Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 1 5 Thesis
Chapter 1 5 Thesis
Chapter 1 5 Thesis
Chapter 1
Introduction
All human being needs to be safe and feel safe, both physically and
disease, like risk factor reduction, but also to apprehend its development and lessen its
corresponding term along with health promotion. Although there is frequent overlap
between the content and strategies, disease prevention is defined separately. Disease
prevention in this context is considered to be action which usually emanates from the
identifiable risk factors, often associated with different risk behaviors (adapted from
Glossary of Terms used in Health for All series. WHO, Geneva, 1984).
families, and communities that would support family unity, community commitment, and
In an era of the 20th century, it is sensible to say that health promotion has
already accomplished its peak with the evolution of health promotion from being just a
Canadian Public Health Association had made significant contributions that catapulted
the concept of Health Promotion into a whole new level, making health the priority and
the business of every human being. Over the past two decades, explosion of interest
and participation in health promotion and wellness activities (Murray, 2009) became an
One of the most renowned definitions of Health Promotion comes from the World
Health Organization which is the “process of enabling people to increase control over,
and to improve, their health (Ottawa Charter, 1986)”. Unknown to the knowledge of
many, health promotion is a concept distinct from the terms health education and health
maintenance in such a way that health promotion conveys an umbrella effect on the
other two terminologies and focuses on the improvement of health, its goodness and
wellness and enhancing the people’s capacities for living (McKenzie, et al, 2005),
spiritual condition. Health promotion pushes a person forward towards the optimum goal
of health. If health maintenance refers to those activities that avoid illnesses, disabilities,
etc. (Murray, 2009), health promotion pertains to activities that aims to empower the
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individuals to seek for better health. These actual behaviors that individuals perform in
Health Promotion refers to the efforts to promote positive health (Naidoo, 2005).
It also represents a comprehensive and social political progress; it does not only
embrace actions directed as strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals, but
alleviate their impact on public and individual health. Health promotion is a method that
enables the people to raise their awareness over the determinants of health and hereby
blood pressure, it is a medical condition that increases the patient’s risk of having
serious heart problems such as stroke and heart attack. A person can have
hypertension for a long period of time without exhibiting symptoms. Eventually, almost
3. Kidneys – leads to renal failure and the need for dialysis
Left untreated, the disease will progress and will eventually lead to death.
Death from heart disease rank first as cause of death in the century
5
Blood pressure (BP) is the force created as your heart pumps your blood and
moves it through the blood vessels. This continuous blood flow provides your
body with the oxygen and nutrients it needs. In short, it keeps you alive.
reading consists of two numbers – the top number (systolic BP) is the
Systolic 140 mmHg
Diastolic 90 mmHg
lying down), mental stress and level of physical exertion. Thus, BP determination
is standardized – at the left arm, sitting position, after 5 – 10 minutes of rest. Two
or three BP levels are taken and the average is considered the final BP value.
You are HYPERTENSIVE if your blood pressure taken two or three times in a
Thus, hypertension is treated not only to relieve symptoms, but to prevent the
(thrombosis). Part of the brain dies and the patient becomes paralyzed
Heart Attack occurs when coronary arteries in the heart are blocked. The
heart muscle dies, and may stop beating. Patient dies as a consequence
Heart Failure results when the heart pumps too hard for too long, trying to
keep blood flowing through the body. Eventually, the heart weakens. The
Kidney Failure happens when tiny vessels in the kidneys are blocked. The
kidneys malfunction are unable to clean the body of wastes. Patient is slowly
poisoned, becomes weak and bloated. Unless “dialyzed”, the patient will die
(www2.dov.gov.ph/common_disease/hypertension.htm)
7
This study will be conducted in Brgy. 454 Lardizabal, Sampaloc, Manila City,
where the researchers are currently studying at University of Sto. Tomas, taking up post
- medicine.
Brgy. 454 is one of the 241 barangays of Sampaloc, 4 th district of Manila, with a
total population of 395, 111 (2007 Census of Population). This is the first time that the
conducted that concerns their community health promotion practices with hypertension.
No other studies have been conducted in and about the said barangay. Due to the lack
of appropriate records of the barangay that can supposedly be used to further describe
the community with regards on their health promotion practices; this raised a question in
the mind of the researchers, “Are the health promotion practices of the residents of
Brgy. 454 Lardizabal still applicable up to this day especially with those who have
hypertension?”
This scenario prompts the researchers to conduct a study on the current health
promotion practices of the residents of Brgy. 454 Lardizabal. With the introduction of
modern technology and the rise of new health-related breakthroughs and discoveries,
and effectiveness of these practices. At the same time, the researchers are also
motivated to improve the health status of the said urban community, following the
human perspective in health promotion as stated by Lucas (2005) in his book Health
Promotion Evidence and Experience that the starting point in health promotion is the
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“desire to improve the quality of people’s lives without necessarily adopting disease
thus in this light that the present study will find out the common barriers to health
promotion lifestyle of these residents and to and the results of which will serve as a
basis for designing and developing an appropriate health education programs that will
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of this study was the Health Promotion Model by Dr.
Nola J. Pender. The health promotion model (HPM) proposed by Nola J Pender (1982;
protection.” It defines health as a positive dynamic state not merely the absence of
disease. Health promotion is focused at increasing a client’s level of well being. The
health promotion model shows the multi dimensional nature of persons as they act
together within their environment to pursue health. The model focuses on following
three areas:
Behavioral outcomes
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The health promotion model explains that each person has a unique personal
characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of variables for
Health promoting behavior is the desired behavioral outcome and is the end point in the
functional ability and better quality of life at all stages of development. The final
(http://currentnursing.com_theory/health_model.htm).
This model works on the premise that individual characteristics, including prior
related behavior, personal factors, and biopsychosocial factors have a direct effect on
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characteristics also affect the feelings and perception of the individual. All these
the health-promoting behavior (Murray, 2009). The researchers believe that the
individual characteristics of the residents of Brgy. 454 such as the age, gender, civil
status, educational attainment, occupation, and spiritual beliefs affect their health
promoting practices. Although the researchers will not give much attention on the
feelings and perception of the individual, the totality of this study under the Health
residents of Brgy. 454 to the Health Promotion Program that will be implemented later
Research Paradigm
Data Analysis on
Residents of Brgy.
Health Promotion
454 Lardizabal
Practices in terms
of:
Age
Health
Gender Responsibility
Health Promotion
Civil Status Interpersonal Program focus on
Educational Relations Hypertension
Attainment Nutrition
Occupation Physical Activity
Spiritual beliefs Spiritual Growth
Stress Mgmt.
focuses on the research on the common health promotion practices of the residents of
Brgy, 454.
The input for this study refers to the profile of the residents of Brgy. 454 in terms
of their age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, occupation, and spiritual
beliefs. These variables will be used to further understand the background of the
respondents. The pursuit for understanding will be done through the process stage,
Management would be evaluated. The last is output stage, wherein it will produce
The study aims to assess health promotion lifestyle program through the
identification of the common health promotion practices done by the residents of Brgy.
1. What is the demographic profile of the residents of Brgy. 454 Lardizabal in terms of:
1.1. Age
1.2. Gender
1.5. Occupation
2. What are the health promotion practices of the residents of Brgy. 454 Lardizabal ?
3. What are the common barriers to health promoting lifestyle among the
respondents?
To the Residents of Brgy. 454 Lardizabal may find the result of the study as an
approach to raise their consciousness on how to promote positive health and their
unique behavior as residents of Brgy. 454. This will provide a solid and scientific
description of the health promotion practices they perform thereby strengthening their
exclusive identity. This can also provide an opportunity to re-evaluate their own
practices in enhancing health and identifying their weaknesses thus the creation of
To the Community Health Workers of Brgy. 454 and in Samaploc, Manila will
benefit from the study and acknowledge the necessity to give a concrete and scientific
description of the common practices done by the residents in the said barangay thereby
knowledge of the client and serve as the foundation where programs designed to
To the Medical Students will find the outcome of the study to further enhance
their knowledge on health promotion practices and ways to help implement these acts.
Other Researchers – This study will serve as an invitational research agenda for
The focus of this study is the heath promotion practices commonly done by the
The researchers chose Brgy. 454 as a convenient place to conduct the study
since the researchers were familiar with this community. Therefore, the data to be
utilized in this study is readily available and accessible to the researchers. Moreover,
the researchers believe that urban communities like Brgy. 454 would yield more
The subject of the study will be the long-time residents of Brgy. 454. Thirty-two of
the said barangay will be selected as respondents of this study. Data gathering
The time frame for this study is from November to December 2010 covering the
data gathering period and January – February 2011 for processes and analysis, writing
up for the report and final dissertation. Thus, any or all developments that occurred
Definition of Terms:
Kreutuer, 2005)”.
health.
an illness or disease.
working towards goals in life (Walker, S., 1996). It also refers to the belief of
Chapter 2
Through the review of related literature and related studies, researchers were
provided the knowledge and background on the topic or subject being studied. A
that it serves as the framework of the study to make it substantial, credible, and reliable.
It serves as the feet of a research study so it can stand on its own and make it strong
The researchers gathered all literatures, both foreign and local, that are deemed
The growth of interest and activity in health promotion has been accompanied by
argued (Pender, 1996, Katz et al, 2002, Tones and Green, 2004) that health promoters
such as hospital nurses are unlikely to improve health and to bring about change unless
they have adequate understanding of the meaning of health and its determinants. Thus,
about the meaning of health itself before any attempt to examine health promotion
related issues.
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When health related literature is reviewed it becomes obvious that the concept of
health is still one of the most frequently reported concepts. Health has not only been
associated with people’s health behaviour (Paxston et al, 1994, Ogden et al, 2002,
Hjelm et al, 2005) but also with the population’s mortality, morbidity, life satisfaction,
happiness, health policy, sexual health, education and economy (Buchanan, 2000,
The concept of health however is contested and has diverse and sometimes
conflicting meanings that are both socially and culturally constructed. The concept of
health was derived from the old English word “hoelth” which means being safe, sound
and whole (Pender, 1996,). Historically, physical wholeness was of major importance for
acceptance in social groups. Physical power and nature were frequently linked together.
Those people suffering from disease or malformation were ostracised from society. The
reason was not only because of the fear of contagion from physically obvious disease
but also according to Blaxter (2001) there was repulsion at grotesque appearances. In
light of this, it is not unexpected that the review of literature found that being healthy
“ The state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing’ and not only the
This definition has proved to be robust and it is frequently cited in the literature in
particular within nursing and health promotion contexts, and it would be worth reviewing
its effectiveness and applicability. The definition was revolutionary as it consists of three
aspects of health including physical, mental and social well-being. It has many
advantages, which were recognized by many authors (Bunton and Macdonald, 2002,
Katz et al, 2002, Lee and Newberg, 2005). This is not surprising as it is postulated
(Pender, 1996, Bowling 2005) that the WHO’s definition reflects concern for the
individual as a total person rather than the sum of parts. In addition, the definition places
health within the environmental context rather than a disease focus. Recently, health
promotion authors go further to contend that the WHO’s definition is well acknowledged
in the literature not only because its positive reference to well-being but also it is useful
that health is a standard of living (Tones and Tilford, 2001, Tones and Green, 2004).
Although they did not offer obvious guidance about how to incorporate these ideas into
practice, their suggestions might demonstrate that the WHO’s definition of health can be
used as a framework for promoting health at both the individual and political level.
Medical writers, on the other hand, advocate to lesser extent that the WHO’s definition
On this basis, the WHO’s definition made a significant addition to the literature by
arguing that health is beyond the disease-linked issues and it is rooted in the
The WHO’s definition is totally unrealistic and too idealistic. This is because it
assumes that someone somewhere can achieve a 100% state of health. This implies a
by an individuals’ context (Katz et al, 2001). It could also lead to a central confusion
about the meaning of “complete” or “incomplete health”. For example, is the health of a
To add to the problem, the definition is based on the assumption that people’s
views of “the state of health” are alike. Such an assumption has been discredited by
considerable evidence. Earlier studies have shown that people define the state of health
in many different ways such as fitness, energy, sexual activity and even wealth (Young,
Likewise, Ewles and Simnett (2004) expressed their concerns about the quality
of the WHO’s conceptualization of health which implies a static position whereas life
and living are anything but static. This indicates a misunderstanding of the fact that
health in its holistic facets (e.g. physical, mental, spiritual) is in a state of continuous
change.
Young (1996) acknowledges the advantages of the WHO’s definition but she
“….. Such a wide ranging definition can sometimes make it difficult to determine
things which are not covered by the heading “health concern”…could we, for
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As indicated above it seems that the too broad a definition of health makes it
difficult to specifically address the needed health interventions to achieve the desired
A further weakness of the WHO’s definition of health stems from the possibility of
linking its meaning with health promotion. Whilst it could be used as a framework for
health promotion (Tones and Green, 2004), adopting the WHO’s definition as a
guideline for promoting people’s health might produce not only ineffective heath
promotion activities but also unrealistic expected outcomes such as a “ 100% complete
health status”.
Thus, health care providers need to acknowledge that the aims of maintaining
Health Promotion dates back up to the time when religion and superstition
influenced people’s belief on health and illness. The Babylonians, the Greeks,
Egyptians, Palestinians, Romans, and the Chinese have laid down the foundation of
most of the health promotion practices that we enjoy today. Concepts on hygiene and
sanitation were introduced to civilization by the Greeks whose belief in health and
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illness was mandated by their gods and goddesses; the quarantine practices that
benefit people of today especially in communicable diseases can be traced back during
the Palestinian times under the Mosaic Code which emphasized the importance of
segregation by separating what is clean from the unclean. The public health sanitation
like street cleaning, building construction, ventilation, heating, and water sanitation that
we enjoy today are some of the accomplishments of the Romans and Egyptians
(Murray, 2009). Even during that time, health was already considered of prime
importance and its enhancement was necessary, some for the purpose of achieving
balance of the mind, body and spirit and some as a form of luxury and personal
indulgence. Whatever the purpose may be, these ancient practices bear the underlying
fact that an individual, even in the earliest times, is always in search of activities that
can prolong life and improve the quality of life (Marks, et al, 2005).
As Health Promotion gains popularity, myriad of definitions rose and overlap with
one another. Oftentimes, the term health promotion is used interchangeably with health
managing health, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined Health Promotion as
“the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.
(WHO, 1986)”.
During this definition’s inception, five key strategies were also identified namely -
building healthy public policy, creating physical and social environments supportive of
partnership with patients (Ottawa Charter, 1986). This definition coincides with the
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definition of Marks, et al (2005) which is “any event, process, or activity that facilitates
community level which includes environmental interventions such as “targeting the built
environment (e.g. fencing around dangerous sites) and involve legislation to safeguard
“represents a comprehensive social and political process” and with actions “directed
their impact on public and individual health (Health Promotion Glossary, WHO, 1998).
of Pender, et al. (2006) which states that “Health Promotion is the behavior motivated
by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential”. This
definition, on the other hand, includes the behavioral approach of health promotion,
which “focuses on secondary and primary prevention to improve health status through
individual towards health, so that independence and self-reliance can be fostered. This
and ways on how to improve it through health education. Health Education is defined
state must begin with awareness, followed by education, then growth (Kozier, 2008).
behavioral change in an individual. This insight reflects the difference between health
promotion, Breslow stated on his commentary on health promotion in JAMA, 1999 “that
each person has a certain degree of health that may be expressed as a place in a
spectrum.
From that perspective, promoting health must focus on enhancing the people’s
capacities for living. That means moving them toward the health end of the spectrum,
just as prevention is aimed at avoiding disease that can move people toward the
opposite end of the spectrum”. For this reason, Health promoting behaviors must be
Another definition of Health Promotion deals with the actions done to promote
individual regardless of actual or perceived health status, for the purpose of promoting,
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There are a number of theories proposed in the literature that attempt to guide
the work of health promotion as well as health education. Although no one theory is
their implications for practice (Naidoo and Wills, 2000). Behavioural change theories are
examined first because hospital health providers’ roles in health promotion is guided by
their ideologies as explored in this chapter (Maidwell, 1996, Furber, 2002, Cross, 2005,
Casey, 2007).
sociopsychology (Cole, 1995). This field examined the link between effective health
behaviours and to focus on the social context of behavioural change and its underlying
cognitive process (MacDonald, 2000). Thus, it is driven by the notion that behaviour is
result of the interaction between patients’ beliefs and environmental elements (e.g. lung
problems and pollution) (Tones and Green, 2004). Despite this, however, socio-
cognitive theories are based on a preventive health framework and thus sit more
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health promotion ideology operating at social and economic levels (Clark, 1998, Cullen,
2002). Therefore, these theories attempt to examine patients’ reactions to the threat of
illnesses and thus seek actions to minimize or eliminate this threat through health
Not only might it lead to victim blaming but also to “cognitive dissonance” (Festinger,
1958). This is based on the concept that when clients face a situation when the
delivered health education message is in conflict with their current beliefs and attitudes,
they react in a manner that could create dissonance (e.g the belief that smoking would
The theory contradicts to some extent the rational empirical theory that assumes
that clients will make rational decisions based on view of information given to them
(Baird, 1998).
Although the above theories are ideologically different, they link together health
related actions, individuals’ beliefs and indeed their agendas. The most developed
models and theories in health promotion are based on psychosocial theories and are
threatened by their limitations. The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen and Fisherbein,
1980) indicates that intentions to perform an action are determined by the individuals’
attitudes towards the behaviour and the social norm. Thus, their beliefs are predictors of
Likewise, Pender’s (1987) health promotion model explains the link between
individuals’ beliefs and their behaviours but fails to consider the impact of
26
On the other hand, the health belief model (Becker, 1974), is largely guided by a
positive health. More recent socio-cognitive models did not give indications on how they
might be operationalised in practice (Niven, 2000, Stuifbergen et al, 2000) or were too
complex to use especially in a limited resourced setting (Whitehead, 2001a). The last
two models have not yet been validated and thus their effectiveness is questioned.
to another. Pender (2006) stated it best that “each person has unique personal
characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions”. There are five levels
that affect a person’s behavior (Sharma, 2008). First, are the individual factors, like the
attitude of a person. If a person believes that a healthy body will permit him to perform
more challenging tasks, then engaging in health promotion activities would come
naturally.
ethic, educational level, social standing, and gender may contribute to the individual’s
perception of heath and illness”. Then personal view and understanding on the concept
of health and illness also falls on this level. In the earlier times, if a disease is believed
27
to be caused by an entry of an evil spirit, holes are bored into the skull of the patient to
people immediately visit an “arbolaryo” and submit the patient to a “tawas” to detect the
In addition to this, an individual’s environment also play a crucial role in his health
promotion practices as stated in an article from the Global Health Promotion (Jul, 2010)
al. The study showed that the “characteristics of the neighbourhood environment
influence health behaviour of its residents above and beyond their individual
background”. Therefore, the physical environment also determines the health promotion
practices of an individual. Also included in the individual factors are the age, civil status,
Second level is the Interpersonal factors where an external factor affects the
Third level refers to organizational factors which include policies that contribute to
a better health like a company that allots 1 hour of exercise for employees every
individual is surrounded with. For example, if the person needs to fetch water every day
from the communal faucet that is 1 kilometer away from his house, then that activity can
be considered as a vigorous form of exercise. Last is the role of public policy factors.
For example, if a memorandum coming from the Mayor mandates the cleaning of
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suspected breeding and resting sites for Dengue mosquitoes three times a week, then
In this study, the factors that are taken into consideration are the 6 dimensions of
et al., 1996). These are the Spiritual Growth, Interpersonal Relations, Nutrition, Physical
are regular and part of one’s daily pattern of living and significantly influence health
status”. In this study, the term lifestyle is synonymous with Health Promoting Behaviors.
Spiritual growth or health is defined as the “ability to develop one’s inner nature to its
fullest potential which includes the ability to discover and articulate one’s basic purpose;
to learn how to experience love, joy, peace, and fulfillment (Pender, et al., 2006, p.
104)”.
this “affects the client’s interpretations of life events and health (Chuengsatiansup, 2003
as cited in Pender, et al. 2006)”. Numerous studies have been done supporting this
entitled “Spiritual health, clinical practice stress, depressive tendency and health
will contribute to the holistic approach in assessing the health promotion practices of an
individual.
29
practices as this reflects the social relationship an individual posses. According to Lucas
hormone and block the production of hormones usually related to stress”. Positive social
necessary for the individual to get in touch with their feelings and emotions and enables
the individual to select the most appropriate strategy in dealing with stress through
This dimension is related to the third dimension of the HPLP II which is Stress
Management as “high levels of social support have also been linked to positive affect,
and may thus protect against distress from life events associated with high stress
(Lucas, et al., 2005 p. 130)”. Stress is defined as anything that may threaten the
handles these stresses may serve as a better predictor of his health promoting
practices.
Fourth and fifth dimensions of the HPLP II are the Nutrition and Physical Activity,
respectively. Nutrition involves the way an individual selects and consumes foods that
consistent with the guidelines provided by the Food guide Pyramid. Physical Activity, on
the other hand, “involves regular participation in light, moderate, and/or vigorous activity
individuals, begins with childhood and continues until adulthood (Pender, et al., 2006, p.
30
102)” and lack of physical exercise has been directly related with the occurrence of
cardiovascular diseases.
Last, but not the least, is the dimension on Health Responsibility, which involves
“an active sense of accountability for one’ own well-being (Walker, et al., 1996)”. This
includes paying attention to one’s health through education and exercise of informed
the determination of their own health status because self-care represents the dominant
Like breathing, no one else can take care of one’s health than the person owning
that health. The desire to enhance health and well-being must come from within.
One must bear in mind that human health promotion is a moral endeavor. In the
individual level, health promotion provides services that will assist humans in their
Therefore, a need to include the factors that influence a person’s health status
individual is a must (Edelman, et al., 2006). This will only be possible if thorough
Prolonging life and improving its quality is the objective of Health Promotion
(Marks, et al., 2005). In order to achieve this goals, health promotion must concentrate
individual instead of focusing on reducing the risk of acquiring diseases. A more positive
Local Literature
The need for health promotion in the Philippines goes back to the time of the
Ramos Administration, when the Administrative Order No. 341 entitled Implementing
Philippine Health Promotion Program through Healthy Places was created. It was
written along with the belief that there is a “need to undertake more health promotion
and disease prevention measures as a result of the reported increase in the incidence
of preventable diseases in Asia and in the country (AO No. 341, 1997)”. The PHPP
gives priority to women, and children, adolescent youth, workers, elders, disabled and
chronically ill persons, ethnic minorities, rural people, and urban poor (Palaganas,
2003).
Time went on and health promotion was given a renewed interest as a result of
Mortality statistics showed that 7 of the 10 leading causes of deaths in the country are
associated with the unhealthy lifestyle of the client: tobacco smoking, physical inactivity,
and an unhealthy diet (Cuevas, et al., 2007). This rise in the occurrence of degenerative
and lifestyle diseases called for a need to take on a new approach to health promotion
that will go beyond the interaction between the client and a physician. Hence, the
2001).
approach” to health promotion that would include the environment and other sectors
that affect the over-all well-being of a person. The vision for Health Promotion, “By the
32
year 2010, Filipinos are managing their own health” serves as the framework for health
promotion.
This study will contribute to the attainment of the said goal through the creation of
appropriate health promotion programs/strategies that can change the lifestyle of the
target population by starting with proper assessment of their current health promotion
practices. This fulfills a fraction of the health sector’s responsibility to “build capacity for
2003, p. 90)”. Health Promotion may sound easy to say but it is very much harder to do,
As Palaganas (2003) puts it, “many mistaken practices result from ignorance and
superstition”. It can be drawn that the health promotion practices of the community may
still be possibly linked with the practices and beliefs of the past, which are no longer
applicable today. At the same time, there is also a lack of medical professionals that
would correct their current practice and provide them with the correct ones.
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Synthesis
After reading and compiling the relevant literatures above, one idea remains –
that for a health worker to come up with a program that will meet the needs of the
worker/provider to gather all the information that she can get in order to come up with
454, Sampaloc, Manila. This includes the consideration of all the factors that may
influence the health promotion practices of the individual such as the individual
characteristics as these may affect the way a person takes care of his health as
reflected in the 6 dimensions stated in the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile II.
The readings in this chapter will help the researcher to further describe and
analyze the health promotion practices of the residents of Brgy. 454. These literatures,
both foreign and local will enlighten the researcher with the what, why and how of the
health promotion practices that the residents perform and will be used as a stepping
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODLOGY
Research Design
According to John Creswell (2005), a cross sectional study examines the current
examine the target population, a survey research was utilized to understand the
characteristics of the population and estimate the levels of knowledge about any given
the common health promotion practices done in Brgy. 454 Lardizabal Sampaloc,
Manila.
35
The respondents of this study will be fifty residents of Brgy. 454, mostly aged 30-
40 years old. This selection is based on the belief of the researcher that individuals in
the specified age group are mature enough to involve themselves in the improvement of
their health and capabilities. Moreover, people in this age group would represent those
who mostly engaged in activities that may negatively affect their health situation such as
Therefore, their health promotion practices call for further investigation. The
respondents were selected using the purposive sampling technique where the
researcher selected those individuals who could provide richer and more significant
information about the study. Purposive sampling is a technique where the “researcher
intentionally select individuals and sites to learn and understand the central
Instrumentation
The researcher utilized the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile II, an instrument
used to measure the health promoting behavior of an individual, focusing on the six
interpersonal relations, and stress management. These dimensions are reflected in the
following items:
36
1. Health-Promoting Lifestyle 1 to 52
This instrument, based on the Health Promotion Model of Nola J. Pender, was
Nebraska, College of Nursing. This 52-item examination used a 4-point Likert Scale to
determine the behavior of the individual with a format of “Never”, “Sometimes”, “Often”,
and Routinely”.
In order to accommodate the level of education of the residents of Brgy. 454, the
instrument was translated into the Filipino language. Considering the translation made,
this study will also serve as mean in measuring the appropriateness of the HPLP II tool
No pilot study is needed since the instrument to be used has been tested and
validated as evidence by the number of studies that utilized the said survey tool.
37
steps. First is to talk to the Barangay Captain if they can conduct a survey and present a
letter explaining about their study. Once permission is granted, the researcher will
To select the respondents, the researcher will obtain a list of names of the
residents from their office, together with their addresses. The researchers will personally
visit the selected respondents and will ask if they have hypertension. If yes, the
researchers would provide them with the questionnaire. Beforehand, a letter asking for
their participation will be given to the participant. They participants have the right to
Collection of the questionnaire will follow afterwards for the collation and analysis
of data. Necessary statistical treatment will be applied in order to come up with the
Data Analysis
The HPLP II survey’s data was coded and analyzed by the researchers. The
descriptive statistics were calculated using mean. The researcher examined the
questions with a particular answer. Percentages also were used to evaluate the sample
characteristics.
38
The researchers used Pearson’s r to statistically examine the HPLP II scores and
the average systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements for correlations. The
researcher had hoped to discover significant correlations between the six dimensions of
the HPLP II survey and the average blood pressure measurements. The six categories
category and it includes all 52 questions. Health-promoting lifestyle category contains all
six dimensions under one title. By looking at the six dimensions individually, the
researcher actually broke down the health-promoting lifestyle category for a more
thorough analysis.
The data that will be obtained in this study will be statistically treated with the
necessary formulas to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of findings. The Health
Promotion Lifestyle Profile II, the instrument used by the researcher, already has a
The score for the over-all health promoting lifestyle will be obtained by computing
the Mean of the individual’s responses. Likewise, the scores for each subscale will be
obtained using the same computation. The mean, denoted by an x, is the most sensitive
measure of center since it takes into account all scores in a distribution when it is
x =
n
provides an index of the direction and magnitude of the relationship between two sets of
Chapter 4
This chapter presents the results and discussion of data gathered based on the
following: a) to know the demographic profile of the residents of Brgy. 454 Lardizabal, b)
to illustrate the health promotion practices of the residents of Brgy. 454 Lardizabal, and
c) to specify common barriers to health promoting lifestyle among the respondents . The
RQ1: What is the demographic profile of the residents of Brgy. 454 Lardizabal
in terms of:
The ages of the subjects ranged from 30 years old to 50 years old or older.
Estimated sixteen percent (N=5) were between the ages of 30 to 35 years old, twenty-
two percent (N=7) were between the ages of 36 - 40 years old, twenty-five percent
(N=8) were between the ages of 41 to 45 years old, and thirty-eight percent (N=12)
were ages 46 to 50 years old. Majority of the subjects were married. Of the thirty-two
subjects, estimated sixty-nine percent (N=22) were married, sixteen percent (N=5) were
separated, nine percent (N=3) were widowed, and six percent (N=2) were single. For
most, highest level of education was high school. Estimated forty-seven percent (N=15)
had attended high school, thirty-four percent (N=11) had attended grade school and
nineteen percent (N=6) had attended tertiary. The rest of the variables were also
Total Sample
Characteristic n=32 Percentage
Gender Male 25 78.13
Female 7 21.88
Age 30 to 35 5 15.63
36 to 40 7 21.88
41 to 45 8 25.00
46 to 50 12 37.50
(N=27) of the subjects took all medications as prescribed. Thirty-four percent (N=11) of
the subjects measured their blood pressures at home on a regular basis, while sixty
43
percent (N=19) had a blood pressure machine at home. Ninety-four percent (N=30) of
the subjects had transportation available for their primary care appointments. Seventy-
five percent (N=24) had someone at home to help with health needs and twenty-five
percent (N=8) did not have help at home. Nevertheless, seventy-eight percent (N=25)
reported living alone and nineteen percent (N=6) did live with someone. Sixty-nine
percent (N=22) did not believe money was a barrier in controlling blood pressure
questions from the HPLP II and all blood pressure measurements were examined using
R3: What are the common barriers to health promoting lifestyle among the
respondents?
45
measurements and yielded several moderately significant correlations. The results for
moderate significance was found (r= -0.398, p=0.024, p<0.05) between systolic blood
pressure measurements and praising other people easily for their achievements.
systolic blood pressure measurements and discussing my problems and concerns with
people close to me. Thirdly, a moderate correlation was discovered between systolic
with others. Lastly, a moderate correlation (r=-0.374, p=0.035, p<0.05) was discovered
between systolic blood pressure measurements and touching and being touched by
Spiritual Growth was analyzed with the average systolic blood pressure
measurement. Three questions from the survey correlated significantly with the average
systolic blood pressure measurement. The questions were as follows: look forward to
the future (r=-0.363, p=0.041, p<0.05), work toward long-term goals in my life (r=-0.393,
p=0.026, p<0.05), and find each day interesting and challenging (r=-0.369, p=0.037,
p<0.05).
significant correlation with systolic blood pressure. The significant correlation was noted
between discuss my health concerns with health professionals and the average systolic
Stress Management had two moderately significant results. The average systolic
blood pressure and take some time for relaxation each day was correlated (r=-0.353,
p=0.048, p<0.05). The second correlation was between the question, balance time
between work and play, and systolic blood pressure (r=-0.353, p=0.048, p<0.05).
Among the different categories of the HPLP II, only one category provided a
correlation with elevated diastolic blood pressure. Under Stress Management, an inverse,
moderate correlation was discovered between subjects getting enough sleep and diastolic
blood pressure (r=-0.505, p= 0.003, p<0.05). In other words, subjects who claimed to get
Chapter 5
health promotion lifestyle of the residents of Brgy. 454 with hypertension. The
conclusions given were drawn from the outcomes of the research and observations on
the impact made. Recommendations were based from findings and conclusions of the
study.
Summary
This study would perform the concept of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile II
Existing literature was reviewed to determine if any prior studies had been done
information. It was discovered that many studies had been done by health educators
promotion program that would greatly affect the lifestyles of the respondents in a
could help health providers better understand the needs of their community and design
The HPLP II survey’s data was coded and analyzed by the researchers. The
descriptive statistics were calculated using mean. The researcher examined the
questions with a particular answer. Percentages also were used to evaluate the sample
characteristics.
The researchers used Pearson’s r to statistically examine the HPLP II scores and
the average systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements for correlations. The
researcher had hoped to discover significant correlations between the six dimensions of
Conclusion
The following conclusions have been drawn based on the findings presented:
1. The demographic data provided great insight into the type of sample population
obtained for this study. The sample population mostly consisted of high school
years old. All 32 subjects were hypertensive and uncontrolled. The subjects
(N=32) had at least two blood pressure readings (consecutively) that were
2. Several categories of the HPLP II had moderately significant results that were
correlation was found among systolic blood pressure and “praising other people
easily for their achievements”, indicating that not praising others increases
with others” had the strongest correlation in the category. Maintaining meaningful
3. Spiritual Growth had a significant impact on systolic blood pressures, but not on
the future” and systolic blood pressure, signifying looking forward to the future
was correlated with systolic blood pressures. Not having long-term goals or not
blood pressure. This result indicated that “discussing problems with health
blood pressure. One statement from the Stress Management category, “take
some time for relaxation each day” was correlated to systolic blood pressures,
51
signifying that not taking some time for relaxation and not balancing time
5. The other categories from the HPLP II, such as Nutrition and Physical Activity,
6. Hypertension has been deemed as the most notable disease among Filipinos.
In hopes to contribute for a better health program, the purpose of this study
hypertension.
52
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