].

IV. DATASET AND DATA SOURCES

This table outlines available sources of data relevant to COVID-19, ranging from infectious case numerical data,
radiology images, Facebook, email, natural languages to biological data (Table 2). Such data are useful for research
purposes in the difficult fight against the deadly coronavirus disease, to harness the potentials and strength of AI
technologies [2].

Table: Data Sources for Covid-19[2]

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V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

The coronavirus disease has greatly impacted lives across the globe. Several people have lost their loved ones, with
the number of deaths currently rising past 2 lakh worldwide and continuing to increase. Although AI technologies
have penetrated with many successes into our everyday lives, they have also contributed to helping humans in the
extremely hard fight against COVID-19. [30]

This paper provided a review of AI, ML and DL technologies in the literature related to the responses and control
mechanisms of the COVID-19 crisis up till now. These technologies range from medical diagnosis based on chest
radiology images, modelling and forecasting of virus transmission based on number of time series cases and IoT data,
text mining and NLP to capturing public awareness of virus prevention measures, to biological data analysis for drug
discovery. While numerous studies have been published, we note that AI's implementations and contributions are still
relatively limited in this war [31]. This is partly due to the limited availability of data about COVID-19 while AI, ML
and DL methods normally require large amounts of data to learn and acquire knowledge for computational models.
Moreover, we expect the number of COVID-19 based AI, ML and DL studies to grow dramatically in the coming
months as more COVID-19 data such as medical images and biological sequences are available. Future work on the
creation, hosting and optimization of COVID-19 related datasets is essential as it will help accelerate discoveries that
are useful in tackling the illness. A future research on explainable AI is important to understand the efficiency of the
deep learning models, as well as image features that contribute to the distinction between COVID-19 and other forms
of pneumonia. It will help radiologists and doctors gain insights into the virus, and more accurately analyze potential
photos of CT and X-ray coronavirus [32].

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