Ares (/ˈɛəriːz/; Ancient Greek: Ἄρης, Áres (árɛːs) ) is the Greek

28/12/2020 Ares - Wikipedia
Ares
Ares (/ˈɛəriːz/; Ancient Greek: Ἄρης, Áres [árɛːs]) is the Greek
god of courage and war. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and Ares
the son of Zeus and Hera.[1] In Greek literature, he often God of War
represents the physical or violent and untamed aspect of war and
is the personification of sheer brutality and bloodlust, in contrast
to his sister, the armored Athena, whose functions as a goddess
of intelligence include military strategy and generalship.[2]
The Greeks were ambivalent toward Ares: although he embodied

the physical valor necessary for success in war, he was a
dangerous force, "overwhelming, insatiable in battle, destructive,
and man-slaughtering."[3] His sons Phobos (Fear) and Deimos
(Terror) and his lover, or sister, Enyo (Discord) accompanied
him on his war chariot.[4] In the Iliad, his father Zeus tells him
that he is the god most hateful to him.[5] An association with Ares
endows places and objects with a savage, dangerous, or
militarized quality.[6] His value as a war god is placed in doubt:
during the Trojan War, Ares was on the losing side, while Athena,
often depicted in Greek art as holding Nike (Victory) in her hand,
favoured the triumphant Greeks.[3]
Ares plays a relatively limited role in Greek mythology as

represented in literary narratives, though his numerous love
affairs and abundant offspring are often alluded to.[7] When Ares
does appear in myths, he typically faces humiliation.[8] He is well
known as the lover of Aphrodite, the goddess of love, who was
married to Hephaestus, god of craftsmanship.[9] The most Statue of Ares from Hadrian's Villa
famous story related to Ares and Aphrodite shows them exposed
Abode Mount Olympus,
to ridicule through the wronged husband's device.[10]
Thrace, Macedonia,
The counterpart of Ares among the Roman gods is Mars,[11] who Thebes, Sparta & Mani
as a father of the Roman people was given a more important and Symbols Sword, spear, shield,
dignified place in ancient Roman religion as a guardian deity. helmet, chariot, flaming
During the Hellenization of Latin literature, the myths of Ares
torch, dog, boar,
were reinterpreted by Roman writers under the name of Mars.
vulture
Greek writers under Roman rule also recorded cult practices and
beliefs pertaining to Mars under the name of Ares. Thus in the Personal information
classical tradition of later Western art and literature, the Parents Zeus and Hera
mythology of the two figures later became virtually
indistinguishable. Siblings Aeacus, Angelos,
Aphrodite, Apollo,
Artemis, Athena,
Dionysus, Eileithyia,
Contents Enyo, Eris, Ersa, Hebe,
Names Helen of Troy,
Hephaestus, Heracles,
Character, origins, and worship
Hermes, Minos,
Ares in Sparta
Pandia, Persephone,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares 1/12
Ares in the Arabian Peninsula Perseus,

Ares in the Scythians Rhadamanthus, the
Ares in Ethiopia Graces, the Horae, the
Litae, the Muses, the
Attributes
Moirai
Cult and ritual
Consort Aphrodite and various
Attendants others
Consorts and children Children Erotes (Eros and
List of Ares's consorts and children Anteros), Phobos,
Hymns to Ares Deimos, Phlegyas,
Mythology Harmonia, Enyalios,
Founding of Thebes Thrax, Oenomaus,
Ares and Aphrodite Cycnus, and Amazons
Ares and the giants Roman Mars
Iliad equivalent
Renaissance Norse Týr

equivalent
In popular culture
See also
Friends and counselors
Attendants
Similar deities in non-Greek cultures
Notes and references
Notes
References
Names
The etymology of the name Ares is traditionally connected with the Greek word ἀρή (arē), the Ionic
form of the Doric ἀρά (ara), "bane, ruin, curse, imprecation".[12] There may also be a connection with
the Roman god of war, Mars, via hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *M̥rēs; compare Ancient Greek
μάρναμαι (marnamai), "I fight, I battle".[13] Walter Burkert notes that "Ares is apparently an ancient
abstract noun meaning throng of battle, war."[14] R. S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin of
the name.[15]
The earliest attested form of the name is the Mycenaean Greek , a-re, written in the Linear B
syllabic script.[16][17][18]
The adjectival epithet, Areios, was frequently appended to the names of other gods when they took on
a warrior aspect or became involved in warfare: Zeus Areios, Athena Areia, even Aphrodite Areia. In
the Iliad, the word ares is used as a common noun synonymous with "battle."[3]
Inscriptions as early as Mycenaean times, and continuing into the Classical period, attest to Enyalios
as another name for the god of war.[n 1]
Character, origins, and worship
Ares was one of the Twelve Olympians in the archaic tradition

represented by the Iliad and Odyssey. Zeus expresses a recurring
Greek revulsion toward the god when Ares returns wounded and
complaining from the battlefield at Troy:
Then looking at him darkly Zeus who gathers the

clouds spoke to him:
"Do not sit beside me and whine, you double-faced
liar.
To me you are the most hateful of all gods who hold
Olympus.
Forever quarrelling is dear to your heart, wars and
battles.
...
And yet I will not long endure to see you in pain, since
you are my child, and it was to me that your mother
bore you.
But were you born of some other god and proved so
Vatican, Rome, Italy. Statue of Ares, ruinous
Scopas's influence. Brooklyn
long since you would have been dropped beneath the
Museum Archives, Goodyear
gods of the bright sky."[21]
Archival Collection
This ambivalence is expressed also in the Greeks' association of

Ares with the Thracians, whom they regarded as a barbarous and warlike people.[22] Thrace was
Ares's birthplace, his true home, and his refuge after the affair with Aphrodite was exposed to the
general mockery of the other gods.[n 2]
A late-6th-century BC funerary inscription from Attica emphasizes the consequences of coming under
Ares's sway:
Stay and mourn at the tomb of dead Kroisos

Whom raging Ares destroyed one day, fighting in the foremost ranks.[23]
Ares in Sparta
In Sparta, Ares was viewed as a model soldier: his resilience, physical strength, and military
intelligence were unrivaled. An ancient statue, representing the god in chains, suggests that the
martial spirit and victory were to be kept in the city of Sparta. That the Spartans admired him is
indicative of the cultural divisions that existed between themselves and other Greeks, especially the
Athenians (see Pelopponesian War).
Ares in the Arabian Peninsula
Ares was also worshipped by the inhabitants of Tylos. It is not known if he was worshipped in the
form of an Arabian god (or which one) or if he was worshipped in his Greek form.[24]
The Suda write that at Petra the Theus Ares (Ancient Greek: Θεὺς Ἄρης) was worshiped and he was
honored. There was a black stone statue on a golden plinth, four feet tall and two feet wide. They
offered sacrifice and pour forth the blood of the sacrificial animals, and the whole house was rich in
gold, and contained many votive offerings.[25]
Ares in the Scythians
According to Herodotus' Histories, the Scythians worshipped a god he equated with the Greek Ares;
unlike most other Scythian gods, he does not offer the indigenous name for this deity. While ranking
beneath Tabiti, Api and Papaios in the divine hierarchy, this god was apparently worshipped
differently from other Scythian gods, with statues and complex altars devoted to him. This type of
worship is noted to be present among the Alans.[26]
Noting how Greek mythological Amazons are devotees of Ares and most likely based on Scythian
warriors, some researchers have considered the possibility that a Scythian warrior women cult of this
deity existed.[27] Others have also posited that the "Sword of Mars" alludes to the Huns having
adopted this deity.[28]
Ares in Ethiopia
Maḥrem, the principal god of the kings of Aksum prior to the 4th century AD, was always equated
with Ares. In their Greek inscriptions, the kings invoke Ares. In bilingual inscriptions, where the
Ethiopic has Maḥrem the Greek will have Ares. The anonymous king who put up the Monumentum
Adulitanum in the late 2nd or early 3rd century refers to "my greatest god, Ares, who also begat me,
through whom I brought under my sway" various peoples. The monumental throne celebrating the
king's conquests was itself dedicated to Ares.[29] In the early 4th century, the last pagan king of
Aksum, Ezana, referred to "the one who brought me forth, the invincible Ares".[30]
Attributes
Ares’ attributes were a helmet, shield, and sword or spear.[31] The birds of Ares
(Ornithes Areioi) were a flock of feather-dart-dropping birds that guarded the
Amazons' shrine of the god on a coastal island in the Black Sea.[32]
Cult and ritual

Although Ares received occasional sacrifice from armies going to war, the god had
a formal temple and cult at only a few sites.[33] At Sparta, however, each company
of youths sacrificed a puppy to Enyalios before engaging in ritual fighting at the
Phoebaeum.[n 3] The chthonic night-time sacrifice of a dog to Enyalios became
assimilated to the cult of Ares.[35]
Just east of Sparta stood an archaic statue of Ares in chains, to show that the
spirit of war and victory was to be kept in the city.[n 4]
At Olympia there was an altar of Ares.[37] The Ares

Borghese.
The Temple of Ares in the agora of Athens, which Pausanias saw in the second
century AD, had been moved and rededicated there during the time of Augustus.
Essentially, it was a Roman temple to the Augustan Mars Ultor.[33] From archaic times, the
Areopagus, the "mount of Ares" at some distance from the Acropolis, was a site of trials. Paul the
Apostle later preached about Christianity there. Its connection with Ares, perhaps based on a false
etymology, is etiological myth. A second temple to Ares has been located at the archaeological site of
Metropolis in what is now Western Turkey.[38]
Attendants
Ares's sons Deimos ("Terror" or "Dread") and Phobos ("Fear") are his companions in war.[39]
According to Hesiod, they were also his children, born to him by Aphrodite.[40] Eris, the goddess of
discord, or Enyo, the goddess of war, bloodshed, and violence, was considered the sister and
companion of the violent Ares.[41] In at least one tradition, Enyalius, rather than another name for
Ares, was his son by Enyo.[42]
Ares may also be accompanied by Kydoimos, the daemon of the din of battle; the Makhai ("Battles");
the "Hysminai" ("Acts of manslaughter"); Polemos, a minor spirit of war, or only an epithet of Ares,
since it has no specific dominion; and Polemos's daughter, Alala, the goddess or personification of the
Greek war-cry, whose name Ares uses as his own war-cry. Ares's sister Hebe ("Youth") also draws
baths for him.
According to Pausanias, local inhabitants of Therapne, Sparta, recognized Thero, "feral, savage," as a
nurse of Ares.[43]
Consorts and children

The union of Ares and Aphrodite created the gods Eros, Anteros,
Phobos, Deimos, and Harmonia. Other versions include Alcippe
as one of his daughters.
Upon one occasion, Ares incurred the anger of Poseidon by

slaying his son, Halirrhothius, because he had raped Alcippe, a
daughter of the war-god. For this deed, Poseidon summoned
Ares to appear before the tribunal of the Olympic gods, which
was held upon a hill in Athens. Ares was acquitted. This event is
The Areopagus as viewed from the
supposed to have given rise to the name Areopagus (or Hill of
Acropolis.
Ares), which afterward became famous as the site of a court of
justice.[44]
Accounts tell of Cycnus (Κύκνος) of Macedonia, a son of Ares who was so murderous that he tried to
build a temple with the skulls and the bones of travellers. Heracles slaughtered this abominable
monstrosity, engendering the wrath of Ares, whom the hero wounded in conflict.[45]
List of Ares's consorts and children
Comparative table of Ares' family

Divine Consorts Children Mortal Consorts Children
• Phobos Aerope • Aeropus
• Deimos Aglauros • Alcippe
• Harmonia[46] Althaea • Meleager (possibly)
• Eros (part of the

Astynome • Diocles
Erotes)
Aphrodite
• Anteros (part of the
• Ascalaphus
Erotes) Astyoche, daughter of
• Himeros (part of the Actor
• Ialmenus
Erotes)
• Pothos (part of the
Atalanta • Parthenopaeus (possibly)
Erotes)
Caldene, daughter of
• Edonus (possibly) • Solymus (possibly)
Pisidus
Calliope (Muse) • Mygdon Chryse or

• Phlegyas
• Odomantus (possibly) Dotis
Critobule • Pangaeus[47]
• Biston (possibly)
Terpsichore (Muse) • Euenus
Eos *no offspring mentioned • Molus
Enyo • Enyalius Demonice • Pylus
Erinys of Telphusa
• Dragon of Thebes
(unnamed)
• Thestius
*wooed her
Persephone Pisidice
unsuccessfully
Unknown • Nike Dormothea • Stymphelus[48]

Eurythoe the Danaid • Oenomaus
Semi-divine
Children Helice • Strymon
Consorts
Aegina • Sinope (possibly)[49] Leodoce (?)[50] no known offspring
• Biston (possibly) • Antiope

Callirrhoe, daughter of
• Edonus (possibly) • Hippolyta
Nestus
Otrera
• Odomantus (possibly) • Melanippe
Cleobula • Cycnus[51] • Penthesilea
• Crestone[53] Parnassa • Sinope (possibly)[49]

Cyrene[52]
• Diomedes of Thrace Pelopia or • Cycnus
Harmonia • The Amazons Pyrene • Lycaon (possibly)
Harpinna, daughter of
• Lycastus
Asopus • Oenomaus Phylonome
• Parrhasius
Sterope (Pleiad)
• Evenus Protogeneia • Oxylus
Tanagra, daughter of *competed with Hermes
Reate • Medrus[51]
Asopus over her
Tereine, daughter of • Thrassa, mother of Sete, sister of Rhesus • Bithys, eponym of the Thracian tribe
Strymon Polyphonte of Bithyae[54]
Thebe *no offspring mentioned Theogone • Tmolus[55]
Triteia • Melanippus Thracia • Ismarus[51]
Unknown woman • Alcon of Thrace[56]
Unknown woman • Calydon[51]
Unknown woman • Chalyps, eponym of the Chalybes[57]
Unknown woman • Cheimarrhoos[58]

Unknown woman • Dryas
Unknown woman • Evadne[51]

Unknown woman • Hyperbius
Unknown woman • Lycus of Libya[59]

Unknown woman • Nisos (possibly)
Unknown woman • Oeagrus[60]

Unknown woman • Paeon
Unknown woman • Portheus (Porthaon)
Unknown woman • Tereus
Hymns to Ares
Homeric Hymn 8 to Ares (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic 7th to 4th centuries BC)
"Ares, exceeding in strength, chariot-rider, golden-helmed, doughty in heart, shield-bearer,

Saviour of cities, harnessed in bronze, strong of arm, unwearying, mighty with the spear, O
defence of Olympus, father of warlike Victory, ally of Themis, stern governor of the rebellious,
leader of righteous men, sceptred King of manliness, who whirl your fiery sphere among the
planets in their sevenfold courses through the aether wherein your blazing steeds ever bear
you above the third firmament of heaven; hear me, helper of men, giver of dauntless youth!
Shed down a kindly ray from above upon my life, and strength of war, that I may be able to
drive away bitter cowardice from my head and crush down the deceitful impulses of my soul.
Restrain also the keen fury of my heart which provokes me to tread the ways of blood-curdling
strife. Rather, O blessed one, give you me boldness to abide within the harmless laws of peace,
avoiding strife and hatred and the violent fiends of death."[61]
Orphic Hymn 65 to Ares (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns 3rd century BCE to 2nd century CE)
"To Ares, Fumigation from Frankincense. Magnanimous, unconquered, boisterous Ares, in

darts rejoicing, and in bloody wars; fierce and untamed, whose mighty power can make the
strongest walls from their foundations shake: mortal-destroying king, defiled with gore, pleased
with war's dreadful and tumultuous roar. Thee human blood, and swords, and spears delight,
and the dire ruin of mad savage fight. Stay furious contests, and avenging strife, whose works
with woe embitter human life; to lovely Kyrpis [Aphrodite] and to Lyaios [Dionysos] yield, for
arms exchange the labours of the field; encourage peace, to gentle works inclined, and give
abundance, with benignant mind."
Mythology
Founding of Thebes
One of the roles of Ares was expressed in mainland Greece as the founding myth of Thebes: Ares was
the progenitor of the water-dragon slain by Cadmus, for the dragon's teeth were sown into the ground
as if a crop and sprang up as the fully armored autochthonic Spartoi. Cadmus placed himself in the
god's service for eight years atoning for the crime of killing Ares’ dragon.[31] To propitiate Ares,
Cadmus took as a bride Harmonia, a daughter of Ares's union with Aphrodite. In this way, Cadmus
harmonized all strife and founded the city of Thebes.[62]
Ares and Aphrodite
In the tale sung by the bard in the hall of Alcinous,[63] the Sun-
god Helios once spied Ares and Aphrodite having sex secretly in
the hall of Hephaestus, her husband. He reported the incident to
Hephaestus. Contriving to catch the illicit couple in the act,
Hephaestus fashioned a finely-knitted and nearly invisible net
with which to snare them. At the appropriate time, this net was
sprung, and trapped Ares and Aphrodite locked in very private
embrace.[n 5]
But Hephaestus was not satisfied with his revenge, so he invited

the Olympian gods and goddesses to view the unfortunate pair.
For the sake of modesty, the goddesses demurred, but the male
gods went to witness the sight. Some commented on the beauty
of Aphrodite, others remarked that they would eagerly trade
places with Ares, but all who were present mocked the two. Once
the couple was released, the embarrassed Ares returned to his
homeland, Thrace, and Aphrodite went to Paphos.[n 5] The Ludovisi Ares, Roman version
of a Greek original c. 320 BC, with
In a much later interpolated detail, Ares put the young soldier 17th-century restorations by Bernini
Alectryon by his door to warn them of Helios's arrival as Helios
would tell Hephaestus of Aphrodite's infidelity if the two were
discovered, but Alectryon fell asleep on guard duty.[64] Helios
discovered the two and alerted Hephaestus. The furious Ares
turned the sleepy Alectryon into a rooster which now always
announces the arrival of the sun in the morning.
Ares and the giants
In one archaic myth, related only in the Iliad by the goddess

Dione to her daughter Aphrodite, two chthonic giants, the
Aloadae, named Otus and Ephialtes, threw Ares into chains and
put him in a bronze urn, where he remained for thirteen months,
a lunar year. "And that would have been the end of Ares and his
appetite for war, if the beautiful Eriboea, the young giants' Mars and Venus Surprised by
stepmother, had not told Hermes what they had done," she Vulcan (1827) by Alexandre Charles
related.[65] "In this one suspects a festival of licence which is Guillemot (detail)
unleashed in the thirteenth month."[66]
Ares was held screaming and howling in the urn until Hermes rescued him, and Artemis tricked the
Aloadae into slaying each other. In Nonnus's Dionysiaca[67] Ares also killed Ekhidnades, the giant
son of Echidna, and a great enemy of the gods. Scholars have not concluded whether the nameless
Ekhidnades ("of Echidna's lineage") was entirely Nonnus's invention or not.
Iliad
In the Iliad,[68] Homer represented Ares as having no fixed allegiances, rewarding courage on both
sides: he promised Athena and Hera that he would fight on the side of the Achaeans (Iliad V.830–
834, XXI.410–414), but Aphrodite persuaded Ares to side with the Trojans. During the war,
Diomedes fought with Hector and saw Ares fighting on the Trojans' side. Diomedes called for his
soldiers to fall back slowly (V.590–605).
Athene or Athena, Ares's sister, saw his interference and asked Zeus, his father, for permission to
drive Ares away from the battlefield, which Zeus granted (V.711–769). Hera and Athena encouraged
Diomedes to attack Ares (V.780–834). Diomedes thrust with his spear at Ares, with Athena driving it
home, and Ares's cries made Achaeans and Trojans alike tremble (V.855–864). Ares fled to Mount
Olympus, forcing the Trojans to fall back.
When Hera mentioned to Zeus that Ares's son, Ascalaphus, was killed, Ares overheard and wanted to
join the fight on the side of the Achaeans, disregarding Zeus's order that no Olympic god should enter
the battle, but Athena stopped him (XV.110–128). Later, when Zeus allowed the gods to fight in the
war again (XX.20–29), Ares was the first to act, attacking Athena to avenge himself for his previous
injury. Athena overpowered him by striking Ares with a boulder (XXI.391–408).
Renaissance
In Renaissance and Neoclassical works of art, Ares's symbols are a spear and helmet, his animal is a
dog, and his bird is the vulture. In literary works of these eras, Ares is replaced by the Roman Mars, a
romantic emblem of manly valor rather than the cruel and blood-thirsty god of Greek mythology.
In popular culture
See also
Friends and counselors

Themis (Divine law)
Dike (Good judgement)
Attendants
Achlys (Death)
Androktasiai (Slaughter)
Eris (Strife)
Enyo (Violence)
Homados (Battle din)
Hysminai (Combat)
Keres (Death spirits)
Palioxis (Backrush)
Proioxis (Onrush)
Similar deities in non-Greek cultures
List of war deities
Notes and references
Notes
1. Enyalios is thought to be attested on the KN V 52 tablet as , e-nu-wa-ri-jo.[19][20]
2. Homer Odyssey viii. 361; for Ares/Mars and Thrace, see Ovid, Ars Amatoria, book ii.part xi.585,
which tells the same tale: "Their captive bodies are, with difficulty, freed, at your plea, Neptune:
Venus runs to Paphos: Mars heads for Thrace."; for Ares/Mars and Thrace, see also Statius,
Thebaid vii. 42; Herodotus, iv. 59, 62.
3. "Here each company of youths sacrifices a puppy to Enyalius, holding that the most valiant of
tame animals is an acceptable victim to the most valiant of the gods. I know of no other Greeks
who are accustomed to sacrifice puppies except the people of Colophon; these too sacrifice a
puppy, a black bitch, to the Wayside Goddess".[34]
4. "Opposite this temple [the temple of Hipposthenes] is an old image of Enyalius in fetters. The idea
the Lacedaemonians express by this image is the same as the Athenians express by their
Wingless Victory; the former think that Enyalius will never run away from them, being bound in
the fetters, while the Athenians think that Victory, having no wings, will always remain where she
is".[36]
5. "Odyssey, 8.295" (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0
218;query=card%3D%2371;layout=;loc=8.333). "[In Robert Fagles's translation]: ... and the two
lovers, free of the bonds that overwhelmed them so, sprang up and away at once, and the
Wargod sped Thrace, while Love with her telltale laughter sped to Paphos ..."
References
1. Hesiod, Theogony 921 (Loeb Classical Library numbering (https://archive.org/details/hesiod00hes
i)); Iliad, 5.890–896. By contrast, Ares's Roman counterpart Mars was born from Juno alone,
according to Ovid (Fasti 5.229–260).
2. Walter Burkert, Greek Religion (Blackwell, 1985, 2004 reprint, originally published 1977 in
German), pp. 141; William Hansen, Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the
Greeks and Romans (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 113.
3. Burkert, Greek Religion, p. 169.
4. Burkert, Greek Religion, p.169.
5. Iliad 5.890–891.
6. Hansen, Classical Mythology, pp. 114–115.
7. Hansen, Classical Mythology, pp. 113–114; Burkert, Greek Religion, p. 169.
8. Hansen, Classical Mythology, pp. 113–114. See for instance Ares and the giants below.
9. In the Iliad, however, the wife of Hephaestus is Charis, "Grace," as noted by Burkert, Greek
Religion, p. 168.
10. Odyssey 8.266–366; Hansen, Classical Mythology, pp. 113–114.
11. Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia, The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.
12. ἀρή (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentr
y%3Da%29rh%2F), Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary. ἀρή (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/h
opper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)ra/). Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A
Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
13. μάρναμαι (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ma/rn
amai) in Liddell and Scott.
14. Walter Burkert, Greek Religion (Harvard) 1985:pt III.2.12 p. 169.
15. R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, pp. 129–130.
16. Gulizio, Joannn. "A-re in the Linear B Tablets and the Continuity of the Cult of Ares in the
Historical Period" (http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/are.pdf) (PDF). Journal
of Prehistoric Religion. 15: 32–38.
17. Raymoure, K.A. (2012). "a-re" (http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/
a/a-re/). Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean.
18. "The Linear B word a-re" (http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=346723).
Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages.
19. Chadwick, John (1976). The Mycenaean World (https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00cha
d). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 88 (https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworl
d00chad/page/88). ISBN 0-521-29037-6. At Google Books.
20. Raymoure, K.A. "e-nu-wa-ri-jo" (http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-group
s/e/e-nu-wa-ri-jo/). Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean. "KN 52 V + 52 bis +
8285 (unknown)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140319204420/https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/In
dex/item/chosen_item_id/49). DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo. University of Oslo.
Archived from the original (https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/49) on 2014-
03-19.
21. Iliad, Book 5, lines 798–891, 895–898 in the translation of Richmond Lattimore.
22. Iliad 13.301; Ovid, Ars Amatoria, II.10.
23. Athens, NM 3851 quoted in Andrew Stewart, One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and
Extant Works, Introduction: I. "The Sources"
24. ١٢٨ ‫اﻻﺣﺗﻼل اﻟﻣﻘدوﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﺣرﯾن ص‬
25. Suda, theta, 302 (https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/theta/302)
26. Sulimirski, T. (1985). "The Scyths" in: Fisher, W. B. (Ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 2:
The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-
20091-1. pp. 158–159.
27. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amazons". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press.
28. Geary, Patrick J. (1994). "Chapter 3. Germanic Tradition and Royal Ideology in the Ninth Century:
The Visio Karoli Magni". Living with the Dead in the Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. p. 63.
ISBN 978-0-8014-8098-0.
29. Glen Bowersock, The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam (Oxford University
Press, 2013), pp. 45, 47–48.
30. Bowersock, Throne of Adulis, p. 69.
31. Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology. (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=tOgWfjNIxoMC&pg=PA80), p. 80, at Google Books
32. Argonautica (ii.382ff and 1031ff; Hyginus, Fabulae 30.
33. Burkert, Greek Religion, p. 170.
34. Pausanias, 3.14.9.
35. "Ares" (http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/9344).
academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/9344. Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica.
2007-10-10. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
36. Pausanias, 3.15.7.
37. Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.15.6 (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:
greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.15.6)
38. "City of mother goddess opens to tourism" (http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/city-of-mother-godd
ess-opens-to-tourism--70668). Hurriyet Daily News. August 21, 2014. Retrieved January 27,
2018.
39. Iliad 4.436f, and 13.299f Hesiod's Shield of Heracles 191, 460; Quintus Smyrnaeus, 10.51, etc.
40. Hesiod, Theogony 934f.
41. Wolfe, Jessica (2005). "Spenser, Homer, and the mythography of strife" (http://link.galegroup.co
m/apps/doc/A141260392/GPS?u=nm_p_losalamos&xid=ab4996a1). Renaissance Quarterly. 58:
1220+ – via Gale General Reference Center.
42. Eustathius on Homer, 944

43. Pausanias, Description of Greece, 3. 19. 7 – 8
44. Berens, E.M.: Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome, page 113. Project Gutenberg,
2007.
45. Bibliotheca 2. 5. 11 & 2. 7. 7
46. Scholia on Homer, Iliad B, 494, p. 80, 43 ed. Bekk. as cited in Hellanicus' Boeotica
47. Pseudo-Plutarch, On Rivers, 3. 2
49. Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 2. 946
50. Hyginus, Fabulae, 159
51. Murray, John (1833). A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical
Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a Copious Index. Albemarle
Street, London. p. 70.
52. Bibliotheca 2. 5. 8
53. Tzetzes on Lycophron, 499: Thrace was said to have been called Crestone after her.
54. Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v. Bithyai
56. Hyginus, Fabulae, 173
57. Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 2. 373
58. Scholia on Hesiod, Works and Days, 1, p. 28
59. Pseudo-Plutarch, Greek and Roman Parallel Stories, 23
60. Nonnus, Dionysiaca XIII.428
61. Homeric Hymn to Ares (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A199
9.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D8).
62. Burkert, Greek Religion, p.169.
63. Odyssey 8.300
64. Gallagher, David (2009-01-01). Avian and Serpentine (https://brill.com/view/book/978904202709
1/B9789042027091-s006.xml). Brill Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-2709-1.
65. Iliad 5.385–391.
66. Burkert (1985). Greek Religion. p. 169.
67. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 18. 274 ff; Theoi.com, "Ekhidnades" (http://www.theoi.com/Gigante/GiganteE
khidnades.html).
68. References to Ares's appearance in the Iliad are collected and quoted at www.theoi.com: Ares
Myths 2 (http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/AresMyths2.html#Troy)
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Ares (/ˈɛəriːz/; Ancient Greek: Ἄρης, Áres (árɛːs) ) is the Greek

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28/12/2020 Ares - Wikipedia

The Greeks were ambivalent toward Ares: although he embodied

Ares plays a relatively limited role in Greek mythology as

Ares in the Arabian Peninsula Perseus,

Renaissance Norse Týr

Character, origins, and worship

Ares was one of the Twelve Olympians in the archaic tradition

Then looking at him darkly Zeus who gathers the

This ambivalence is expressed also in the Greeks' association of

Stay and mourn at the tomb of dead Kroisos

Ares in the Arabian Peninsula

Ares in the Scythians

Cult and ritual

At Olympia there was an altar of Ares.[37] The Ares

Consorts and children

Upon one occasion, Ares incurred the anger of Poseidon by

List of Ares's consorts and children

Comparative table of Ares' family

• Harmonia[46] Althaea • Meleager (possibly)

• Eros (part of the

Calliope (Muse) • Mygdon Chryse or

Unknown • Nike Dormothea • Stymphelus[48]

Aegina • Sinope (possibly)[49] Leodoce (?)[50] no known offspring

• Biston (possibly) • Antiope

Cleobula • Cycnus[51] • Penthesilea

• Crestone[53] Parnassa • Sinope (possibly)[49]

Strymon Polyphonte of Bithyae[54]

Thebe *no offspring mentioned Theogone • Tmolus[55]

Triteia • Melanippus Thracia • Ismarus[51]

Unknown woman • Alcon of Thrace[56]

Unknown woman • Calydon[51]

Unknown woman • Chalyps, eponym of the Chalybes[57]

Unknown woman • Cheimarrhoos[58]

Unknown woman • Evadne[51]

Unknown woman • Lycus of Libya[59]

Unknown woman • Oeagrus[60]

"Ares, exceeding in strength, chariot-rider, golden-helmed, doughty in heart, shield-bearer,

"To Ares, Fumigation from Frankincense. Magnanimous, unconquered, boisterous Ares, in

Ares and Aphrodite

But Hephaestus was not satisfied with his revenge, so he invited

Ares and the giants

In one archaic myth, related only in the Iliad by the goddess

Friends and counselors

Similar deities in non-Greek cultures

List of war deities

Notes and references

42. Eustathius on Homer, 944

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This page was last edited on 27 December 2020, at 03:57 (UTC).

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