right drug for the right bug

VIVIEN LEIGH P. MINA, RPh, PhD

 WHAT CONDITIONS BELOW
NEED ANTIBIOTICS?

•  COMMON COLD
•  TUBERCULOSIS
•  UTI
•  DIARRHEA
•  CHICKEN POX
•  FLU
 TOPIC OUTLINE
•  Introduction (History, Definition)
•  Ideal Qualities of Antimicrobial Agents
•  Sources of Antimicrobial Agents
•  Classification of Antibacterial Agents
•  Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT
•  any chemical or drug used to treat an
infectious disease, either by inhibiting or
killing the pathogens in vivo

 WHAT ARE ANTIBIOTICS?
•  a type of medicine which are used to treat
bacterial infections
•  Substances derived from a microorganism
or produced synthetically, that destroys or
limits the growth of a living organism
•  Antibacterial Agents
 IDEAL QUALITIES
1. kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens
2. cause no damage to the host
3. cause no allergic reaction to the host
4. stable when stored in solid or liquid form
5. remain in specific tissues in the body long
enough to be effective
6. kill the pathogens before they mutate and
become resistant to it
 ANTIBIOTICS-Sources
1.  Natural

2. Semi-synthetic

3. Synthetic
 ANTIBIOTICS-Classification
I. According to antimicrobial activity
 ANTIBIOTICS-Classification
II. According to bacterial spectrum of
activity
 ANTIBIOTICS-Classification
III. According to absorbability from the site
of administration to attain significant
concentration for the treatment of systemic
infection

Local vs Systemic
 ANTIBIOTICS-Classification
IV. According to mechanism of action
•  Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
•  Alter the function and permeability of the
cell membrane
•  Inhibit protein synthesis (translation and
transcription)
•  Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
MOA and Classification
 Cephalosporins
1st Generation 2nd 3rd Generation 4th Generation 5th Generation
Generation
Cefadroxil Cefaclor* Cefexime* Cefepime Ceftibiprole
Cefazedone Cefamandole Cefoperazone Ceflupirime Ceftaroline
Cefazolin Cefoxitin Cefotaxime Cefozopran
Cephalexin* Cefuroxime* Cefpiramide Cefpirome
Cephalothin Ceforanid Cefpodoxime* Cefquinome
Cephradine* Cefonicid Ceftibuten* Cefpirole
Cephaloridine Cefprozil* Ceftizoxime
Cephapirin Cefmetazole Ceftriaxone
Cefotetan Cefdinir*
Good against Good against Good against Good against Gram+, Gram-,
Gram+, Gram-, Gram-, Weak Gram-, MRSA
moderate Moderate against Gram+ Extended
against Gram- against Gram+ activity against
Gram+

Gram+ Gram-
 PROBLEMS WITH THE MISUSE
OF ANTIBIOTICS
•  They don’t help the patient at all
•  Expense: 75% of outpatient antibiotics are
used for respiratory infections
•  Patient expectations: why no better?
•  Side effects: diarrhea, rash, allergy
•  Development of resistance: the
antibiotic won’t work when you really DO
need it for a bacterial infection


Antimicrobial resistance occurs when

microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses,
fungi and parasites change in ways that
render the medications used to cure the
infections they cause ineffective.
Superbug
The misuse or overuse of antibiotics remains
a global public health concern, contributing to
antibiotic resistance and increased patient
morbidity and mortality. Hospital antimicrobial
stewardship programs have proven effective
in improving appropriate antibiotic use,
reducing adverse events and enhancing
quality of care by ensuring the appropriate
selection, dose, route and duration of
antimicrobial therapy.
Antibiotics are a very serious
public health problem for us,
and it's getting worse.
Resistant microbes outstrip
new antibiotics. It's an
ongoing problem. It's not like we can fix it,
and it's over. We have to fight continued
resistance with a continual pipeline of new
antibiotics and continue with the perpetual
challenge.
Dr. Anthony Fauci
 WHAT CONDITIONS BELOW
NEED ANTIBIOTICS?
Disease Causative Agent
COMMON COLD Coronavirus
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis,
UTI Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus

DIARRHEA Rotavirus, E. coli

CHICKEN POX HHV-3 or VZV
FLU
Influenza viruses, RNA viruses of
the Orthomyxovirus genus
Chances are you or
someone you care
for will need to
take antibiotics.
Knowing how to
use them safely is
a great way to
keep you and your
loved ones safe
and on the road to
full recovery.