Continuous-Time Signals

EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021
CONTINUOUS-TIME Motivation
SIGNALS
Nasri bin Sulaiman, PhD

Associate Professor / Researcher
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
With Knowledge We Serve 1 With Knowledge We Serve 2
MC-CDMA Receiver AM Radio Receiver

OFDM Block
Communication Band
Transmitter Pass ADC
Guard
FFT Combiner Data
channel Filter
Removal
RF Carrier
memory microprocessor
Reconfigurable
MC-CDMA
receiver
nasri_sulaiman@upm.edu.my (017-9774029) 1
AM Radio Receiver PCB AM Radio Block Diagram
AM Radio Schematic Learning Outcomes
Students are able to:

1. represent continuous-time signals in
frequency domain
2. perform basic operations on continuous-
time signals
Signals Classification of Signals

 A signal is a function of time representing a  Continuous time signals.
physical variable, eg: voltage, current etc.
 Discrete time signals.
 A signal is defined as a function of one or
more independent variables.
 Signals are functions of independent variables

that carry information.
Continuous (CT) Signals CT Signal - cont

 In continuous time signals the independent
variable is continuous, and they are defined

for a continuum of values.
 Most of the signals in the physical world are
CT signals: voltage, current, pressure,
temperature, velocity, etc.
Discrete Time (DT) Signals DT Signal - cont

 Discrete time signals are defined only at
discrete times and for these signals the

independent variable takes on only a discrete
set of values.
Representation Functional Notation

 For functions whose independent variable
 To distinguish between continuous-time and
is either real numbers or complex
discrete time signals, we will use the symbol numbers, the independent variable will
‘t’ to denote the continuous time independent be enclosed in parentheses ( ).
variable and ‘n’ to denote the discrete time  For functions whose independent
independent variable. variable is integers the independent
variable will be enclosed in brackets [ ].
Taxonomy of Signals Signal Processing Systems

Amplitude
Continuous Discrete Signal
Continuous
signal Processing output
continuous-time System
analog signals
signals
Time
Discrete discrete-time
digital signals
signals
 Facilitate the extraction of desired information.
Signal Processing Systems - cont Classification of CT Signals

continuous-time continuous-time signal  Periodic signals.
signal analog
signal system
output
 Non periodic signals.

discrete-time signal discrete-time signal
discrete-
signal time output
system
.
digital signal digital signal
digital
signal system
output
Periodic Signals Periodic Signals - cont

 A continuous-time signal, x(t) is a periodic
 For x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t), where x1(t) and x2(t)
signal if x(t + nT) = x(t), where T is the are two periodic signals with fundamental T1
period of the signal and n is an integer. and T2 respectively, x(t) is a periodic signal if
T1/T2 = a rational number.
 Sinusoidal, square and triangular waves are  The fundamental period, T for x(t) is the least
periodic signals. common multiples (LCM) of T1 and T2.

Sinusoidal Signal Sinusoidal Signal Properties

Time domain representation  Frequency.
 Period.
 Peak (maximum) value.
 Peak-to-peak value.
x(t) = Acos(t + )  Root mean square (RMS) value.

Phasor Representation Amplitude & Phase Spectrums
Phasor Representation - cont CT Signals Generator

 Complex-conjugate phasor representation. Wien-bridge oscillator
Rf
x(t) = A/2 ej(t + ) + A/2 ej(t + )
R1

+
C R
Vo
R Z1
C Z2
1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2
CT Signals Generator - cont Example 1

RC phase-shift oscillator Write the analytical expression for the signal
Rf with the phase angle in degrees.
R1
 C C C
+
R R R
1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋 6𝑅𝐶
x(t) = 200sin(21000t + 600)
Example 1 - cont Example 2

 Frequency, f = 1000 Hz = 1 kHz. Sketch a waveform for a signal of 5 sin 754t
with the abscissa:
 Period, T = 1/f = 1/1000 Hz = 1 ms.
(a) time in seconds.
 Peak (maximum) value, A(p) = 200.
(b) angle in degrees.
 Peak-to-peak value, A(p) = 400.
(c) angle in radians.
 Root mean square value, A(rms) = 141.42.
Example 3 Example 4
Determine the average and root-mean-square Determine the phasor form of the following
values for the voltage signal. signals.
(a) x(t) = 155 cos (377t – 250)
(b) x(t) = 10 cos (10t + 630) + 15 cos (10t – 420)
(a) X = 155 – 250

(b) X = 15.73  – 4.120
Example 5 Example 6
Represent x(t) = 6 cos (2100t – 0.45) as a sum Represent x(t) = 155 cos (377t – 250) in
of counterrotating phasors with complex frequency domain.
magnitudes.
x(t) = (2.701 – j1.305)ej2100t +

(2.701 + j1.305) e – j2100t
Example 7 Even and Odd Functions

Determine whether each of the following signal • A continuous-time signal, x(t) is an even
is periodic. If a signal is periodic, determine its function if x(t) = x(– t).
fundamental period. • A continuous-time signal, x(t) is an odd
(a) x(t) = cos (t + /4) function if x(t) = –x(– t).
(b) x(t) = cos (/3)t + sin (/4)t • The even and odd parts of the function, x(t)
(c) x(t) = cos t + sin (2)t are
(a) Periodic, T0 = 2 s. (b) Periodic, T0 = 24 s. xe(t) = [x(t) + x(–t)]/2

(c) Nonperiodic xo(t) = [x(t) – x(–t)]/2
Example 8 Energy and Power Signals

Determine the even and odd parts of the • The total energy, E of the signal, x(t) in 1 ohm
following signals. resistor is
(a) x(t) = 4 cos(3t) ∞
2
(b) x(t) = e–t u(t) 𝐸= 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
• The average power, P of the signal, x(t) in 1
(a) xe(t) = 4 cos(3t), xo(t) = 0 (even signal) ohm resistor is
(b) Xe(t) = 0.5[e–t u(t) + et u(– t)] 𝑇
1 2 2
xo(t) = 0.5[e–t u(t) – et u(– t)] 𝑃 = lim 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇 −
𝑇
2
Energy and Power Signals - cont Example 9

Find the signal energy of
• For a periodic signal, x(t): 𝑡
3 1− , 𝑡 <4
𝑥 𝑡 = 4
𝑇 0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
1 2
𝑃= 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
From the definition of signal energy:
∞ 2
4
𝑡
E= 𝑥 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 3 1− 𝑑𝑡
−4 4
−∞
Example 9 - cont Example 10

Taking advantage of the fact that x(t) is an even Find the average signal power of
function: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡 + 𝜃
4 2 From the definition of average signal power for

𝑡
E = 2 × 32 1− 𝑑𝑡
0 4 a periodic signal:
4 𝑇𝑜
𝑡 𝑡2 1 𝑇
2
𝐴2 2 𝑡
E = 18 1− + 𝑑𝑡 𝑃= 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜋 + 𝜃 𝑑𝑡
0 2 16 𝑇 0 𝑇𝑜 −𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑜
2
4 2 3
𝑡 𝑡 𝑇𝑜
E = 18 𝑡− + = 24 𝐴2 2 𝑡 𝐴2
0
4 48 𝑃= 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋 + 2𝜃 𝑑𝑡 =
2𝑇𝑜 −𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑜 2
2

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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021

Nasri bin Sulaiman, PhD

MC-CDMA Receiver AM Radio Receiver

With Knowledge We Serve 3 With Knowledge We Serve 4

AM Radio Receiver PCB AM Radio Block Diagram

With Knowledge We Serve 5 With Knowledge We Serve 6

AM Radio Schematic Learning Outcomes

Students are able to:

With Knowledge We Serve 7 With Knowledge We Serve 8

Signals Classification of Signals

 Signals are functions of independent variables

With Knowledge We Serve 9 With Knowledge We Serve 10

Continuous (CT) Signals CT Signal - cont

variable is continuous, and they are defined

Discrete Time (DT) Signals DT Signal - cont

discrete times and for these signals the

With Knowledge We Serve 13 With Knowledge We Serve 14

Representation Functional Notation

Taxonomy of Signals Signal Processing Systems

Continuous Discrete Signal

With Knowledge We Serve 17 With Knowledge We Serve 18

Signal Processing Systems - cont Classification of CT Signals

 Non periodic signals.

With Knowledge We Serve 19 With Knowledge We Serve 20

Periodic Signals Periodic Signals - cont

periodic signals. common multiples (LCM) of T1 and T2.

Sinusoidal Signal Sinusoidal Signal Properties

 Peak (maximum) value.

x(t) = Acos(t + )  Root mean square (RMS) value.

Phasor Representation Amplitude & Phase Spectrums

With Knowledge We Serve 25 With Knowledge We Serve 26

Phasor Representation - cont CT Signals Generator

CT Signals Generator - cont Example 1

Example 1 - cont Example 2

(a) X = 155 – 250

With Knowledge We Serve 33 With Knowledge We Serve 34

x(t) = (2.701 – j1.305)ej2100t +

With Knowledge We Serve 35 With Knowledge We Serve 36

Example 7 Even and Odd Functions

(a) Periodic, T0 = 2 s. (b) Periodic, T0 = 24 s. xe(t) = [x(t) + x(–t)]/2

Example 8 Energy and Power Signals

Energy and Power Signals - cont Example 9

With Knowledge We Serve 41 With Knowledge We Serve 42

Example 9 - cont Example 10

4 2 From the definition of average signal power for

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