International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2016, pp. 337–346, Article ID: IJCIET_07_05_038

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE GIRDER WITH BEAM AND

WITHOUT BEAM
Kalpana Mohan
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering,
Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai.

S. P. Vijay Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering,
Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai.

ABSTRACT
Bridge girder material, size, shape and selection are based on engineering and economic
criteria. Steel concrete composite construction has gained wide acceptance as an alternative to
pure steel and pure concrete construction, there is no need for formwork because the steel beam is
able to sustain the self-weight of steel and concrete with few temporary props.In this paper, we
present analysis and results of steel and steel reinforce bridge girders, based on STAAD Pro
analysis and manual analysis.8 combinations of bridge girders as given below are taken and
compared:
RCC 0.5*1 WITH OUT BEAM
RCC 0.5*1 WITH BEAM
RCC 0.4*0.8 WITH OUT BEAM
RCC 0.4*0.8 WITH BEAM
RCC I SHAPE WITH OUT BEAM flange size 0.9m x 0.15m and web size is 0.3m x 0.3m
RCC I SHAPE WITH BEAM
STEEL I SHAPE WITH OUT BEAM flange size 0.9m x 0.15m and web size is 0.3m x 0.3m total
height of i girder is 0.6m
STEEL I SHAPE WITH BEAM
The analysis was conducted between steel girders and reinforced concrete bridge girders.
Based on the design calculations, effect of each girder with respect to shear, bending moment, dead
load, live load, deflection and most importantly cost of each combination is analysed.
Keywords: Bridge girder, beam , STAAD Pro etc.
Cite this Article: Kalpana Mohan and S. P. Vijaykumar, Analysis of Bridge Girder with Beam and
without Beam. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp.337–346.
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 Analysis of Bridge Girder with Beam and without Beam

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Bridge
A Bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as a body
of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different
designs that each serve a particular purpose and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary
depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and
anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it.
Types of bridges:
• Girder bridges
• Arc bridges
• Truss bridges
• Suspended bridges
• Prestressed bridges
• Rigid Frame Bridges

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Various journals and thesis were refereed and the design aspects were studied. Variable parameters such as
Depth of web, thickness of web, width of flange and span of bridges are the variable parameters considered
during the design of plate Girder Bridge. Plate girder bridge is designed as per the Limit state method
using the IS 800:2007, IRC: 24-2000 and analysed bySAP-2000. Basically the Indian standards are derived
from the British Standards. With depth of web to thickness of Web ratio remains the same, flange area
varies as per the variation of span.
The behaviour of concrete bridge decks reinforced with newly developed high-performance (HP) steel
t is characterized by its high strength and enhanced corrosion-resistance in comparison with conventional
ASTM A6JS-06 Grade 60 steel. A nonlinear finite element model was used to predict the mode of failure
and failure loads. Specially-designed specimens were studied to know the effect of bending of HP steel
bars on their tensile strength.

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Girder Bridge
A girder bridge, in general, is a bridge that uses girders as the means of supporting the deck. A bridge
consists of three parts: the foundation (abutments and piers), the superstructure (girder, truss, or arch), and
the deck. A girder bridge is very likely the most commonly built and utilized bridge in the world. Its basic
design, in the most simplified form, can be compared to a log ranging from one side to the other across a
river or creek. In modern girder steel bridges, the two most common shapes are plate girders and box-
girders. The term "girder" is often used interchangeably with "beam" in reference to bridge design.

3.2. Different Types of Girder in Bridge

According to shape:
Box Shape, I Shape, T Shape, C Shape
According to length of bridge:
Culvert bridge(less than 6 m) , Minor bridge(less than 6 m-60m), Major bridge(more than 60 m), Long
span bridge(more than 120 m)

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 Kalpana Mohan and S. P. Vijaykumar

3.3. Input of Bridge

• Length of bridge =15m
• Width of carriage bridge=8.550m
• Width of footpath = 1.5m
• Total width =11.550m
• Thickness of deck slab =0.225m
• Thickness of wearing coat=0.075m
• Number of girders=4
• Spacing of main girder =2.850m

3.4. Unit Weights & Loads

• reinforced cement concrete =40kn/m3
• wearing coat = 22kn/m3
• structural steel =78.5 kn/m3
• steel used fe 415
• irc class aa& class a wheeled loads
load calculated as per irc :6-2000
• if span 7.5m to 30m
• where p’=400 or500kg/m2 from sub class 209.1 irc6
• formula cal. for ll for footpath =4.5kn/m

4. STEP 1: ANALYSIS
YSIS OF BRIDGES USING
USIN STAAD PRO
4.1. Rectangular Girder size
ize 0.5 x 1 m with Beam (1 way)
It is similar
lar to rectangular 0.5 x 1m without beam. Beams are placed at starting point of bridge and ending
point of bridge that is zero meter and 15 meter.
meter In Rectangular 0.5 * 1m Sizes Girder having the cross
beam sizes 0.25 * 0.5m. Property of cross beam is rectangular
rectangular and material is concrete.
concrete Similar load are
given in bridge as given before for without beam

Figure 3.3 Deflection of Rectangular girder size

size 0.5 x 1 m with beam (1 way)

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 Analysis of Bridge Girder with Beam and without Beam

Figure 3.4 Bending moment of Rectangular girder size 0.5 x 1 m with beam (1 way):
w

Figure 3.5 Shear force of Rectangular girder size 0.5 x 1 m with beam (1 way)

4.2. Rectangular Girderr size 0.4 x 0.8 m without Beam

It is similar to Rectangular girder size of 0.5 x 1 m without
withou beam. Here only girder
gi size in y axis is
changed.Width of the
he girder is 0.4 meter and depth
depth of the girder is 0.8 meters. Supports and vehicle load
combination is similar. Here also 250
25 load combination is generated. Values of Deflection, bending
moment and Shear force is changed compare with the rect 0.5 x 1m.
1m

Figure 3.6 4 displacement of Rectangular girder size 0.4 x 0.8 m without beam

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 Kalpana Mohan and S. P. Vijaykumar

Figure 3.7 bending of Rectangular girder size 0.4 x 0.8 m without beam

Figure 3.8 Shear of Rectangular girder size 0.4 x 0.8 m without beam

4.3. Rectangular Girder sizee 0.4 x 0.8 m with Beam (1 way)

It is similar to Rectangular girder size 0.5 x 1 m with beam (1 way) only size of girder and beam is
changed.

4.4. I Shaped RCC Girder

irder without Beam
Girder in y axis property as taper I shaped in that
that give flanged as 0.9 x 0.15m and web 0.3 x 0.3 and total
height is 0.6 m.Moving
Moving load are taken from IRC 6:2000 code book. book Similar loads
load are given in bridge as
given before for without beam.

Fig
Figure 3.9 Displacement of I shaped rcc girder

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 Analysis of Bridge Girder with Beam and without Beam

Fig
Figure 3.10 Bending of I shaped rcc girder

Figure 3.11 shear of I shaped rcc girder

4.5. I Shaped RCC Girder

irder with Beam (1 way)
It is similar to I shaped Rcc girder without beam. Beams are placed
placed at starting point of bridge and ending
point of bridge that
hat is zero meter and 15 meter. Cross Beam sized in I Shaped
Shape RCC girder size of 0.3 *
0.15m. Similar load are given in bridge as a given before for without beam. Take Maxmium Deflection ,
Bending Moment ,Shear force at 205,211, 148 combinations respectively.
respectively

Figure 3.12 Displacement I shaped rcc girder with beam (1 way)

w

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 Kalpana Mohan and S. P. Vijaykumar

Figure 3.13 Bending I shaped rcc girder with beam (1 way)

Figure
ure 3.14 shear I shaped rcc girder with beam (1 way)

4.6. I Shaped Steel Girder

irder without Beam
It similar to I shaped rcc girder only material
mat has been changed to steel. All modelling are same in property
taper I shaped select material as steel in staadpro.Moving
staadpro.Moving load and loading everying is same to I shaped rcc
girder. Take MaxmiumDeflection , Bending Moment ,Shear force at 205,211, 148 combinations
respectively.Values
Values of deflection, bending moment
mome and shear force is similar to I shaped rcc girder.

4.7. Shaped Steel Girder

irder with Beam (1 way)
It is similar to I shaped rcc girder with beam (1 way).
way)

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

DISCUSSI
In this results and discussion the values for Deflection, Bending moment and
and Shear force is taken from the
staad pro. Maximum Deflection occuro at combination number 205. Maximum Bending moment occur oc at
combination number:211. Maximum Shear force occur occur at combination number:148.
number From the above values
without beam and beam (one way) have approximately values.values All these values are in dynamic conditions.
conditions
Because in 15 meter span we are giving cross beam at 5 m and 10m distance. When moving load is at from
0 to 5m and 10 to 15m then deflection, bending moment, shear at 5 to 10m it become lesser than without
beam and beam

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 Analysis of Bridge Girder with Beam and without Beam

Table 4.1 Values Form Staad pro Rectangular 0.5 X 1m sized girder

DEFLECTION BENDING MOMENT SHEAR

DESCRI COMB
P INATIO G G2 G3 G4 G G2 G3 G4 G G2 G3 G4
TION N 1 1 1
WITHOU 0 3.10 32.51 14.34 0 130.09 1360 600.36 0 - - -
T 9 4 6 9 7 29.82 311.96 137.63
2 8 6
1 WAY 205 0 3.12 32.73 14.44 0 130.76 1370 603.51 0 - - -
9 8 3 0 29.82 311.97 137.63
2 9 6
WITHOU 211 0 3.11 32.60 14.38 0 132.88 1390 613.29 0 - - -
T 7 4 4 0 4 32.11 335.91 148.19
0 5 8
1 WAY 0 3.11 32.60 14.38 0 132.88 1390 613.29 0 - - -
7 4 4 1 4 32.11 335.91 148.19
0 5 8
WITHOU 148 0 2.17 22.77 10.03 0 83.814 876.82 386.83 0 - - -
T 5 5 9 1 3 42.35 443.12 195.49
7 4 6
1 WAY 0 2.17 22.77 10.03 0 83.814 876.82 386.83 0 - - -
5 5 9 1 3 42.35 443.12 195.49
7 4 6

Table 4.2 Values Form Staad pro Rectangular 0.4 X 0.8m sized girder
DESCRI COM
PTION BIN DEFLECTION BENDING MOMENT SHEAR
ATION
C0N G G2 G3 G4 G G2 G3 G4 G G2 G3 G4
CRETE 1 1 1
.8x0.4
WITHOU 205 0 7.64 79.92 35. 0 130.760 137 603.510 - 0 - -
T 7 260 0 29.82 311.97 137.36
2 9 8
1 WAY 0 7.640 79.92 35. 0 130.760 137 603.510 0 - - -
7 262 0 29.82 311.97 137.36
2 9 8
WITHOU 211 0 7.609 79.60 35. 0 132.880 139 613.294 0 - - -
T 118 0 32.11 335.95 148.19
0 5 8
1 WAY 0 7.609 79.60 35. 0 132.880 139 613.294 0 - - 148.19
118 0 32.11 335.95 8
0 5
WITHOU 148 0 5.31 55.55 25.50 0 83.814 876.82 386.83 0 42.35 443.12 195.49
T 0 3 9 0 2 7 4 6

1 WAY 0 5.31 55.55 25.50 0 83.814 876.82 386.83 0 42.35 443.12 195.49
0 3 9 8 2 7 4 6

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 Kalpana Mohan and S. P. Vijaykumar

Table 4.3 Values Form Staad pro I shaped rcc girder

DES CO
CRI M
PTION BIN
ATI DEFLECTION BENDING MOMENT SHEAR
ON
I SHAPE G1 G2 G3 G4 G1 G2 G3 G4 G1 G2 G3 G4
WITH 205 0 8.78 91.85 40.5 0 130. 1370 603.5 0 - -311.979 -
OUT 1 8 26 760 09 29.82 137.6
2 38
1 WAY 0 8.78 91.85 40.5 0 130. 1370 603.5 0 - -311.976 -
1 8 26 762 10 29.82 137.6
2 38
WITHO 211 0 8.74 91.48 40.3 0 132. 1390 613.2 0 - -335.915 -
UT 5 2 60 880 93 32.11 148.1
0 98
1 WAY 0 8.74 91.48 40.3 0 132. 1390 613.2 0 - -335.915 -
5 1 60 882 95 32.11 148.1
0 98
WITH 0 6.10 63.84 28.1 0 83.8 876.8 386.8 0 42.35 443.124 195.4
OUT 3 6 67 15 20 33 7 96
1 WAY 148 0 6.10 63.84 28.1 0 83.8 876.8 386.8 0 42.35 443.124 195.4
3 5 67 15 18 33 7 96

• From the above values without beam and beam (one way) has approximately values
• Because in 15 meter span we are giving cross beam at 5 m and 10m distance.
When moving load is at from 0 to 5m and 10 to 15m then deflection , bending moment, shear at 5
to 10m it become lesser than without beam and beam.

Table 4.4 Values Form Staad pro I shaped steel girder

DES COM DEFLECTION BENDING MOMENT SHEAR
CRI BIN
PTIO ATIO
N N
I G G2 G3 G4 G G2 G3 G4 G G2 G3 G4
SHAP 1 1 1
E
STEEL
WITH 205 0 0.93 9.73 4.29 0 130.76 1370 603.51 0 29.82 311.97 137.63
OUT 0 2 3 1 0 2 9 8
1 0 0.93 9.73 4.29 0 130.76 1370 603.51 0 29.82 311.97 137.63
WAY 0 2 3 1 0 2 9 8
WITH 211 0 0.92 9.69 4.27 0 132.88 1390 613.29 0 - -335.91 -
OUT 6 2 6 1 5 32.11 148.19
0 8
1 0 0.92 9.69 4.27 0 132.88 1390 613.29 0 - -335.92 -
WAY 6 2 6 1 5 32.11 148.19
0 8

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 Analysis of Bridge Girder with Beam and without Beam

WITH 148 0 0.64 6.76 2.98 0 83.814 876.82 386.83 0 42.35 443.12 195.49
OUT 7 4 4 2 3 7 4 6
1 0 0.64 6.76 2.98 0 83.814 876.82 386.83 0 42.35 434.75 195.49
WAY 7 4 4 1 3 7 4 6

6. CONCLUSION
Different arrangement of deck slab with girder was taken like, beams at edges taken as one way slab and
beams in between making deck slab two way. Having analysis the same for different cases. Bending
moment is higher in girder without beam and one way deck slab. Similarly, Rectangular shaped girder 0.4
x 0.8 m section has the same behaviour as mentioned above with different values. When comparing the
rectangular shaped girder 0.5 x 1m and 0.4 x 0.8 m, 0.4 x 0.8 m has more deflection which is a
disadvantage. In I section, deflection is more when compared to Rectangular 0.5 x 1 m section and Rcc 0.4
x 0.8 m section. And the I section steel girder has less deflection when compared to all types of girders.
With normal IRC loading bridge with girder spacing of 2.850m with span of 50 m the working load in
bending moment the order of 1600-1800 kN.m and shear force values comes in the order of 400-450 kN.
Where as per the staad pro terms 1390 & 440 it appears to be reasonable. From the above discussions, it
is concluded that composite steel section is good when compared to Rcc, because maintenance of
composite section is easy, construction time is faster and it also withstands high amount of load.

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