Final Thesis PDF Geleta PDF

METHODS OF HANDLING, STORAGE & UTILIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS: JUNE: 2010/2018
INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT
Study the Methods of Handling, Storage & Utilization of Construction Materials: in the
Case of Building Construction Projects in Debre Berhan Town.
A Research Submitted to the school of Undergraduate Program B.Sc. in college of Engineering

for Construction Technology & Management Department.
Prepared by:
1. Geleta Muhe Shifaw --------------- ENGR/1434/06

2. Jemil Mubarek Kemal ------------- ENGR/882/06
3. Berhan Ambaw Alemu ------------ ENGR/1275/06
4. Wintana Dawit Ghezae ------------ ENGR/580/06
June: 18/2018
DEBRE BERHAN
ETHIOPIA
[Researcher Students: (Geleta, Jemil, Birhan & Wintana) Group-5, Sec-C, 5th year COTM] I
METHODS OF HANDLING, STORAGE & UTILIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:
JUNE: 2010/2018
INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT
Study the Methods of Handling, Storage & Utilization of Construction Materials: in the
Case of Building Construction Projects in Debre Berhan Town.
A Research Submitted to the school of Undergraduate Program B.Sc. in college of Engineering

for Construction Technology & Management Department.
Approved By Examiners’
1. ___________________________ sign. _________________ Date: _________________
2. ___________________________ sign. _________________ Date: _________________
3. ___________________________ sign. _________________ Date: _________________
4. ___________________________ sign. _________________ Date: _________________
[Researcher Students: (Geleta, Jemil, Birhan & Wintana) Group-5, Sec-C, 5th year COTM] | II
JUNE: 2010/2018
DECLARATION
This thesis is our original and has not been presented for a degree in any other university,
and that all sources of materials used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged.
Name:ID.NoSignature
1. Geleta Muhe Shifaw --------------- ENGR/1434/06 _______________
2. Jemil Mubarek Kemal ------------- ENGR/882/06 ________________
3. Berhan Ambaw Alemu ------------ ENGR/1275/06 ________________
4. Wintana Dawit Ghezae ------------ ENGR/580/06 ________________
Place:DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY

Institute of TechnologyCollege of Engineering
Construction Technology & Management Department
Date of submission June:18/2018 G.C
Main Advisor: Ins. Assay Sahlu

Signature _____________
Date: _____________
[Researcher Students: (Geleta, Jemil, Birhan & Wintana) Group-5, Sec-C, 5th year COTM] | III
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First we would like to thank our almighty God for the strength he gave us throughout this
research. Our sincere gratitude to our advisor Assay Sahlu for her valuable advice and
continuous encouragement and professional support guidance. We are also deepest thanks to our
co advisor Remedan Temam. In addition to this we will like to thank, contractor‟s staff, (project
manager, office engineer, site engineer) and government bodies who were willing to answer our
questionnaires and interviews without any hesitates.
[Researcher Students: (Geleta, Jemil, Birhan & Wintana) Group-5, Sec-C, 5th year COTM] I
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ABSTRACT
Material management is one of the most important aspects in construction industry. Proper
storage of construction material is a key aspect of the process of material management. Studies
have revealed that are effective storage of reinforced concrete materials at the construction
processes have positive effects on the successful completion of the project.
The main aim of this study is to investigate the practices and challenges of handling, storage and
utilization of construction material in building construction site in Debre Berhan town.
To identify the practices of handling, storage and utilization of construction material especially
cement, sand, aggregate and rebar in construction site in Debre Berhan town;
To investigate the causes and effects of mishandling and storage of these materials;
To investigate the involvement of government institution in regulating the handling and storage
of construction material in construction site in Debre Berhan town;and
To identify and propose solutions and measures to be taken in developing proper storage,
handling and utilization of building construction material specially cement, aggregates and
rebar’s in construction site of Debre Berhan town.
The research identifies 6 causes and 6 corresponding effects from literature review, and
distributed questioners to the contractor staffs (project managers, office managers and site
engineers). The analysis data from survey of 7 valid questioners were collected and used to
calculate by using frequency index. Delivery of cement, sand, aggregates and rebar has ranked
1st place cause and the administrative and financial in procuring materials department and over
ordering of materials have ranked second place causes that are higher FI index . However,
wastage is the main effects that happen in their firm by having higher frequency index, and poor
productivity & delays are the second and third effects that happen in their firm by having higher
frequency index,.
Contractors should have proper cement, aggregates and rebar management system in their firm,
so that they could have proper material handling, storage and utilization method. Government
bodies should have proper monitoring and controlling system that could be applied to the
construction sectors, so that there will be efficient material utilization.
Keywords: storage, handling, utilization, Reinforced concert material,
[Researcher Students: (Geleta, Jemil, Birhan & Wintana) Group-5, Sec-C, 5th year COTM] | II
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Table of content
Contents page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................. I
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... II
List of Table .................................................................................................................................. VI
List of Figure................................................................................................................................ VII
ABBREVIATION...................................................................................................................... VIII
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1Background of the Study ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objective of the Study ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1General Objective ............................................................................................................ 2
1.4Research Question .................................................................................................................. 3
1.5Significance of the Study ....................................................................................................... 3
1.6Scope and Limitation of the Study ......................................................................................... 4
1.7 Organization of the Research ................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 5
LITERATUREREVIEW ................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Meaning of Construction Materials management .......................................................... 5
2.1.2 Classification of Construction Materials ........................................................................ 6
2.1.3 Sources of Construction Materials ................................................................................. 7
2.1.4 Materials management processes ................................................................................... 7
2.2 Handling, Storage and Utilize of Reinforced Concrete Material .......................................... 9
2.2.1 Reinforced Concrete ....................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Factors affecting Handling, Storage and Utilize of Reinforced Concrete ........................... 19
2.4 Effects of improper Handling, Storage and Utilize of Reinforced Concrete ...................... 20
CHAPTHER THREE.................................................................................................................... 22
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 22
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Contents
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3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 22

3.2 Study Area ........................................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 22
3.4 Population and sample size ................................................................................................. 22
3.5 Data Collection Process ...................................................................................................... 23
3.6 Data processing and Analysis Method ................................................................................ 24
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 25
RESULT AND DISCUSION ....................................................................................................... 25
4.1. GENERAL ......................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1 Number of questioner distributed & received .............................................................. 25
4.2. Company & Respondents Profile ....................................................................................... 26
4.2.1 Company Profile ........................................................................................................... 26
4.2.2 Respondent Profile ....................................................................................................... 27
4.3 Management methods of construction materials ................................................................. 29
4.3.1. Materials Management System ................................................................................... 29
4.3.2 Material Protecting and Management Practice ............................................................. 30
4.4 Storage of cement, aggregate and reinforcement bars on Site ........................................... 31
4.4.1 Proper Storage of Reinforced concrete material........................................................... 31
4.4.2 Proper Handling of Reinforced concrete material ........................................................ 35
4.4.3 Proper Utilization of Reinforced concrete material ...................................................... 37
4.5 Cause and Effects of mishandling of these materials .......................................................... 39
4.5.1 Causes ........................................................................................................................... 40
4.5.2 Effects ........................................................................................................................... 41
4.6 Involvement of government institution in regulating handling and Storage ....................... 41
4.7 Solution and measures to be taken in developing proper storage, Handling ...................... 42
4.8 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 42
4.8.1 Summary of Storage and handling of Cement.............................................................. 42
4.8.2 Summary of Storage and handling of Aggregates ....................................................... 43
4.8.3 Summary of Storage and handling of Steel reinforcement bars ................................... 43
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 44
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Contents
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 44

5.1. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 44
5.2. Recommendation ................................................................................................................ 45
5.2.1 Storage and handling of Cement .................................................................................. 45
5.2.2 Storage and handling of Aggregates ............................................................................. 46
5.2.3 Storage and handling of Steel reinforcement bars ........................................................ 46
Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 47
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 48
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Contents
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List of Table
Table 4. 1: Educational qualification of respondants.................................................................... 28

Table 4. 2: Material management process .................................................................................... 29
Table 4. 3: Frequency of checking of materials storage facility ................................................... 31
Table 4. 4: The stage of bring construction materials to site ........................................................ 31
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List of Table
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List of Figure
Figure 3.1: Illustration of research methodology......................................................................... 24

Figure 4. 1: The respondent rate .................................................................................................. 25
Figure 4. 2: The establishment of companies in years ................................................................. 26
Figure 4. 3: The major clients of the Contractor .......................................................................... 27
Figure 4. 4: The Positions/Responsibilities of respondents ......................................................... 27
Figure 4. 5: The respondants experiences in years ...................................................................... 28
Figure 4. 6: Size of area of rooms for storage of cement ............................................................. 32
Figure 4. 7: Size of area of rooms for storage of sand ................................................................. 33
Figure 4. 8: Size of area of space for storage of reinforcement steel bar .................................... 35
Figure 4. 9: Causes of improper handling of reinforced concrete materials ................................ 40
Figure 4. 10: Effects of improper handling of reinforced concrete materials .............................. 41
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List of Figure
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ABBREVIATION
GDP……………………………………Gross Domestic Product

FI………………………………………Frequency Index
BE………………………………….…Bachelor of Education
HRWR …………………………….…High-Range Water Reducers
FIFO ………………………………… First in - First out
LIFO………………………………….. Last in-First out
BSc ………………………………….. Bachelor‟s Degree
GC………………….………………... General Contractor
BC…………………………………… Building Contractor
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study

The construction industry is an economical backbone in many countries (Ngaiet al., 2002), often
account between 7-10% of the (GDP) (Winch, 1996, Voordijk et al., 2000).
According to Denamo A. (2005) implies that, in developing countries like Ethiopia, construction
industry plays the most important role in development and economic growth. Successful
completion of these projects requires all the resources to be effectively managed. Materials are
the major resource elements that require effective management practice in any construction
project.
Basically, according to, Gossom (1999) and Bailey (2009), material management concerned
with the planning, identification, procuring, handling, storage, receiving, and distribution of
materials to use as input to the construction. The purpose of material management is to assure
that the right materials are in the right place and in the right quantities when needed.
Important problems that adversely affect the performance of construction projects
isimproper handling & Storage of materials during site activities. There are major issues
that affect materials management activities such as constraints on storage areas,
site logistics with regards to materials handling and distribution of materials to the construction
site. Previous research also highlighted materials management issues such as; improper storage
(Canter, 1993), requirement for large storage capacity.
According to DollTuku (2012), Materials that are required in construction execution shall be
stored, and handled in a way to reduce waste and to prevent deformation and damage of
materials, ensure safety of workers, prevention of damage to public property and natural
environment. Materials shall be separately stored under; climatically sensitive materials, durable
materials& materials vulnerable to rough handling.
Material handling can be defined as the provision of proper handling techniques either manually
or mechanically for the components held on site during construction process (Johnston, 1981).
On the other hand, Material storage can be defined as the provision of adequate space, protection
and control of building materials and components held on site during the construction process
(Chudley, 2003).
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This study, therefore tends to identifying the methods of handling, storage and utilization of
materials, solutions to poor practice of handling, storage and utilization of materials, to
investigate the probable cost-effect of handling, storage and utilization of materials, solutions to
poor practice of handling, storage and utilization materials, and also to investigate the probable
cost effective practice of handling, storage and utilization of materials on building construction
projects.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

Inappropriate handling & Storage practice of materials on construction sites has the potential to
severely hamper project performance (Ogunlanaet A, 1996). And also, according Kahsay (2014)
if concrete material don‟t properly managed and handled this might be occur when cement
contacts with moisture area, it will not have equal strength with that of cement which stored in
dry place, thus it will increase cost and also which reduce the quality, presence of impurities in
aggregate may form coating and may weaken the bond b/n the aggregate and cement paste and it
reduce the quality &durability. Improper handling of rebar may result corrosion and leads to
reduction of cross section of reinforcement as a result cracking and splitting of concrete cover
can be occurring.
According Denamo A. (2005) indicates that in most construction sites in the case of lack of
storage space for materials on site occurs the workplace becoming over-crowded. And lack of
on-site control leading to double handling, material shortage and wastage due to inefficient
management techniques, lack of adequate room for the effective handling & Storage of materials
and difficulty in getting large material deliveries onto site.
Generally, improper handling is the cause for cost overrun and claims between the stake holders.
Proper handling and storage of Materials are well documented to determine the quality of
construction projects. Given its importance, more studies need to be conducted in the area by
bringing some sites specific cases.
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.3.1General Objective
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INTRODUCTION
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The main objective of this study is to investigate the practices and challenges of handling,
storage and utilization of construction material in building construction site in Debre Berhan.
1.3.2Specific Objective
 To identify the practices of handling, storage and utilization of construction material

especially cement, sand, aggregate and rebar in construction site in Debre Berhan town;
 To investigate the causes and effects of mishandling and storage of these material;
 To investigate the involvement of government institution in regulating the handling and
storage of construction material in construction site in Debre Berhan town;
 To identify and propose solutions and measures to be taken in developing proper storage,
handling and utilization of building construction material specially cement, aggregates and
rebar‟s in construction site of Debre Berhan town.
1.4Research Question
 What are the practices of handling, storage and utilization of construction material on
building construction site in Debre Berhan town?
 What are the causes and effects of mishandlings and storages of these materials?
 What are the involvement of government institution in regulating the handling and storage
of construction material in construction site in Debre Berhan town?
 What measures should be taken to have proper handling, storage and utilization of
building construction material in the construction site (i.e. cement, aggregates and rebar)?
1.5Significance of the Study

 To practice minimize utilization of the space for storage and easy handling during the
process of receipts, inspections, storages and issue and to insure undisturbed flow.
 To avoid time delay and cost overrun problems due to rejection of materials by quality
control department or seasonal problems, the construction firms should store extra
materials like steel, cement, etc. for emergency purpose.
 To use proper technique for moving, transporting, handling, storing or distributing
materials with or without the help of mechanical appliances.
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 To contribute minimize wastage that cause due to poor handling, storage & utilize of
construction materials particularly cement, sand, aggregate and rebar.
 To minimize the cost and maximize the quality of the building constructions by handling,
storage and utilization the construction materials properly and safely.
Though this thesis is limited only to this case, it is believed that such diagnostic approach on the
problems of the building construction material handling and storage can result good benefits in
building construction projects in Ethiopia particularly in Debre Berhan town by analyzing
current practice;.
1.6Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of the study is in Debre Berhan town building construction projects practice severe
problems resulted from poor handling, storage and utilization of materials. And also, only cover
the Construction material handling, storage and utilization in aspects of cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate and rebar in Debre Berhan town that constructing by Gc-1 & Bc-1 building
construction projects.
Limitations of this study:
 The Problem of budget for transporting, copying, printing and other necessarily costs.
 There is no sufficient time to address most projects and studying widely.
 The contractors and consultants may not will to fill the questioner‟s.
1.7 Organization of the Research

The research is organized as follows: chapter one: Background of the study, chapter two:
presents the literature review to the study, while chapter three provides research design and
methodology. Chapter four outlines data presentation, analysis and interpretation, and chapter
five provides conclusions, recommendations and future work are forwarded.
CHAPTER TWO
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATUREREVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In the construction industry, resource planning and management is one of the most important
parameter for highly competitiveness and beneficial factors. Resource management is an
important parameter in construction project during planning and controlling. The material cost
covers more than 60% of the total project cost. Therefore, a small saving in material
management cost has significant role in the industry. A research conducted in Ethiopia had
shown that building materials takes 50%- 60% of the total cost of the project. The correct
quantity and quality of materials are properly specified in timely manner, handling & delivery to
site, storage and utilize process, and are obtained at reasonable cost (Tekle 2015).
2.1.1 Meaning of Construction Materials management

Different researchers provide different definitions for material management, therefore different
definitions can be found in different references. Basically, material management is concerned
with the planning, identification, procuring, storage, receiving and distribution of materials. The
purpose of material management is to assure that the right materials are in the right place and in
the right quantities when needed. The responsibility of one department (i.e. material management
department) for the flow of materials from the time the materials are ordered, received, and
stored until they are used is the basis of material management.
 Ballot (2006) defines material management as the process of planning, acquiring, storing,
moving, and controlling materials to effectively use facilities, personnel, resources and
capital.
 Tersine and Campbell (2004) define material management as the process to provide the
right materials at the right place at the right time in order to maintain a desired level of
production at minimum cost. The purpose of material management is to control the flow of
materials effectively.
 Beekman Love (1998) states that a material management structure should be organized in
such a way that it allows for integral planning and coordination of the flow of materials, in
order to use the resources in an optimal way and to minimize costs.
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 Chandler (2001) states that material management systems should be 37 implemented to

plan, order, check deliveries, warehousing, controlling the use of materials, and paying for
materials. He adds that these activities should be interrelated.
 Ammer, Dean (1991) defines material management as the process in which a company
acquires the materials that it needs to achieve their objectives. This process usually begins
with the requisition of materials from the supplier until the material is used or incorporated
into a product.
 Bailey and Farmer (2009) define material management as a concept concerned with the
management of materials until the materials have been used and converted into the final
product. Activities include cooperation with designers, purchasing, receiving, storage,
quality control, inventory control, and material control.
 Gossom (1999) indicates that a material management system should have standard
procedures for planning, expediting, transportation, receipt, and storage to ensure and
efficient system for materials control.
2.1.2 Classification of Construction Materials

Esidomoro (2015) and other Studies have categorized construction materials in terms of how
they appear, thus either in their raw state or finished product. These classifications are as
follows;
I. Raw materials: These categories represent the original state of the materials and are the
materials which are normally in its natural process. They are not affected so much by the weather
and pilferage; and most at times bulky in nature. Consumes a lot of space when not properly
planned well at the site. Chippings (gravels) and sand are examples;
II. Factory goods: These categories deal with those items which have passed a series of
processes and the end point are to pick and install. They are normally well packaged and most of
them are off the shelf items. Examples include cement, ceramic items (closets, bath, basin, tiles).
III. Workshop finished items: They are the semi-finished product, thus slight works will be
done on them before using. They are normally with their standard measurements and those
materials are normally expensive since any default on it will create for it replacement. Examples
include glass, timber, roofing materials, etc.
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2.1.3 Sources of Construction Materials

I. Source of course aggregate: -from quarries are sites where large, open excavations are made
for the purpose of extracting or removing rock in its natural state by drilling, cutting, and
blasting. In some cases, it may be possible to remove and break up rock by use of dozer rippers
and bull pricks (jack hammer attachment). The primary types of rocks obtained from quarries are
igneous and metamorphic, such as granite, diorite, gneiss, quartzite, and certain sales, since it is
seldom used in its in-place state, quarry rock is processed with mobile equipment that crushes,
screens, and washes (Bailey et al, 2009).
II .Source of fine aggregate: - from Pits are excavations made at the earth‟s surface in
unconsolidated materials, such as clay, sand and gravel. They are sites from which suitable
construction materials are obtained in quantity, being removed or excavated from the surface
without the use of blasting (Bailey et al, 2009).
III. Source of cement: - from the factory cement companies for high-quality bagged and
branded cement products. It provides desirable properties, such as compressive strength (it has
the highest strength per unit cost of any other construction material), durability, and aesthetics to
a variety of construction applications.
IV. Source of reinforcement bar:-from factory the Reinforcing bar is used in a range of
residential, commercial and infrastructure applications from concrete slabs to prefabricated
beams, columns, cages and precast products. Buy high quality reinforcing bar (rebar) for our
construction projects.
2.1.4 Materials management processes

a)Planning:
As Donyaul (2009) states planning is a very major issues in managing of construction material
during the execution of the construction works. Material planning includes measuring, ordering
and scheduling which helps to increase the productivity and performance of project. Most
construction firms tend to be costly when proper planning is not implemented.
b) Purchasing
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Purchasing of the materials and services from outside the company to help the structure of the
firm to marketing, sales and logistics. A detailed material schedule and coordination of
purchasing and order of materials are important in assuring material availability (Kasim, 2011).
c) Logistics
A researcher Hendrickson (2008) describes that logistics is the concept that deals with the
delivery of materials to site and also involve the planning, implementation and controlling the
movement and storage of all the things from raw materials to finish product, and he states that
the routing of the materials also affects the cost and time to completion of the project.
d) Handling
Kasim (2005) states that, handling of materials deals with the flow of materials from the
suppliers to the site, due to the rate of handling materials; there are considerations that are used
in the materials handling system. And he implies that the selection of material handling most at
times depends on it went or the center of gravity of the material and which enhance the
production process, provide effective operation of manpower, increase production and advance
the system to be more flexible.
e) Stock & Storage
Store must be of adequate space, Materials must be stored in an appropriate place in a correct
way, Group wise & alphabetical arrangement helps in Identification & retrieval First-in, first-out
principle to be followed, Monitor expiry date (Kasim 2005),
Provision of adequate storage of materials: Kasim (2005), Material storage on site
requires close attention in order to avoid waste, loss and any damage of materials which
would affect the operation of the construction project. And he states the materials are also often
stacked as per the specification of the vendor or manufacturer, the materials should not be
affected by impurities or atmospheric agencies of:
 Materials like cement should be stacked on timber raised platforms, stored in covered
sheds.
 Reinforcing bars should be stacked yards away from moisture to prevent rusting and also
away from oil and lubricants. Bars of different classification, sizes and lengths should be
stored separately to facilitate issues.
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f) Utilize and waste control
Proper usage of materials: the usage of materials is the flow component that provides for their
movement and placement. Material usage can be defined as the provision of proper handling
techniques either manually or mechanically for the components (i.e. cement, aggregate, rebar
etc.) held on site during construction process. Adequate care must be taken to prevent wastage
when working with materials on construction project; the assembly of working process involves
the practical incorporated into the project of materials depending on how the skills of the
workmen involved (Phu and Cho 2014).
2.2 Handling, Storage and Utilize of Reinforced Concrete Material

The reinforcement delivered to site should be stored neatly in a location specially prepared for
this purpose. Reinforcement should be stored on a platform off the ground to prevent corrosion
and contamination due to deleterious matter (mud, grease, oil, paint, loose rust, etc.). If the
reinforcement is to be stored for a long period of time or where stored in a marine environment
(within 10km of sea) the reinforcement piles should be covered (Kasim, 2005).
2.2.1 Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced Concrete is a concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two
materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforcing steel rods, bars, or mesh absorbs the
tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete structure. Plain concrete
does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses caused by wind, earthquakes, vibrations, and
other forces and are therefore unsuitable in most structural applications. In reinforced concrete,
the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength of concrete work together to allow the
member to sustain these stresses over considerable span (Sarvesh Khanna, B.E. Civil Engineer,
Mar 1, 2016).
Reinforced concrete cement or RCC for short is a composite material obtained when cement
concrete acts as a compression element and the steel/reinforcement act as a tensile element.
Concrete is good at taking compressive loads and weak in tension. In order to compensate for
this weakness we add elements which are good at taking up tensile strength such as steel
reinforcement and rebar. This makes this due to a strong and reliable one (Dhruva Prabhu, B.E
Civil Engineer, Feb 23, 2017).
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A) Properties: Concrete by itself is an aggregate mixture of cement and stone. This mixture
does not stick together when dry but forms a rigid structure when water is added and then stirred.
With the addition of steel inside the concrete, the newly formed reinforced concrete has a
coefficient of thermal expansion that is similar with that of both the steel and the concrete. As a
result, internal stresses resulting from variations in the environmental temperature are almost
non-existent. Additionally, when the concrete cement hardens, it corresponds to the surface
features of the steel. This allows the stresses acting around the reinforced concrete to be
efficiently spread between the two materials. Another desirable property of reinforced concrete is
the development of a thin film on the surface of the steel. This occurs due to the alkaline
environment caused by lime. As a result, the steel becomes extra-resistant to corrosion as
moisture cannot penetrate this layer of lime easily (Nevill A.M. 1990)
B) Importance: Nevill A.M. (1990) states in his revised book, reinforced concrete has a high
compressive strength compared to other building materials:
 Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also withstand a good amount
tensile stress.
 Fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair.
 The reinforced concrete building system is more durable than any other building system.
 Reinforced concrete, as a fluid material, in the beginning, can be economically molded
into a nearly limitless range of shapes.
 The maintenance cost of reinforced concrete is very low.
 In structures like footings, dams, piers etc. reinforced concrete is the most economical
construction material.
 It acts like a rigid member with minimum deflection.
 As reinforced concrete can be molded to any shape required, it is widely used in precast
structural components.
2.2.1.1 Concrete:
Ademasie (2005) States that Concrete is a composite material that consists essentially of binding
medium within which are embedded particles or fragments of a relatively inert mineral filler and
also a researcher kasim (2011) describes “The filler material, called "aggregate," is generally
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graded in size from a fine sand to fragments of stone which, in some concretes, may be several
inches in diameter”.
A) Properties: Nevill A.M. (1990)states in his revised book, concrete are an artificial
conglomerate stone made essentially of Portland cement, water, and aggregates:
 It is economical when ingredients are readily available
 Concrete's long life and relatively low maintenance requirements
 Concrete is not as likely to rot, corrode, or decay as other building materials.
 Concrete has the ability to be molded or cast into almost any desired shape.
 Concrete is a non-combustible material which makes it fire-safe and able withstand high
temperatures
 It is resistant to wind, water, rodents, and insects. Hence, concrete is often used for storm
shelters.
 Building of the molds and casting can occur on the work-site which reduces costs.
 High compressive strength, resistance to weathering, impact and abrasion.
 Low tensile strength (but can be overcome with steel reinforcement.
B) Importance:
Thermal mass efficiency: -Most buildings that have been constructed using concrete are more
energy efficient because of the ability of concrete to retain heat (Nevill A.M. 1990).
Concrete produces minimal waste: -Most builders produce concrete quantities that are sufficient
for any given project through their concrete ratios. After serving its purpose, it is then crushed
and recycled so that it can be used again thereby minimizing waste (Nevill A.M. 1990)..
Concrete is cost effective: - Compared to other building materials, concrete is safe to use and
saves greatly on the construction cost (Nevill A.M. 1990). .
Acoustic performance: -To achieve good wall insulation they need to use various types of
concrete qualities. This is important for musicians who require sound-proof rooms to record their
music (Nevill A.M. 1990).
D) Components/ Ingredients
I) Cement
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In a concrete mixture the function of the cement is to react with the water and form a plastic
mass when the concrete is fresh and a solid mass when the concrete is hard. The most widely
used cement is Portland cement, which is a finely powdered substance that is a composed of
calcium and Aluminum silicates (Troxel, G.E and Davis (1956)) cited in Ademasie (2005).
Type: Various types of Portland cement have been standardized for different uses. The type of
construction, the chemical composition of the soil, the economy, and the speed of construction
determine the type of cement used. The five types of Portland cement are described below.
Types I, II, and III are the most widely used; Types IV and V are used for specific applications.
Type I, normal Portland cement: -is used in general construction. It is used for pavement
construction where concrete is not subject to sulfate hazards or where heat generated through
hydration does not cause an objectionable rise in temperature (Ademasie 2005).
Type II, modified Portland cement: -generate slower heat at a slower rate than Type I, and it has
improved resistance to sulfate. This type of Portland cement is used in hot weather when
moderate heat generation tends to minimize the rise in temperature; Type I may be preferable in
cold weather. Type II cement can be used as a precaution in areas where sulfate concentrations
are higher than normal but are not severe (Ademasie 2005).
Type III, high-early-strength Portland cement: -is used when high strengths are needed very
early. Forms can be removed in a short time, and the concrete can be put in to quick service. It is
also used to for reducing the amount of time uncured cement is exposed to low temperatures.
Type III cement usually cures in two days at 70°F and three days at 50°F. High strength can be
obtained at an early stage more satisfactorily and economically with Type III cement than with
Type I (Ademasie 2005).
Type IV, low-heat Portland cement: - is used when the amount and rate of generated heat must
be kept to minimum. It develops strength at a slower rate than Type I. Type IV is normally used
in large, mass projects, such as concrete dams, to combat the rise in temperature where heat
generated during hardening may be a critical factor. It is seldom used for roads or airfields
constructions (Ademasie 2005).
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Type V, sulfate-resistant Portland cement: -is used in structures that are exposed to severe sulfate
action such as areas that have water with a high acid content. It gains strength at a slower rate
than Type I (Ademasie 2005).
Properties: It is always desirable to use the best cement in constructions. Therefore, the
properties of cement must be investigated. Although desirable cement properties may vary
depending on the type of construction. Generally good cement possesses following properties
(which depend upon its composition, thoroughness of burning and fineness of grinding) (Nevill
A.M. 1990).
 Provides strength to masonry.

 Stiffens or hardens early.
 Possesses good plasticity.
 An excellent building material.
 Easily workable.
 Good moisture-resistant.
Importance: Kavisha M. Desai, Civil EngineerJan 1, 2018 describes the importance of cement
as follows:
 Cement can be produced in large volumes in controlled condition, packed and transported.
 Cement is a several times stronger binding material than lime and clay.
 It can be mixed and used at will with locally available materials at site.
 When stored properly in ordinary atmosphere it does not deteriorate for reasonably longer
time (at least 3 to 4 month).
 When mixed with water, starts setting and gain sufficient strength in a day or two, where
as other binding materials require much longer time. Hence increase speed of
construction.
 It can withstand compressive stresses well. Where tension and shear stresses occurs it
gives good bond to steel reinforcement and transfers excess stresses to steel.
 It is produced from the materials like limestone, hematite, bauxite, clay, etc which are
plentifully available in the upper crust of the earth.
 It imparts strength and durability to building elements.
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Handling and Storage of Cement

Kahsay (2014) States in his research that Cement is also bagged for convenient use at
construction sites and for small jobs. Cement is transported by truck. As it is a moisture sensitive
material, if it‟s stored in a dry places then it will stay with its quality and strength. Cement which
is stored in a dump places gains its strength slowly and also perform poor quality than cement
that is kept in dry so, all cracks on walls and roofs should be closed. Cement bags should not be
stored on damp floors they should rest on pallets and stacked close together to reduce air
circulation but should never be stacked against outside walls. Regular maintenance of cement
silos is essential (G.F.Black Ledge 2002) cited in (Ademasie 2005).
II) Aggregate
Aggregate is filler with binding material in the production of concrete that provide better
dimensional stability and wear resistance of concrete. It is therefore significantly vital to obtain
right type and quality of aggregates (fine and coarse) since aggregate occupy 60 - 75% of the
concrete volume (70 - 85% by mass) and strongly affects the concrete‟s freshly mixed and
hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy (Tekle, 2015).
a) Fine Aggregate/Sand
Those particles passing the 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve, almost entirely passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4)
sieve, and predominantly retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve are called fine aggregate. For
increased workability and for economy as reflected by use of less cement, the fine aggregate
should have a rounded shape. The purpose those aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse
aggregate and to act as a workability agent.
b) Coarse Aggregate/Gravel
Those particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and will pass
through 3-inch screen are called coarse aggregate. The coarser the aggregate, the more
economical the mix. Larger pieces offer less surface area of the particles than an equivalent
volume of small pieces. Use of the largest permissible maximum size of coarse aggregate
permits a reduction in cement and water requirements. Using aggregates larger than the
maximum size of coarse aggregates permitted can result in interlock and form arches or
obstructions within a concrete form. That allows the area below to become a void, or at best, to
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become filled with finer particles of sand and cement only and results in a weakened area(Nevill
A.M. 1990).
Properties
Properties include shape, texture, size gradation, moisture content, specific gravity, reactivity,
soundness and bulk unit weight. These properties along with the water/cementations material
ratio determine the strength, workability, and durability of concrete. The shape and texture of
aggregate affects the properties of fresh concrete more than hardened concrete. Concrete is more
workable when smooth and rounded aggregate is used instead of rough angular or elongated
aggregate. Most of the natural sand and gravel gained from riverbeds (seashores) are smooth and
rounded with excellent aggregate properties. Crushed stone produces much more angular and
elongated aggregates, which have a higher surface-to-volume ratio and better bond
characteristics but it require more cement paste to produce a workable mixture. The properties of
the coarse aggregate used in a concrete mixture affect the modulus for a few reasons. One of
these properties is the modulus of elasticity of the coarse aggregate. As expected, a lightweight
aggregate will have a lower modulus than the mortar paste. Conversely, a strong aggregate
produces a concrete that is stronger than the mortar paste. The particle shape of the aggregate
contributes to the effectiveness of producing a high performance concrete. Crushed rock creates
a much better bond between the paste and the aggregate than gravel does.
Handling and Storing of Aggregates:
Negash (2014) conclude that aggregates should be handled and stored in a way that minimizes
segregation &degradation and prevents contamination by deleterious substances. And he implies
that stockpiles should be built up in thin layers of uniform thickness to minimize segregation.
Truck-dump method is the most economical and acceptable method of forming aggregate
stockpiles which discharges the loads in a way that keeps them tightly joined. Aggregates should
be stored in a way that kept them as uniform as possible in grading and moisture content,
protected from deterioration and contamination by other materials. Aggregates shall be stored at
site on a hard, dry and level ground. If such a surface is not available, a platform of planks or old
corrugated iron sheets, a floor of bricks or a thin layer of lean concrete shall be used. Contact
with clay, dust, vegetable and other foreign matters shall be avoided. Fine and coarse aggregates
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shall either be stored separately or heaps be separated by dividing walls. Fine aggregate shall be
stored in a place and manner where loss due to the effect of wind (DollTuku 2012).
Purpose & Uses of Aggregates
In concrete, an aggregate is used for its economy factor, to reduce any cracks and most
importantly to provide strength to the structure. In roads and railway ballast, it is used to help the
distribution of load and to assist in ground water running off the road. Aggregates increases the
volume of concrete, thus the cost will be reduced, Provide dimensional stability, Influence
hardness, abrasion resistance, elastic modulus and other properties of concrete to make it more
durable, strong and cheaper (DollTuku 2012).
C) Water
The purpose of using water with cement is to start the hydration process of the cement and to
acts as a lubricant between coarse and fine aggregates and produces a workable and economical
concrete. The amount of water must therefore be limited to produce quality concrete required for
a job. For instance excess water weakens bond between the successive lifts of concrete, produce
honeycombed concrete and make concrete the porous. On the other hand lesser water makes it
difficult to work with concrete.
Water used in construction shall be stored in tanks and the bottom side of the tank shall be
constructed by using brick or concrete. Contact with any organic impurities shall be prevented
DollTuku (2012)
D) Additive (Admixtures)
Admixtures used with Portland cement are air-entraining agents, accelerators, retardants,
plasticizers, cement-dispersing agents and waterproofing agents. They are used to change the
characteristics of a mix or a finished concrete. Do not use admixtures if the end result can be
achieved more economically by altering mix proportions. This manual addresses admixtures
used in concrete pavements; cement dispersing agents and waterproofing agents that are only
used for constructing structural members (DollTuku 2012) and (Nevill A.M. 1990).
Retarder
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Retarder is used when the rate of hydration must be slowed down to allow proper placement and
consolidation of the concrete before it sets. It can also be used to increase the strength and
durability of concrete when it is vibrated before it sets. Many commercial retardants are
available; and it basically consists of fatty acids, sugars, and starches. Use retardants (Nevill
A.M. 1990), when the:
• Heat of hydration is expected to be excessively high.
• Cement comes in contact with high ground temperatures (as in grouting operations).
• Concrete is laid during hot weather.
Air-entraining agents
Air-entraining agents increase the resistance to frost action and chemicals. It also improves the
workability of a mix. These agents are liquids derived from wood resin, animal fats, vegetable
oils, and other wetting agents (alkali salts, sulfated organic compounds, various water-soluble
soaps). Many different air-entraining agents can be used to produce air-entrained concrete.
Accelerators
Accelerators are used in a concrete mix for faster hydration, which increases generated heat and
produces high-early strength cement. CaCl2 is the most widely used accelerator, and it can be
used if it is economical and the increased hydration will not cause flash set or undue shrinkage.
Use 1-2 % of CaCl2 by weight of the cement. This amount increases the flexural strength by 40-
90 % on the first day and 5-35 % by the third day when moist-cured at 70°F. Flexural strength
increases is lower at 40°F, and acceleration is usually higher during the first three days (Nevill
A.M. 1990).
Plasticizers
Plasticizers are used to make the concrete more workable. Do not use them as substitutes for
proper aggregate gradation. Some of the materials that can be used as plasticizers include (Nevill
A.M. 1990):
• Admixtures, which increase the workability of a mix.
• Air-entraining agents.
Super plasticizers
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Also known as or high-range water reducers (HRWR). It reduce the water content of the mixture
by 12 to 30 percent and can be added to concrete with a low-to-normal slump and water-cement
ratio to forma high-slump flowing concrete. As a result of the slump loss, super plasticizers are
usually added to concrete at the jobsite (Nevill A.M. 1990).
e)Mix Ratio: Concrete mixing ratio is formals for calculating the correct amount of each
ingredient used include water, cement, sand and aggregate to produce concrete with the desired
properties (Nevill A.M. 1990).
2.2.1.2 Reinforcement: Metals are building materials which derived from ores by removing
impurities such as oxides, carbonates, sulfides and phosphates and used for engineering purposes
as ferrous metals, with iron as the main constituent, e.g. pig iron, cast iron, and steel. Steel is the
most suitable building material among metallic materials because of a wide range and
combination of physical and mechanical properties that steels have (Kahsay 2014).
Properties
High tensile strength: The tensile strength offered by steel products especially steel
reinforcement makes it ideal to strengthen concrete structures. A steel reinforced concrete
structure will offer a material that is higher in tensile strength which will not easily break under
high tension as experienced in large structures.
Difficult to mold and shape: Steel is not as easy to mold and shape like fresh concrete, but can be
molded and shaped under extremely high temperatures. This makes it more complicated for
shaping and bending, but still possible.
Relatively expensive: Although steel is relatively expensive, it is 100% recyclable, and there will
be no material wastage (Kahsay 2014).
Importance
 It is a versatile constructional material which is widely used in the construction industry
for making of the reinforced concrete.
 Steel rebar is most commonly used as a tensioning devise to reinforce concrete to help
hold the concrete in a compressed state.
 Steel rebar may also be used to hold other steel bars in the correct position to
accommodate their loads
 The steel bars add strength to the concrete structure, and allow for more specialized
designs, such as cantilevered structures (long structures anchored at only one end).
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 Reinforcing Steel Bars are used to help concrete withstand tension forces.
Handing, Storage and Protection of Reinforcement Bars:

As stated by kasim (2011) Reinforcement shall be transported to the site of work or to the
storage place in such ways that the reinforcement is neither damaged nor deformed and ensuring
that it doesn‟t cause harm to the worker there. Unloading of the reinforcement shall be done at
the nearest convenient place. Particularly in cases where unloading is required to be done by
hand, it is important that the vehicle should be brought as close as possible to the stacking or
bending place in order to avoid carrying over long distances and also to be effective. When bars
are unloaded, they should be placed on suitable blockings and should be placed according to
their diameter, well off the ground, in an area that has been cleared from grass, and other growth,
and which will be kept drained so that it cannot be damaged and also reduces the waste.
Donyavi.S. and Flanagan.R, (2009) states that Uncoated bars which are to be stored for a long
period of time should be protected to minimize rusting. Rust, itself, should not be cause for
rejection; but rusting to the extent that the bar becomes pitted reduces its strength and is
definitely caused for rejection. Normal handling of the bars will usually remove rust which is
loose enough to cause loss of bond and also other loses like wastages and cost overrun.
Reinforcement bars which have become irreparably damaged due to improper handling, storage,
or for any other reason, or which have become excessively rusted or pitted, should be rejected
and removed from the site. Steel reinforcement bars and structural steel shall be stored in a way
to prevent distortion, corrosion, scaling and rusting. Reinforcement bars and structural steel
sections shall be coated with cement wash before stacking, especially in humid areas. In case of
long time storage or storage in coastal areas, reinforcement bars and steel sections shall be
stacked at least 200 mm above ground level. Steel sections shall be stacked upon platforms, skids
or any other suitable supports. Bars of different types, sizes and lengths and structural steel
sections shall be stored separately to facilitate issues in required sizes and lengths without cutting
from standard lengths. Ends of bars and sections of each type shall be painted with separate
designated colors (Donyavi.S and Flanagan R 2009).
2.3 Factors affecting Handling, Storage and Utilize of Reinforced Concrete
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Donyavi.S and Flanagan.R (2009) States the difficulties in handling construction material in
construction site as follows: Some common problems on construction site which are obvious are
namely:
 Mismatching of materials with the ordered purchase
 The administrative and financial in procuring materials department
 Lack of training and adequate management
 Over ordering of materials
 Delivery of cement, aggregates and rebar to site early or late materials arriving
 Not ordering cement, aggregates and rebar on time
 Not matching with the ordering of material
 Improper planning
 Failure to order on time which cause delay on the projects
 Delivery at the wrong time which interrupts the work schedule
 Over ordering
 Double handling of materials because of inadequate material
2.4 Effects of improper Handling, Storage and Utilize of Reinforced Concrete
The effect of improper storage and handling of construction material location is also an issue and
can lead to poor productivity and waste. The effect of purchasing materials early may lead to
capital tied up and interest charges incurred on the excess inventory of materials. Materials will
deteriorate during storage and be stolen (Hendrickson, 2008). Oziegbe (1991) cited in Oladiran
(2010) shows that an effective storage system and handling of construction material should be
operated with the planned activities of construction and revealed the building projects,
procurement of materials should be well documented while location for materials should be
made in good time; and materials should be delivered according to the program of work.
Improper storage and handling of materials have made a lot of project stack along the way and
costing the client and also it causes claim between stakeholders (Chao et al., 2004). It is better to
have proper plans even before the start of the project.
Many researches have been conducted to reveal some of the challengers that do encounter when
working in a confined area (Spillane et al. 2011).
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Oziegbe (1991) Suggests that there must be proper site organization, which involves co-
ordination and control of resources used on building projects. This is to allow for a smooth flow
of activities on building site, such as the supply of materials, provision of site facilities that
involves erection of offices, plants and stores etc. for the realization of the project.
For example, Oziegbe (1991) and Harris and McCaffer (2001) notes that the effects of poor
storage of cement handling results in:
 Reduction in quality.
 Poor productivity.
 Delays
 Conflict between Stakeholders
 Capital tied up
 Wastage
 Deterioration of concrete in the form of local scaling and extensive surface cracking.
 Cracks and spilling of concrete, which the damage usually starts at the edges and corners
of concretes.
 Reduce the strength of concrete.
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CHAPTHER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The chapter discussed the approach in which the research is to be carried out. It discusses how
the information of handling, storage and utilization method was obtained, selection of the sample
size, data collection and how the data is being handled. This chapter also enlightens the review of
the methodology and also description of the sample processes and techniques.
3.2 Study Area

This research was conducted in Debre Berhan town building construction project sites that are
constructing by Gc-1 and Bc-1 contractors for different purposes such as glass factories, offices,
university dormitories, hospitals and other factories.
3.3 Research Design

The research was conducted first by identifying the causes through the literature review. This
research was designed by descriptive and quantitative& qualitative approach. Descriptive it‟s
because it tries to describe the status of the respondent company on practice of handling, storage
and utilization of cement, sand, aggregate and rebar by using different charts and tables. And
also, it‟s quantitative because it is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical
data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics of the respondent company on practice
of handling, storage and utilization of cement, sand, aggregate and rebar by using different tables
and figures. It is qualitative because it provides insights into the problem or helps to develop
ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to
uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problems for handling and
storage of the materials.
3.4 Population and sample size

The population that are included in this research are the contractors that are working different
building projects for different purposes, such as glass factories, offices, university dormitories,
hospitals and other factories found in Debre Berhan town. We choose Professional & skilled
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labors, material management department staffs and project managers of contractors, because they
are mostly the one who provides and direct concerns with construction materials and they are the
one who are more connected with the material handling, storage and utilization systems.
The sample size of our study included all the construction projects which are found in Debre
Berhan town that are ongoing or active construction all GC-1 and BC-1 contractors. Because
there are constructions which are so many terminated thus it will not be enough if we select some
of them. It cannot help to have pure information on the current practice of handling, storage and
utilization of construction material especially on cement, aggregate and rebar. There are 9 GC-1
and BC-1 contractors who are engaged on construction in Debre Berhan due to small town, from
those,1 construction sites (one General Contractor) is not active. The questioners were
distributed to the population (contractor side staffs) to be filled.
Generally we had prepared and distributed 8 questionnaires to the contractor side professional
and skilled labors.
3.5 Data Collection Process

This research was conducted to contribute towards the methods of handling, storage and
utilization of construction material in building construction projects. The research design was
based on questionnaires, literature surveys, observations, interviews& internet access.
Primary data were obtained from observations to have primary information about the major
concerned staffs in the projects from their experience and impressions about the handling,
storage utilize of materials. In general, how to store, handle & use Reinforced concrete materials
and the source of material management they undertook each parties. And questionnaires are
designed to involve parts in all GC-1 and BC-1 ongoing building construction projects in Debre
Berhan town.
Secondary data where obtained by thoroughly studying and investigating experienced people‟s
written documents, different books in the library, internet accesses about methods of handling,
storage and utilization of construction material especially cement, sand, aggregate and rebar
report, essays.
The questionnaire includes two parts:
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 The first part included the general profile about the construction firm, the background of
the respondent and the role or position of data filler person in the firm; and
 The second portion asked questions on the material management (i.e detailed information
about the cement, aggregate, rebar) practices of their storage, handling and utilize facilities and
effect of them on the firm.
The following figure illustrates the procedure implemented to the research methodology
Literature Observation, Discussion Conclusions &

Review &analysis Recommendations
Interview&
questionnaires
Figure 3.1: Illustration of research methodology
Generally, the study was carried out on GC-1 & BC-1 contractors engaged on building
construction projects in Debre Berhan town, and the questionnaires were distributed to the
contractor‟s side professional staffs, which are parts of the ongoing project to fill the prepared.
3.6 Data processing and Analysis Method

The qualitative and quantitative methods have been applied in the study because our aim is to
analyze our research problems by the data collected from the interview and questionnaires. The
scope of this survey encompasses the way of handling, storage & utilization of construction
materials in the aspect of cement, sand, aggregate and rebar in building construction projects
which found in Debre Berhan town. Then make a subjective assessment on the current
effectiveness of handling, storage & utilization of materials in construction site report with
respect to the recommended scientific approaches of the literatures and also to make a study on
contribution of quality planning on investigated construction site projects. Hence, the analysis
was carried out based on the responses of the participants. Accordingly, after analysis has been
finished an attempt is made to systematically build up conclusions and recommendations about
the study based on the analyzed data.
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSION
4.1. GENERAL
This chapter analyses the data collected from 7 respondents in which the respondents were
chosen from various construction firms that are found in Debre Berhan town. The chapter deals
with the analyses and discussion of the handling, storage & utilization practices of reinforced
concrete materials (cement, sand, aggregate & reinforced bar) among the contractors.
The analysis is pivoted around the objectives of the study that means, to discuss the various
material management processes in the construction sector, to identify the practice by which
contactors have on reinforced concrete materials and the effects of poor handling and storage of
concrete materials on the project sites.
The statistical tools used for the analysis were the Frequency Index which is used to rank the
various variables. This chapter also presents the results of the analysis and discussions in the
form of texts, charts and Tables.
4.1.1 Number of questioner distributed & received

The companies‟ response rates of the participant of these study (87.5%) contractors were respond
the questioners. The questioners that have been distributed to the contractors were 8 but 7
questioners were able to collected from 7 received and all questioners was valid.
Questionnaiers Prepared fo Contractors
4%
Number of distributed
29% 34% Number of received

Number of not received
Number of valid received
Response rate
4% 29%
Figure 4.1: The respondent rate
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4.2. Company & Respondents Profile
4.2.1 Company Profile

This section presents the background information on the company they are working in, years of
establishments of the company and major clients.
I. The establishment of companies in years
The establishment of each company in years that were participant in the questioners are
discussed as follows: 1 company was established in 1990 E.C (i.e it has 20 years experiences), 2
companies were established in 1998 E.C (they have 12 years experiences), 2 companies were
established in 1999 E.C (they have 11 years experiences), and the other 2 companies were
established in 2000 E.C (they have 12 years experiences).
Year of the establishment of the Company
14%
29%
1990
1998
1999
28%
2000
29%
Figure 4.2: The establishment of companies in years
II. Major Clients

The clients about 71% (five) contractors are working on Public /government organization, 29%
(two) contractors are Private/ individuals and organization.
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Major Clients in percentage
29%
Public /government organization

71%
Private /individuals/ organization
Figure 4.3: The major clients of the Contractor
4.2.2 Respondent Profile

The background information included the respondent responsibility in the construction project,
number of experience years in practice, level of education.
I. The Positions/Responsibilities of respondents
The purpose of this question was to know the respondents position in the firm. They were to
indicate whether they were, project manager, office engineers or site engineer or other than the
specified one.
The roles and responsibilities of respondents in the construction industry shows in pie chart
clearly shows that two of them (29%) are project managers, four of them (57%) are office
engineers and the other 1 (14%) are site engineer. A substantial amount of the respondents,
office engineers (57%) were clearly justified are easy to come across with while on site and are
also willing to answer the questionnaire among the professional staffs of contractors.
Position/profession who fill the

quationaiery
14%
Project Mgr
29%
office Mgr
57% Site Engr
Figure 4.4: The Positions/Responsibilities of respondents
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II. Level of education

A summary of Table 4.4 shows the educational qualifications respondent‟s. The purpose of this
background information was to know the level of their education. This information will give
relevance to the quality of answers given out by the respondents. Also if respondents have gained
more knowledge form past academic about reinforced concrete ingredient materials on how to
deal with them. As shown in the table, the level of all respondents (100%) in the projects have
bachelor‟s degree (BSc.).
Table 4.1: Educational qualification of respondents
Number of Filled Number of respondent‟s % of respondent‟s
questionnaire (BSc. Degree) (BSc. Degree)
7 7 100%
III. The respondents experiences in years

The purpose of this background information was to know the level of respondent‟s experience in
their sector. Two (29%) of respondents‟ have 5 – 10 years‟ experience and five of them (71%)
have 0 – 5 years‟ experience. This information will give relevance to the quality of answers
given out by the respondents. Also if respondents have gained more experience from working
with their respective companies, it is likely that they are well familiar in handling and storage
practices and processes of reinforced concrete and this will validate their response that is needed
for this study.
Respondants Experience in years
29%
0 - 5 year
5 - 10 year
71%
Figure 4.5: The respondents experiences in years
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4.3 Management methods of construction materials
4.3.1. Materials Management System

Below shows the results of construction materials handling, storage & utilization management
practices system on their firm. It shows that, from the stated material management system, which
have been frequently used in there firm. Table 4.2 showed the degree of using these materials
management in there firm. As it shown in the data below, transporting and wastage control are
ranked first by Frequency index (FI) of 0.83 and handling, storage and utilization have the same
ranked thirdly by 0.80 frequency indexes of the contractors.
Table 4.2: Material management process
Study area (Contractors)
Items Management Process FI Rank
1 Planning 0.77 6th
2 Purchasing / procuring 0.77 6th
3 Transporting 0.83 1st
4 Handling 0.80 3rd
5 Stacking and storage 0.80 3rd
6 Utilizing 0.80 3rd
7 Waste control 0.83 1st
I. Transporting
Logistic ranks 1th place in contractor by having frequency index of 0.83. Its important aspect of
material management and may also have a cost factor if not properly managed.
II. Waste control
The data gained from questioners the handling, storage, and utilizing, waste control
of construction materials specially cement, sand, aggregate and rebar are necessarily. Materials
waste control in site ranked 1st place in contractors. The frequency index by contractor is 0.83.
Its important aspect of material management and may also have a cost factor if not properly
managed.
III. Handling
Handling of materials deals with the flow of materials from the suppliers end to the site.
Handling most used material management process by ranking 3rd in contractor by having
frequency index 0.80 by contractors.
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IV. Storage
Storage of materials deals with the stacking of materials in the site and store. Storage is most
used material management process by ranking 3rd in contractor by having frequency index 0.80
by contractors.
V. Utilizing
This deals with the usage of these materials in the site. Utilizing is most used material
management process by ranking 3rd in contractor by having frequency index 0.80 by contractors.
VI. Planning
Planning of material was ranked as the 6th used management processing in construction
industry by having frequency index FI of 0.77 for contractors.
VII. Purchasing
Purchasing of materials was ranked as the 6th used management process in the
construction industry by having frequency index of 0.77 for contractors.
4.3.2 Material Protecting and Management Practice

I. Material protective system
The study shows that all the seven (100%) GC-1 and BC-1 construction firms that are found in
Debre Berhan town were answered the questionnaire of material protective system (i.e temporary
fence and visible rope).
The material protective methods of contractors‟ of two (29 %) respondents practiced high
efficient materials protective system and the firms that are five of them (71%) respondents are
practiced efficient materials protective system. But, in the researchers observation two of them
(contractor F & G) have no efficient protective methods, they are (29%) of the total respondents,
their protective system was less efficient.
II. Checking of Materials Storage facility

The material storage facilities of contractors‟ are discussed as follows: three of them (43%)
respondents answered very frequent materials storage facilities and the firms that are four of
them (57%) respondents are answered frequent materials storage facilities.
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Table 4.3: Frequency of checking of materials storage facility

checking of materials Degree of Number of Percentage(%) of
storage facility frequency respondent respondents
Very frequent 3 43%
Contractors Frequent 4 57%
II.
III. Stage of construction material bring to site
The stage of bring construction materials to site of contractors‟ are discussed as follows: four of
them (57%) respondents answered on Planning stage and the firms that are three of them (43%)
respondents are answered on Construction stage brings the construction material to site.
Table 4.4: The stage of bring construction materials to site

stage of bring construction Number of Percentage(%) of
materials to site Stage respondent respondents
On Planning stage 4 57%
Contractors On Construction stage 3 43%
4.4 Storage of cement, aggregate and reinforcement bars on Site
There are number of building materials used in the construction industry, most of them go waste
during the storing process.
4.4.1 Proper Storage of Reinforced concrete material

A) Cement Storage
Cement should be kept dry during storage as moist air leads to the phenomenon of air-setting,
which results in the formation of lumps of hydrated cement.
Identified the couples of methods of cement can be stored without going waste.
It is a product which normally stored on site and must be stored in such a way that it is easily
accessible for proper inspection. They are normally stored in bags or silos.
The sources/supplying of cement, the location/site of storage, methods of storage and area of
storage space of Cement.
I. Supplier/ Source of cement
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When respondents answered from contractor view on the practice sources of cement of all
respondents (100%) from factory.
II. Storing place of cement

The methods of site storage of cement of one respondent (14%) storing in silos, and other 6
respondents (86%) packed in bags and storing on Site in warehouse.
III. Storing Method of cement

The methods of storage of cement of one respondent (14%) storing in silos, and other 6
respondents (86%) packed in bags and storing on batten raised platforms.
IV. Size of storing area of cement

The area of storage space of Cement of one respondent (14%) is storing in silos, the area of
storage space of Cement of three respondents‟ (43%) are storing in 51-100m2 room area of
warehouses, one respondent (14%) is storing in 201-300m2 room area of warehouse, and other
two respondents (29%) in > 300m2 room area of warehouses.
Size of storing area of cement
14%
29%
Area of storage space On Silos

14% 43% Area of storage space 51 - 100m2
Area of storage space 201 - 300m2
Area of storage space > 300m2
Figure 4.6: Size of area of rooms for storage of cement

B) Fine Aggregate/Sand Storage
Natural fine aggregate or sand is dredged from river beds in most parts of Ethiopia. Finely
crushed aggregate is also used in some parts of the country where natural sand is not
available. In most parts of the country, though the quality varies significantly one from the
other, fine aggregate is available abundantly at least for the present.
At most of the aggregate used in Ethiopia is from river beds mostly fine aggregate is
produced in wet seasons. One reason for this is that since the river over flows in that period it
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would not be possible for sand producers to get into the river bed and collect the sand. The
other reason is that most sand production sites are not accessible by vehicles in this period.
The sources/supplying of Fine aggregate/sand, the location/site of storage, methods of storage
and area of storage space of Fine aggregate/sand.
I. Supplier/ Source of sand

When respondents answered from contractor view on the practice sources of fine aggregate/sand
of all respondents (100%) from river sand.
II. Storing place of sand

The location/site storage of fine aggregate/sand of all respondants (100%) storing on site.
III. Storing Method of sand

The methods of storage of fine aggregate/sand of four respondents (57%) storing on protected
area, and other three respondents (43%) storing on the bare ground.
IV. Size of storing area of sand

The area of storage space of fine aggregate/sand of one respondent (14%) is storing on < 100m2,
the area of storage space of fine aggregate/sand of three respondents (43%) are storing on 101-
300m2, one respondent (14%) is storing 301-600m2, and other two respondents (29%) on 601 -
1000m2of storage space.
Size of storing area for sand
14%
29%
Area of storage space < 100m2

14% 43% Area of storage space 101 - 300m2
Figure 4.7: Size of area of rooms for storage of sand

C) Coarse Aggregates Storage
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Coarse aggregate is produced in Ethiopia using aggregate crusher plant and small hand tools.
Especially, in rural areas and in construction sites where the coarse aggregate demand is low
manual crushing is normally experienced. In addition, the crusher plants vary in size and
production quality. The summary of the general production technique produced by the plants
methods of storage is presented below.
The sources/supplying of coarse aggregate, the location/site of storage, methods of storage and
area of storage space of coarse aggregate.
I. Supplier/ Source of coarse aggregate

When respondents answered from contractor view on the practice sources of coarse aggregate of
all respondents (100%) from quarries and crusher site.
II. Storing place of coarse aggregate

The location/site storage of coarse aggregate of all respondents (100%) storing on site.
III. Storing Method of coarse aggregate

The methods of storage of coarse aggregate of four respondents (57%) storing on protected area,
and other three respondents (43%) storing on the bare ground.
IV. Size of storing area of coarse aggregate

The area of storage space of coarse aggregate of four respondents (57%) are storing on < 500m2,
and the area of storage space of coarse aggregate of three respondents (43%) are storing on 501-
1000m2 of storage space.
D) Reinforcing Steel bar Material Storage
They should store in such a way to avoid distortion and to prevent it from deterioration and
corrosion. Different type of steel have different means of storing them on site. Storing steel bars
on site has been the commonness‟ and very difficult due to the prevailing weather conditions in
our part of the world.
The guidelines for storing rebar is as follows: store bars of different classes, sizes separately to
facilitate issues in such sizes so as to minimize waste in cutting from standard length. The
surface of the rod could be coated with cement slurry or lubricant to prevent it from scaling and
rusting and should be stack above the ground on trunk to prevent direct contact with the soil.
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The sources/supplying of reinforcement steel bar, the location/site of storage, methods of storage
and area of storage space of reinforcement steel bar.
I. Supplier/ Source of coarse reinforcement steel bar

When respondents answered from contractor view on the practice sources of reinforcement steel
bar of four respondents (57%) from factory and other three respondents (43%) are from
wholesales.
II. Storing place of coarse reinforcement steel bar

The location/site storage of reinforcement steel bar of all respondent (100%) storing on site.
III. Storing Method of coarse reinforcement steel bar

The methods of storage of reinforcement steel bar of four respondents (57%) storing on trunk
and other three respondents (43%) are on the ground surface.
IV. Size of storing area of reinforcement steel bar

The area of storage space of reinforcement steel bar of three respondents (43%) are storing on <
500m2, the area of storage space of reinforcement steel bar of other three respondents (43%) are
storing on 501-1000m2, and one respondent (14%) is storing on 1001-1500m2 of storage space.
Size of storing area for reinforcement bar
14%
43%
43% Area of storage space < 500m2

Figure 4.8: Size of area of space for storage of reinforcement steel bar
4.4.2 Proper Handling of Reinforced concrete material

The effective material handling as using the right method in providing the right amount of the
right material, at the right place, time, sequence, position, condition, and cost. This involves
handling, storing, and controlling of the construction materials. Handling of materials is the flow
component that provides for their movement and placement. The importance of appropriate
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handling of materials is highlighted by the fact that they are expensive and engage critical
decisions.
Estimated costs for materials handling may range from 30-80% and 10-80% depending on the
type of facility from total construction costs.
A) Cement Handling
The handling methods of cement, transportation method to handle, grouping handling method,
set indicator signs and form balance sheet method of Cement.
When the respondents answered from contractor view on the practice: two of them (29%) are
answered transportation of cement by labor and five (71%) are answered by machine.
The grouping handling methods of cement of all respondents (100%) answered handling by
grouping system (i.e ingredient materials of concrete are handled nearly closed to the production
site of concrete).
The distance between cement store and concrete mixing production place is: three of them (43%)
are answered <10m, two respondents (28.5%) are answered 11 - 50m and two respondents
(28.5%) are answered 51 - 100m distances.
The setting of indicator signs (i.e which indicates the storage place of cement, aggregates and
rebar) of five (71%) respondents answered „yes‟, but two (29%) are respond „No‟, and all of the
respondents (100%) are answered usage of balance sheet are „yes‟.
B) Fine Aggregate Handling

The handling methods of fine aggregate, transportation method to handle, grouping handling
method, set indicator signs and form balance sheet method of fine aggregate.
When respondents answered from contractor view on the practice: two of them (29%) are
answered transportation of fine aggregate by labor and five (71%) are answered by machine. The
grouping handling method of fine aggregate of all respondents (100%) handling by grouping
system.
The distance between coarse aggregate store and concrete mixing production place is: two of
them (29%) are answered <10m, four respondents (57%) are answered 11 - 50m and one
respondent (14%) are answered 51 - 100m distances.
C) Coarse Aggregate Handling
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For uniform concrete, coarse aggregate is separated into several size fractions or gauges. Bulk
storage should be on hard ground or a thin slab of weak concrete that is graded for drainage.
When stock piles are required, they should be built up in horizontal or gently sloping layers and
not by end dumping methods.
The handling methods of coarse aggregate, transportation method to handle, grouping handling
method, set indicator signs and form balance sheet method of coarse aggregate.
answered transportation of coarse aggregate by labor and five (71%) are answered by machine.
The grouping handling method of coarse aggregate of all respondents (100%) handling by
grouping system.
The distance between coarse aggregate store and concrete mixing production place is: two of
them (29%) are answered <10m, four respondents (57%) are answered 11 - 50m and one
respondent (14%) are answered 51 - 100m distances.
The setting of indicator signs of five (71%) respondents answered „yes‟, but two (29%) are
respond „No‟, and all of the respondents (100%) are answered usage of balance sheet are „yes‟.
D) Reinforcement steel bar Handling

The handling methods of reinforcement steel bar, transportation method to handle, grouping
handling method, set indicator signs and form balance sheet method of reinforcement steel bar.
answered transportation of reinforcement steel bar by labor and five (71%) are answered by
machine. The grouping handling method of reinforcement steel bar of all respondents (100%)
handling by grouping system.
The setting of indicator signs of five (71%) respondents answered „yes‟, but two (29%) are
respond „No‟, and all of the respondents (100%) are answered usage of balance sheet are „yes‟.
4.4.3 Proper Utilization of Reinforced concrete material

The usage of materials is the flow component that provides for their movement and placement.
Material usage can be defined as the provision of proper handling techniques either manually or
mechanically for the components held on site during construction process. Adequate care must
be taken to prevent wastage when working with materials on construction project, the assembly
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of installation process involves the practical incorporated into the project of materials depending
on how the skills of the workmen involved.
A) Cement Utilizing
The utilizing methods of cement: grouping sequentially, transportation method to produce,
production site, production method and distribution & utilization method of Cement.
When respondents answered from contractor view on the practice: all respondents (100%) are
answered grouping sequentially, transportation method of cement to produce by labor is four
(57%) and by machine are three (43%). The production sites of concrete of all respondents
(100%) are answered in site and the distribution & utilization method of all respondents (100%)
are used First in - First out (FIFO) method.
B) Fine Aggregate Utilizing

The utilizing methods of fine aggregate: grouping sequentially, transportation method to
produce, production site, production method and distribution & utilization method of fine
aggregate.
answered grouping sequentially, transportation method of fine aggregate to produce by labor is
four (57%) and by machine are three (43%). The production site of all respondents (100%) are
answered in site, and the distribution & utilization method of all respondents (100%) are used
First in - First out (FIFO) method.
C) Coarse Aggregate Utilizing

The utilizing methods of coarse aggregate: grouping sequentially, transportation method to
produce, production site, production method and distribution & utilization method of coarse
aggregate.
answered grouping sequentially, transportation method of coarse aggregate to produce by labor
are four (57%) and by machine are three (43%). The production site of all respondents (100%)
are answered in site, and the distribution & utilization method of all respondents (100%) are used
D) Reinforcement steel bar Utilizing
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The utilizing methods of reinforcement bar: grouping sequentially, transportation method to

produce, production site, production method and distribution & utilization method of
reinforcement bar.
answered grouping sequentially, transportation method of reinforcement bar to produce by labor
is four (57%) and by machine are three (43%). The production sites of all respondents (100%)
are answered in site, and the distribution & utilization method of all respondents (100%) are used
E) Concrete Utilization
The utilizing methods of concrete: grouping sequentially, transportation method to produce,
production site, production method and distribution & utilization method of concrete.
When respondents answered from contractor view on the practice: transportation to produce by
labor is four (57%) and by machine are three (43%). Transportation method of concrete to
placement by labor is two (29%) and by machine are five (71%). The production site of all
respondents (100%) is answered in site. The production methods of six respondents (86%) are
answered by mobile mixer and one respondent (14%) is answered by ready mix plant.
4.5 Cause and Effects of mishandling of these materials

In these section the study was concerned on the frequency occurrence of the cause and effects
that are mostly happened in there firm. The researchers have been done by asking the respondent
to rank the case and effects that are sorted from literature review from 1- 5 score. The analysis is
shown below by using formula.
FI =
Where FI = Frequency Index

m = Weighting given to each factor by respondents and it ranges from 1 to 5 where,
1= Not at all
2 = Unlikely
3 = Likely
4 = Almost Certain
5 = Certain
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The improper handling of reinforced concrete materials showed mostly occur causes that results
effects. The overall frequency index as ranked by contractor shows that the delivery of cement,
sand, aggregates and rebar has ranked 1st place cause and the administrative and financial in
procuring materials department and over ordering of materials have ranked second place causes.
However, wastage is the main effects that happen in there firm by their firm by having higher
frequency index, and poor productivity & delays are the second and third effects that happen in
there firm by their firm by having higher frequency index,.
4.5.1 Causes
I. Delivery of cement, aggregate, and rebar to site
Delivery of cement, aggregates and rebar as ranked by contractors it has over all frequency of
0.34 by ranking 1st place causes.
II. The administrative and financial in procuring materials department &

Over ordering of materials:
From the data gathered the administrative and financial in procuring materials department &
over ordering of materials have causes by having frequency index of 0.31by ranking 2nd places.
III.Not ordering cement, aggregates and rebar on time
Not ordering cements, aggregates and rebar‟s on time has causing for delay on progress of
the project. From the data collected it has overall frequency of 0.29 and ranks 4th place.
Causes of improper handling of reinforced concrete materials

The administrative and financial in procuring
materials department
13% Delivery of cement, aggregates and rebar to site
18%
Over ordering of materials
15%
Not ordering cement, aggregates and rebar on time
19%
Not matching with the ordering of material
17%
18% Improper planning
Figure 4.9: Causes of improper handling of reinforced concrete materials

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4.5.2 Effects
I. Wastage
The material wastes refer to materials from construction sites that are unusable for the purpose of
construction and have to be discarded for whatever reason. From the data gathered from the
contractors shows that the overall frequency index shows that it has 0.51 and ranks 1st.
II. Poor productivity:

Poor productivity is also one of effects that occur in the construction industry. As ranked by the
respondents from our data, the overall frequency index is 0.31. And it ranked 2nd place.
III. Delay
Construction delays are considered as time lag in completion of activates from its specified time
as per contract or can be defined as late compilation or late start of activity to the baseline
schedule, directly affecting specified cost. As ranked by contractors it is on the 3rd place by
having frequency index of 0.29.
Effects of improper handling of reinforced concrete

materials
Poor productivity
Delays
16% Conflict between Stakeholders
27%
Capital tied up
15% Poor quality
14% Wastage
15%
13%
Figure 4.10: Effects of improper handling of reinforced concrete materials
4.6 Involvement of government institution in regulating handling and Storage
The researchers had prepared interview guidance for the government party to know the practice
or the involvement of the government that have been in handling and storage of construction
materials practice in Debre Berhan.
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This research had interviewed the engineers that are found in Debre Berhan urban development
and housing construction building office.
The data that we have gain from this interview the government involves in controlling the
material management practice. The building office has proclamations, rules and regulations to
monitor and control the overall activities of construction site. Punishment actions are taken that
they follow when there is improper handling and storage of construction materials. The law
states about construction material management that has been set by the government are as flows:
Federal negarite gazata no.31 6th may 2009 p.4683 on clause 17. States that
 “A building officer may order defective, materials intended use and stored onsite or
incorporated in the works, to be removed from the sites or the works”
 “use of improper materials or exceptional cases of poor workmanship may be consider as
grounds for rejection of certain item or work”
 “A building officer may require test certificates for materials which have been
incorporated or are intended to be incorporated in building works”
The engineers were supervised all the construction sites and checked the material handling,
storage and utilization based on their supervision programs. If there are problems occurred in the
site, they are taking proper measurements weather removing or remedies depending on the level
of the problems.
4.7 Solution and measures to be taken in developing proper storage, Handling
From the data that we collected from the contractors, the researchers have gotten their
recommendation on how to store, handling and utilize the materials, and also indicate the source
that should be delivered from specially cement, aggregates and rebar.
4.8 Summary
4.8.1 Summary of Storage and handling of Cement

The researchers finding from some of the respondents information and the observations of
cement handling and storage method of practices are a minimum clear space shall not been
provided between the stacks and any exterior wall and the height of the stack shall been over
allowed.
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The researchers recommended cement should be stored and handled at the work site in a building
or a shed which is dry, leak proof and moisture proof. The building or shed should have
minimum number of windows and close-fitting doors which should be kept closed at all times
except during loading and unloading. A minimum clear space of 45cm should be provided
between the stacks and any exterior wall. Maximum height of the stack should be 15 bags and
the width not more than four bags or 3m.
4.8.2 Summary of Storage and handling of Aggregates

The researchers finding from three (43%) of the respondents information and the observations of
the aggregate handling and storage methods of practice are on bare ground surface, that means
not protected area. Contact with dust and vegetable matters shall not been avoided. Fine
aggregate shall not been stored in a place and manner where loss due to the effect of wind.
The researchers recommended aggregate should be stored and handled at site on a hard, dry and
level ground lean concrete should be used. Contact with clay, dust, vegetable and other foreign
matters should be avoided. Fine aggregate should be stored in a place and manner where protect
the loss due to the effect of wind.
4.8.3 Summary of Storage and handling of Steel reinforcement bars
the aggregate handling and storage methods of practice are on ground surface, that means not
stacked above the ground surface to protected from corrosion, deterioration and distortion.
The steel reinforcement bars should be coated with appropriate agents before stacking, especially
in the study area of Debre Berhan because it is humid area.
The researchers recommended steel reinforcement bars and structural steel should be stored in a
way stacked at least 200 mm above ground surface on trunk to prevent distortion, corrosion and
rusting. Reinforcement bars should be coated with appropriate agents before stacking, especially
in humid areas. Bars of different types, sizes and lengths and structural steel sections should be
stored separately to facilitate issues in required sizes and lengths without cutting from standard
lengths. Ends of bars and sections of each type should be painted with separate designated
colors.
CHAPTER FIVE
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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Conclusions
The study has investigated the practice of handling, storage and utilization of reinforced concrete
materials (cements, aggregates and rebar‟s) in construction project that are found in Debre
Berhan town by using observation and questionnaires collected from contractors.
From the analysis of observation and questionnaires, the following conclusion has been
developed.
As researcher have seen from the above analysis, majority of the respondents has no proper
materials management system in the firms, this can causes to poor quality, extra costs and delays
to their construction. And also they face wastages of aggregates, sand, cement and rebar during
material management process (i.e. during handling, storage &utilizing processes). As this
research saw in the analysis, transporting, handling, storage utilization practiced are not enough
frequently this shows that, materials are doing by familiar methods these causes exceptions to the
progress of works. Thus the respondents should practice material management process in the
firms to have proper organization of materials and also in order to enhance the productivity of
the project.
In this study 6 causes and 6 effects were identified, and ranked based on the frequency index.
Delivery of material to site, over ordering, the administrative and financial in procuring
materials department and not ordering on time are mostly occur causes.
Whereas due to these causes the effects that has result according to the respondents by having
higher frequency, Wastage, Poor productivity, Delays, Conflict between Stakeholders are faced
mostly in the respondents practiced.
Except one all of the GC-1 & BC-1 contractors that are found in Debre Berhan town the
practiced of handling and storage of cement by using bags and on site in a store/warehouse, one
of the contractor among them is practiced by bulk method in silos. And all they are bring cement
from factories. When we see aggregates the respondents are stored on site 43% are on bare
ground and 57% are stored on protected area.
CHAPTER FIVE
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The aggregates that stored on bare ground surface faced to impurities and may inter in to the
causes of overall project failure. Reinforced steel are stored on site by using trunk that layout on
the dry ground surface and placed the rebar on the trunk above the ground level to protect the
rebar from corrosion and other attacks.
Generally, Contractors, Consultants, government bodies, Suppliers and other stockholders have
major roles on the construction material managements (handling, storage & utilization of
reinforced concrete materials). There is a set of roles that will be activated when there is
inappropriate practiced of these materials. There are building engineers who is in charge of
controlling all the work.
5.2. Recommendation
Based on the analysis, recommendations has given to the government bodies and to the
contractors in order to have proper handling, storage and usage of reinforced concrete materials
(cement sand, aggregate and rebar‟s) in construction site.
5.2.1 Storage and handling of Cement

The researchers finding from some of the respondents information and the observations of
cement handling and storage method of practices are:
- A minimum clear space shall not been provided between the stacks and any exterior wall.
- The height of the stack shall been over allowed.
The researchers recommended cement:
- Should be stored and handled at the work site in a building or a shed which is dry,
leak proof and moisture proof.
- The building or shed should have minimum number of windows and close-fitting
doors which should be kept closed at all times except during loading and unloading.
- A minimum clear space of 45cm should be provided between the stacks and any
exterior wall.
- Maximum height of the stack should be 15 bags and the width not more than four bags
or 3m.
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5.2.2 Storage and handling of Aggregates

the aggregate handling and storage methods of practice are:
- On bare ground surface, that means not protected area.
- Contact with dust and vegetable matters shall not been avoided.
- Fine aggregate shall not been stored in a place and manner where loss due to
the effect of wind.
The researchers recommended aggregate:
- Should be stored and handled at site on a hard, dry and level ground lean concrete should
be used.
- Contact with clay, dust, vegetable and other foreign matters should be avoided.
- Fine aggregate should be stored in a place and manner where protect the loss due to
the effect of wind.
5.2.3 Storage and handling of Steel reinforcement bars

the aggregate handling and storage methods of practice are:
- On ground surface, that means not stacked above the ground surface to protected
from corrosion, deterioration and distortion.
- The steel reinforcement bars should be coated with appropriate agents before
stacking, especially in the study area of Debre Berhan because it is humid area.
The researchers recommended steel reinforcement bars:
- Should be stored in a way stacked at least 200 mm above ground surface on trunk to
prevent distortion, corrosion and rusting.
- Reinforcement bars should be coated with appropriate agents before stacking,
especially in humid areas.
- Bars of different types, sizes and lengths and structural steel sections should be
stored separately to facilitate issues in required sizes and lengths without cutting
from standard lengths.
- Ends of bars and sections of each type should be painted with separate designated colors.
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Reference
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APPENDIX
DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSTY INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY
CONSTRACTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT
Questionnaire Survey for Thesis Paper On:
Methods of handling, storage & utilization of construction material. In the case of building
construction project in Debre Berhan town.
We are presently pursing a degree of BSC under BSc Construction technology and management
at Debre Berhan University.
The aim of this questionnaire is to study about methods of handling, storage and utilization of
construction materials on building construction projects in Debre Berhan town. All the
information‟s gathered will be kept strictly confidential and will be used only for academic
research and analysis without mentioning the names of individuals that involved in different
companies.
Thank you for your time and kind cooperation. If you have any kind of questions, you are kindly
requested to contact us by using the address given below.
Sincerely; researcher group from DBU
APPENDIX
JUNE: 2010/2018
Questionnaires
Part I: - company profile
Please describe by thick (  ) in a box of each question
1. Year of the establishment of the company; _____________________
2. Position/profession who fill the questionnaires;
Project manager site supervisor material manager
Office manager quantity surveyor others /please specify:_________
3. Qualification;
Doctorate degree bachelor degree TVET level III & IV
Master‟s degree TVET level V others /please specify:__________
4. Experience in years;
0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 > 20
5. Who is / are the major owner(s) / client(s) of your project?
Public / governmental organization Private (individual/group organization)
6. Geographical operational locations: National local both
Part II: management methods of construction materials

1. Below are possible material management processes.
Rank on a scale of 1-5 which is mostly practice in your firm.
0% (not frequent) =1 1-25% (less frequent) = 2 25 -50% (moderate frequent) = 3
50 -75% (frequent) = 4 75 -100% (very frequent) =5
Please describe the relevant answer by ticking ““ for each question in its corresponding
box or table.
Material management process 1 2 3 4 5
Planning
Purchasing / procuring
Transporting
Handling
Stacking and storage
Utilizing
Waste control
APPENDIX
JUNE: 2010/2018
2. Does your firm has material protective system? Yes No

3. Is it efficient for the means of construction material protection?
Not efficient Moderate efficient High efficient
Less efficient efficient
4. How often do you check your storage facility?
Not frequent Moderate frequent Very frequent
Less frequent frequent
5. On what stage do you normally bring construction material to site?
On planning stage when needed
On construction stage Any time
About storage of cement, aggregate and rebar’s for (contractors)
6. We think that the proper storage of concrete material is a vital for contractors and consultants
which should be practice during planning and construction stage. How do you consider this
practice?
Not good Neutral Very good
Quit good Good

7. How does your firm store the following materials?
A. Cement
From what source do you get materials (cement?)
From factory From whole sales

Where do you store it?
On site in warehouse On site on bare ground
Off site in warehouse Offsite on bare ground

How do you stack and store it?
On earth floor On concrete floor
On batten raised platforms Other‟s specify:____________

What is the area of the storage space?
APPENDIX
JUNE: 2010/2018
<50m2 51-100 m2 101-200 m2

201-300 m2 >300m2
B. Fine aggregate (sand)
Where do you get the aggregate(source of the aggregate)
River sand Crushed/fine aggregate
Mountain sand Others, explain:_____________________
Where do you store it? On site Off site
How do you store it? On protected area On the bare ground
What is the area of storage space?
<100m2 101-300m2 301-600m2
601-1000m2 >1000m2
C. Coarse aggregate
Where do you get the coarse aggregate?
Gravel from pits Aggregate from quarries
How do you store it? On protected area On the bare ground
What is the area of storage space?
<500m2 501-1000m2 1001-1500m2
1501-2000m2 >2000m2
D. Reinforcement steel bars
From what source you get the materials (rebar)? From factory From wholesale
How do you store it?
APPENDIX
JUNE: 2010/2018
On the ground surface On the ground surface by painting cement slurry
On the trunk On the trunk by painting slump slurry
What is the space of storage area?
<500m2 501-1000m2 1001-1500m2
1501-2000m2 >2000m2
About Handling and utilization of cement, aggregate and rebar’s for (contractors)
Transport method (loading and unloading) of materials:
Manual Mechanical
Grouping together method:
Grouping materials method Arbitrary materials handling
Transportation method of component materials from store to production place
Labor Machine
If use by labor transportation, the movement of labor to produce concrete
Distance between cement and mixing place:__________ m
Distance between sand and mixing place:_____________ m
Distance between coarse aggregate and mixing place: _________m
Production site of concrete? In site Off site
If in site, what is the production method? Manual Mechanical
What is the transportation method? Labor (manual) Machine (pump)
If off site, how does it transport to the site, By Transit mixer Open truck
Is it more advantageous classifying and grouping material in site?
Yes No
If yes, please explain the advantages in terms of:
APPENDIX
JUNE: 2010/2018
Quality maximizing: ______________________________________________________
Cost minimizing: _________________________________________________________
Time saving: ____________________________________________________________
Waste reduction: _________________________________________________________
Safety maximization: _____________________________________________________
Storage optimization: _____________________________________________________
4. What are the major Causes and Effects of Mishandling Reinforced concrete materials
1=Not at all
2 = Unlikely
3 = Likely
4 = Almost Certain
5 = Certain
No Cause 1 2 3 4 5
1 The administrative and financial in
procuring materials department
2 Improper planning
3 Over ordering of materials
4 Not ordering cement, aggregates and rebar on
time
5 Delivery of cement, aggregates and rebar to site
6 Not matching with the ordering of material
No Effects 1 2 3 4 5
1
Poor productivity
2
Delays
3
Conflict between Stakeholders
4
Capital tied up
5
Poor quality
6
Wastage
APPENDIX
JUNE: 2010/2018
5. Material distribution & utilization method
FIFO LIFO Arbitrary Others:____________
6. Reinforcement of steel bar handling and ordering by:
Incoming date In size Arbitrary
7. Does the materials stored sequentially and relatively for easy transporting, moving and
producing the concrete. Yes No
If yes, explain its advantage: ________________________________________________
8. Do you put indicators to access the material easily? Yes No
If yes, explain its advantage: __________________________________________
9. Does the firm use Bin cards (balance sheets) system to know / pursuing each material in – out
and remain on hand? Yes No
If yes, explain its advantage: _____________________________________________________
If no why? ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX

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METHODS OF HANDLING, STORAGE & UTILIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION

MATERIALS: JUNE: 2010/2018

A Research Submitted to the school of Undergraduate Program B.Sc. in college of Engineering

1. Geleta Muhe Shifaw --------------- ENGR/1434/06

A Research Submitted to the school of Undergraduate Program B.Sc. in college of Engineering

Place:DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY

Main Advisor: Ins. Assay Sahlu

Keywords: storage, handling, utilization, Reinforced concert material,

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 22

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 44

Table 4. 1: Educational qualification of respondants.................................................................... 28

Figure 3.1: Illustration of research methodology......................................................................... 24

GDP……………………………………Gross Domestic Product

1.1Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objective of the Study

 To identify the practices of handling, storage and utilization of construction material

1.5Significance of the Study

1.6Scope and Limitation of the Study

1.7 Organization of the Research

2.1.1 Meaning of Construction Materials management

 Chandler (2001) states that material management systems should be 37 implemented to

2.1.2 Classification of Construction Materials

2.1.3 Sources of Construction Materials

2.1.4 Materials management processes

e) Stock & Storage

f) Utilize and waste control

2.2 Handling, Storage and Utilize of Reinforced Concrete Material

2.2.1 Reinforced Concrete

 Provides strength to masonry.

Handling and Storage of Cement

Handling and Storing of Aggregates:

Purpose & Uses of Aggregates

Handing, Storage and Protection of Reinforcement Bars:

2.3 Factors affecting Handling, Storage and Utilize of Reinforced Concrete

2.4 Effects of improper Handling, Storage and Utilize of Reinforced Concrete

3.2 Study Area

3.3 Research Design

3.4 Population and sample size

3.5 Data Collection Process

Literature Observation, Discussion Conclusions &

3.6 Data processing and Analysis Method

4.1.1 Number of questioner distributed & received

Questionnaiers Prepared fo Contractors

29% 34% Number of received

Figure 4.1: The respondent rate

4.2. Company & Respondents Profile

4.2.1 Company Profile

Year of the establishment of the Company

Figure 4.2: The establishment of companies in years

II. Major Clients

Major Clients in percentage

Public /government organization

Figure 4.3: The major clients of the Contractor

4.2.2 Respondent Profile

Position/profession who fill the

Figure 4.4: The Positions/Responsibilities of respondents

II. Level of education

III. The respondents experiences in years

Respondants Experience in years

Figure 4.5: The respondents experiences in years

4.3 Management methods of construction materials