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Homework 1 Solution PDF
Homework 1 Solution PDF
Due 3/14/2006
1. At a water elevation of 6391 ft, Mono Lake has a volume of 2,939,000 ac-ft, and
a surface area of 48,100 ac. Annual inputs to the lake include 8 in. of direct
precipitation, runoff from gauged streams of 150,000 ac-ft per year, and
ungauged runoff and groundwater inflow of 37,000 ac-ft per year. Evaporation is
45 in. per year.
(A) Make a water budget showing inputs, in ac-ft per year and outputs in ac-ft
per year. Does the input balance the output?
(B) Will the average lake level rise or fall from the 6391-ft elevation over the
long term?
(C) What would be the lake surface area when the inputs balance the
outputs?(Assume that the volume of gauged and ungauged runoff and
ground-water inflows remain constant with a change in lake surface area. )
(D) What is the residence time* for water in Mono Lake when the water surface
is at 6391 ft?
*The residence time of a body of water is the average time that is would take for
the volume of water to be exchanged once.
Solution:
First convert all measurements to units of acre-feet per year
Precipitation = 8 in/yr × 0.083 ft/in = 0.67 ft/yr
= 0.67 ft/yr × 48,100 ac = 32,067 ac-ft/yr
Evaporation = 45 in/yr × 0.083 ft/in = 3.75 ft/yr
= 3.75 ft/yr × 48,100 ac = 180,375 ac-ft/yr
(A)
INPUTS(ac-ft/yr)
Precipitation 32,000
Streamflow 150,000
Ground water inflow 37,000
Total 219,000
OUTFLOWS (ac-ft/yr)
Evaporation 180,000
Total 180,000
(B)
The lake level will rise over the long term, as inputs are greater than the only output,
which is evaporation.
(C)
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Homework 1 Solution 2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
In order for the inputs and outputs to be equal, the lake will rise so that the surface
area is greater and more water evaporates as evaporation as well as the precipitation
input is a function of lake surface area.
The excess input at an area of 48,100 acre surface area is 219,000 ac-ft/yr – 180,000
ac-ft/yr or 39,000 ac-ft/yr
(D)
The residence time = (2,939,000 ac-ft) / (180,000 ac-ft/yr) = 16.3 yr
2. Figure 2.28 is the hydrograph of a river with a long summer baseflow recession.
Compute the volume of annual recharge that occurs between runoff year 1 and
runoff year 2.
Solution:
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Homework 1 Solution 2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
Vtp = Qo t1 / 2.3026
Vt = Vtp / 10t(t/t1)
Vt = 1.19× 108 ft3 Where Vt is the volume of water that could contribute to
baseflow at the end of the first year’s recession.
50cm3 i23cm
K= = 0.11 cm s = 316.8 ft d
78.5cm 2 i38s i3.4cm
(B)
(C)
K = 0.11cm / s, soil is well sorted sand or gravel.
4. An aquifer has a specific yield of 0.19. During a drought period, the following
average declines in the water table were noted:
Area Size (km²) Decline (m)
A 15 2.34
B 7.5 1.22
C 18.3 0.76
D 22.5 3.44
E 9.44 1.89
F 22.7 0.35
What was the total volume of water represented by the decline in the water table?
Solution:
Vw = SA∆h
Where S = 0.19
AA = 15 km 2 = 1.5 × 10 7 m 2
AB = 7.5 km 2 = 7.5 × 10 6 m 2
AC = 18.3 km 2 = 1.83 × 10 7 m 2
AD = 22.5 km 2 = 2.25 × 10 7 m 2
AE = 9.44 km 2 = 9.44 × 10 6 m 2
AF = 22.7 km 2 = 2.27 × 10 7 m 2
and ∆h A = 2.34 m
∆hB = 1.22 m
∆hC = 0.76 m
∆hD = 3.44 m
∆hE = 1.89 m
∆hF = 0.35 m
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Homework 1 Solution 2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
VWA = 6.67 × 10 6 m 3
VWB = 1.74 × 10 6 m 3
VWC = 2.64 × 10 6 m 3
VWD = 1.47 × 10 7 m 3
VWE = 3.39 × 10 6 m 3
VWF = 1.51 × 10 6 m 3
Fm K ( ft / d ) bm ( ft )
A 17.0 22
B 99 3.5
C 22 26 and total thickness = 51.5 ft
-5-
Homework 1 Solution 2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
∑
khm bm
K haverage =
m=1
b
17.0 ft d i22 ft 99 ft d i3.5 ft 22 ft d i26 ft
= + + = 25 ft d
51.5 ft 51.5 ft 51.5 ft
b
K vaverage = n
∑ Kb
m=1
m
vm
51.5 ft
= = 21 ft d
22 ft 3.5 ft 26 ft
+ +
17.0 ft d 99 ft d 22 ft d
7. Use the Hazen method to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the sediments
graphed in Figure 3.33.
Solution:
K = C (d10 ) 2
1cm
d10 = 0.16mm× = 0.016cm
10mm
C 100
K = 100× (0.016) 2 = 2.6×10−2 cm / s
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Homework 1 Solution 2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
8. Given the following set of data representing the hydraulic conductivity of core
samples from the same formation, perform the following:
Sample # K (m/s)
1 4.3×10−4
2 6.1×10−3
3 2.5×10−5
4 1.2×10−4
5 1.0×10−6
6 7.1×10−3
7 9.1×10−6
8 2.2×10−3
9 4.2×10−5
10 8.7×10−4
11 3.5×10−5
(A) Find the arithmetic mean of the data set.
(B) Find the geometric mean of the data set.
(C) Make a histogram of the data set.
(D) Make a histogram of the log transformed data.
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Homework 1 Solution 2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
Solution:
Sample # K (m/s) ln (K) K bin ln (K) bin
1 4.30E-04 − 7.75 1.00E-03 −4
2 6.10E-03 − 5.10 5.00E-04 −5
3 2.50E-05 − 10.60 1.00E-04 −6
4 1.20E-04 − 9.03 5.00E-05 −7
5 1.00E-06 − 13.82 1.00E-05 −8
6 7.10E-03 − 4.95 5.00E-06 −9
7 9.10E-06 − 11.61 1.00E-06 − 10
8 2.20E-03 − 6.12 − 11
9 4.20E-05 − 10.08 − 12
10 8.70E-04 − 7.05
11 3.50E-05 − 10.26
-8-
Homework 1 Solution 2006 Hydrogeology
Due 3/14/2006
3.5
3
2.5
Frequency
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.00E-06 5.00E-06 1.00E-05 5.00E-05 1.00E-04 5.00E-04 1.00E-03 >0.005
K (cm/s)
3.5
3
2.5
Frequency
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4
ln(K)
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