UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

__________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab

Code : MEC 554

Lecturer : Ahmad Hussein Abdul Hamid

Group : EMD5A4 (4)

MEC 554 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE Force Convection and Natural Convection

:

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1. MUHAMMAD AZRI FIKRI BIN ARBAIN 2019564353

2. MUHAMMAD HARITH BIN MOHD ZAHID 2019564199

3. MUHAMMAD FATIHIN BIN MOHANI 2019528189

4. MUHAMMAD HAYYUL QAYYUM BIN MOHD 2019704561

HALIM

5. MUHAMMAD IKHMAL HIJJAZ BIN MOHD JASMI 2019705053

LABORATORY SESSION : 8 JUN 2020

REPORT SUBMISSION : 19 JUN 2020

1
 1.0 LIST OF CONTENT

No list Page
1. LIST OF CONTENT 2
2. LIST OF FIGURES 3
3. LIST OF TABLE 4
4. INTRODUCTION 5
5. THEORETICAL 6
6. APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES 7
7. RESULT AND CALCULATION 10
8. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 15
9. REFERENCES 22
10. APPENDICCES 23

2
 2.0 LIST OF FIGURES

No List Of Figures Pages

1. Figure 4.1 Type of Heat Transfer 5
2. Figure 5.1 (2D) Apparatus set up 6
3. Figure 6.1 Anemometer Set 7
4. Figure 6.2 Box temperature reader 7
5. Figure 6.3 Stopwatch 8
6. Figure 6.4 Thermometer 8
7. Figure 6.5 Full set experiment apparatus (2D) 8

3
 3.0 LIST OF TABLES

No List of Tables Page

1. Table 7.1: Value needed to calculate the heat transfer 11
coefficient, h
2. Table 7.2: Example of Interpolation Method 11
3. Table 7.3 : Value needed to calculate Natural Convection 12
4. Graph 7.1 : Time versus Temperature For Natural Convection 13
5. Table 7.4 : Value Needed for Forced Convection 13
6. Table 7.5 : Interpolation Method 14
7. Graph 7.2 : Time versus Temperature For Forced Convection 14

4
 4.0 INTRODUCTION

Heat is a major contributor in industry which results from factories, foundries and
industrial plant facilities. The removal of excessive heat from system components is necessary
to avoid any damage or burning in the system. Some extended surfaces are frequently used in
heat exchanging to provide improvement on heat transfer between a primary surface and the
surrounding fluid. The theory behind it is relating with convection theory.

Convection is a type of heat transfer that can only happen in liquids and gases, because it
involves those liquids or gases physically moving. It divided into two which is natural
convection and forced convection. Natural convection is a heat transport mechanism where the
fluid motion is moving without any external force (such a fan, suction device etc). It naturally
affected by density differences in the fluid occurring due to temperature gradients. The forced
convection is where is a mechanism or a type of transport in which fluid motion is generated
by an external source. Forced conservation is likely useful in daily life where it used for air-
conditioning, steam turbine, central heating and others. It also often used for analysed the pipe
flow, heat exchanger and a flow of fluid over the flat surface plat. For this test, we will applied
both theory. For natural convection test, the heated air rises from the surface and up to the duct.
For the force convection test, a variable-speed fan source the air through the duct and across
the surface. All the required equipment and data are shown in the report.

Figure 4.1 Type of Heat Transfer

5
 5.0 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Heat transfer from an object can be improve by increasing the surface area in contact with the
air by adding fins or pins normal to the surface. This can be seen in Newton’s Law of Cooling
that states that the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures
between the body and its surroundings, which defines the convection heat transfer rate.

The rate of heat transferred to the surrounding fluid is proportional to the object's exposed
area A, and the difference between the object temperature Tw and the fluid free-stream

temperature . The constant of proportionality h is termed the convection heat-transfer

coefficient. Other terms describing h include film coefficient and film conductance.

Figure 5.1 (2D) Apparatus set up

The effect of the thermodynamics properties can be demonstrated by the effect of flow
velocity of a flat plate under the same conditions of power respect to time.

6
 6.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Apparatus used for this experiment area: -

Finned
Final Plate/Pinned
Temperature Surface
reader

Initial
Temperature
reader

Figure 6.1 Anemometer Set

Heater
Power(w)
Airspeed
Velocity (v)

Fan
Controller Temperature of
flat plate (Celsius)

Figure 6.2 Box temperature reader

7
Figure 6.3 Stopwatch Figure 6.4 Thermometer

Figure 6.5 Full set experiment apparatus (2D)

1. Bench top unit with holder

2. Sensors for measuring temperature and flow velocity
3. Air duct
4. "cylinder" heating element
5. Temperature sensor
6. Measuring glands
7. Fan
8. "finned" heating element
9. "flat plate" heating element
10. Display and control unit
11. Handheld sensor to measure airflow velocity

8
Procedure
1. For the first experiment which is natural convection, set the heater power from
50W to 70W. No air velocity is applied during the test.
2. Take down the temperature of flat plate, before and after temperature for every
minute using stopwatch.
3. The process is repeated until the temperature reading is constant for 3
readings.
4. For force convection, turn on the fan speed into 1 m/s. Jot down the
temperature of the flat plate before and after temperature for 5 minutes
using stopwatch.
5. After 5 minutes, turn off the fan back to zero m/s and make sure the
temperature of flat plate remains unchanged for 3 minutes.
6. The process is repeated again for 1.5 m/s and 2 m/s like step 4

9
 7.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION

Sample Calculation :-
Given Data : Air Duct Size – 0.13m x 0.075m
Flat Plat Size – 0.11m(W) x 0.10m(L) = 0.011m2 (Area)
1. Calculation For Free Convection (Natural)
Surface Temperature (Ts) = 52.4℃
Velocity = 0 m/s (Constant)
Mass Flow Rate = 0 m/s (As 𝑚̇=𝜌𝑈𝐴)
(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = ( )
2
52.4−46.1
=( )
2

= 49.25 ℃
1
𝛽=
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚
1
=
49.25
= 3.1032 𝑥 10−3

10
 Table 7.1: Value needed to calculate the heat transfer coefficient, h

Minutes Temperature Tfilm (℃) β v (m2/s) Pr

1 46.1 49.25 3.1032 x 10-3 1.7908 x 10-5 0.722995

2 46.5 49.45 3.1013 x 10-3 1.7927 x 10-5 0.722943

3 47.2 49.80 3.0979 x 10-3 1.7961 x 10-5 0.722852

4 47.6 50.00 3.0960 x 10-3 1.7980 x 10-5 0.722800

5 48.1 50.25 3.0936 x 10-3 1.8005 x 10-5 0.722735

6 48.5 50.45 3.0917 x 10-3 1.8024 x 10-5 0.722683

7 49.0 50.70 3.0893 x 10-3 1.8049 x 10-5 0.722618

8 49.4 50.90 3.0874 x 10-3 1.8068 x 10-5 0.722566

9 49.6 51.00 3.0864 x 10-3 1.8078 x 10-5 0.722540

10 50.1 51.25 3.0840 x 10-3 1.8103 x 10-5 0.722475

11 50.5 51.45 3.0821 x 10-3 1.8122 x 10-5 0.722423

12 50.6 51.50 3.0817 x 10-3 1.8127 x 10-5 0.722410

13 51.8 52.10 3.0760 x 10-3 1.8186 x 10-5 0.722254

14 52.0 52.20 3.0750 x 10-3 1.8196 x 10-5 0.722228

15 52.4 52.40 3.0731 x 10-3 1.8215 x 10-5 0.722176

16 52.4 52.40 3.0731 x 10-3 1.8215 x 10-5 0.722176

17 52.4 52.40 3.0731 x 10-3 1.8215 x 10-5 0.722176

18 52.4 52.40 3.0731 x 10-3 1.8215 x 10-5 0.722176

In order to find value v and Pr, Interpolation must be used.

Table 7.2: Example of Interpolation Method

Temperature k (W/m . K) v (m2/s) Pr

45 0.02699 1.750 x 10-5 0.7241
49.25 0.02730 1.7908 x 10-5 0.7230
50 0.02735 1.798 x 10-5 0.7228

11
 Table 7.3 : Value needed to calculate Natural Convection

Minutes Temperature k (W/m . K) Ra Nu h (W/m2 .℃)

1 46.1 0.027296 0.4324 x 106 15.1295 4.1297
2 46.5 0.027310 0.4038 x 106 14.8728 4.0618
3 47.2 0.027336 0.3541 x 106 14.3924 3.9343
4 47.6 0.027350 0.3259 x 106 14.0969 3.8555
5 48.1 0.027368 0.2909 x 106 13.7021 3.7500
6 48.5 0.027383 0.2631 x 106 13.3623 3.6590
7 49.0 0.027401 0.2286 x 106 12.9009 3.5350
8 49.4 0.027416 0.2011 x 106 12.4941 3.4254
9 49.6 0.027423 0.1874 x 106 12.2756 3.3663
10 50.1 0.027441 0.1534 x 106 11.6764 3.2041
11 50.5 0.027456 0.1264 x 106 11.1225 3.0538
12 50.6 0.027460 0.1196 x 106 10.9720 3.0129
13 51.8 0.027503 0.0395 x 106 8.3177 2.2876
14 52.0 0.027511 0.0263 x 106 7.5135 2.0670
15 52.4 0.027250 0 0 0
16 52.4 0.027250 0 0 0
17 52.4 0.027250 0 0 0
18 52.4 0.027250 0 0 0

𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞)𝐿𝑐 3
𝑅𝑎 = . 𝑃𝑟
𝑣2
(9.81)(3.1032 𝑥 106 )(52.4 − 46.1)(0.10)3
𝑅𝑎 = . 0.7230
(1.7908 𝑥 10−5 )2

𝑅𝑎 = 0.4324 𝑥 106

𝑁𝑢 = 0.59 𝑅𝑎1/4

𝑁𝑢 = 0.59 (0.4324 𝑥 106 )1/4

𝑁𝑢 = 15.1295

𝑘
ℎ= 𝑁𝑢
𝐿𝑐
0.027296
ℎ= (15.1295)
0.1
𝑊
ℎ = 4.1297
𝑚2 . ℃

12
 Graph 7.1 : Time versus Temperature For Natural Convection

Free Convection
53
52
51
50
Temperature (℃)

49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Time (min)

2. Calculation for Forced Convection

Forced Convection

Table 7.4 : Value Needed for Forced Convection

V= 1.0m/s V=1.5m/s V=2.0m/s

𝑚̇ 0.0130002 kg/s 0.019503 kg/s 0.026004 kg/s
h 37.3419 (W/m.℃) 49.9684 (W/m.℃) 47.1794 (W/m.℃)
Time Th Tin Tout Th Tin Tout Th Tin Tout
1 52 26.1 26.9 51.6 26.2 26.9 51.8 26.3 26.8
2 51.8 26.1 26.9 51 26.2 26.9 51 26.3 26.9
3 51.7 26.1 26.9 50.3 26.2 26.8 50.2 26.4 26.8
4 51.5 26.1 26.9 49.7 26.1 26.8 49.6 26.4 26.9
5 51.4 26.1 26.9 49.1 26.1 26.8 49 26.3 26.9

Example Calculation for Mass Flow Rate (𝑚̇) :

𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑈𝐴
= (1.182)(1.0)(0.011)
𝑘𝑔
= 0.013002
𝑠
At time = 1 min , V = 1.0 m/s
(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛) + (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = ( )
2

13
 (52 − 26.1) + (52 − 26.9)
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = ( )
2

𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 25.5℃
Table 7.5 : Interpolation Method

Temperature (℃) 𝜌 Cp k µ 𝜈 Pr
25 1.184 1007 0.02551 1.849 x 10-5 1.562 x 10-5 0.7296
25.5 1.182 1007 0.025547 1.8513 x 10-5 1.5666 x 10-5 0.72946
30 1.164 1007 0.02588 1.872 x 10-5 1.608 x 10-5 0.7282

̇ − 𝑇𝑖𝑛)
𝑄 = 𝑚̇ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄 = (0.013002)(1007)(26.9 − 26.1)
𝑄 = 10.4744 𝑊

𝑄 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇
(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑖𝑛) + (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)
= ℎ𝐴 ( )
2

(52 − 26.1) + (52 − 26.9)

10.4744 = ℎ(0.011) ( )
2

10.4744 = 0.2805ℎ
𝑊
ℎ = 37.3419
𝑚2 . ℃
Graph 7.2 : Time versus Temperature For Forced Convection

Forced Convection
52.5
52
51.5
51
Temperature (℃)

50.5
50
49.5
49
48.5
48
47.5
1 2 3 4 5
Time (min)

14
8.0 DISCUSSION AND
CONCLUSION

15
Muhammad Azri Fikri Bin Arbain (2019564353)

DISCUSSION

From the data, time versus temperature graph have been plotted for both natural and
forced convection. For the natural convection graph, it is shown that the temperature keeps
increasing by time until it remains constant at 52.4ºC. However, for the forced convection the
experiment is repeated using three different fan velocity which is 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m/s. The
graph shown that convection with 2.0 m/s have the highest gradient which mean the heat
transfer coefficient is the highest compared to 1.0 and 1.5 m/s velocity fan. This happen due to
the existence of external flow from the fan which forced the fluid to flow on the flat plate.

Next, from the result Reynolds number can be obtained by using basic equation. It is
observed that the Reynolds number for natural convection is 2.8285x106 which is bigger than
critical Reynolds number which mean the flow is turbulent flow. Due to the turbulent flow, the
particle is moving vigorously which makes it hit each other and thus increasing the temperature
by time. However, for the forced convection the flow is laminar flow. At laminar flow, the
particle moves smoothly and streamlined. If the flow is opposite to each other at both
convections, the curve at the graph will also change.

The heat transfer coefficient for natural convection is inversely proportional to the
temperature. For example, at temperature 46.1ºC the heat transfer coefficient is 4.1297
W/m2.ºC and at 52ºC the heat transfer coefficient is 2.0670 W/m2.ºC. The heat transfer
coefficient will decrease when the temperature increase. For the forced convection, the
coefficient of heat transfer is directly proportional to the velocity. For example, the heat transfer
coefficient is 37.3419 W/m2.ºC when the velocity is 1 m/s and it increase to 47.1794 W/m2.ºC
when the velocity is also increase to 2 m/s. It shows that the existence of external flow will
increase the heat transfer coefficient.

There is some error that could occur during the experiment and may affect the result.
For example, due to the fluctuates display of the machine, measurement could be wrongly taken
or set. Other than that, error that could happen is due to the experiment variable is temperature
changes, the flat plate should be sealed from any external forces.

16
CONCLUSION

According to the result, it can be concluded that the objective of this experiment has
been achieved. From the graph it is concluded that with the existence of external flow, the flat
plate will chill much faster compared to let it flow naturally. Also, it shows if the type of flow
is turbulent the particle in the flow will move vigorously and the temperature will increase and
vice versa. The last hypothesis that we can conclude is for the natural convection the heat
transfer coefficient will decrease when the temperature increase and for the forced convection
it is found that the existence of external flow will increase the heat transfer coefficient. The
study of natural and forced convection is very important in engineering in order to design a a
product.

17
MUHAMMAD HARITH BIN MOHD ZAHID (2019564199)
DISCUSSION

Convection is process that occur between a moving molecules or particle on

transferring the heat transfer such as gases and liquid. Throughout the experiment,
We manage to analyse the amount of heat transfer occur between the air and the
surface. As we know convection can happen in two process either natural or force
process. The difference between forced and natural convection is that, wind was
used to act as external force to blow the temperature or transferrin heat. While,
natural convection is a process that doesn’t takin any external force, its only occur
due to temperature gradient and mass density different between the air while the
process occur. In this experiment, we used wind generated from the cooling fan
placed on top of the convection unit to generate forced convection.

For the first experiment which is natural convection. The heater power was
set to 36 watt. On the first minute, the surface temperature manages to achieve until
46.1 Celsius. Then, the surface temperature has reach 52.4 after 18 minutes which is
the maximum temperature for the amount of heater power. On air velocity was
applied throughout the process. Based on the result, we can calculate the convection
heat transfer coeffecient which is h = 4.1297 𝑊/𝑚2. ℃ and the rayleigh number is
𝑅𝑎 = 2.8285 𝑥 106. As we can see from the graph for temperature over time, it is
increasing slightly and stop on maximum temperature which is 52.4 celcius. For
force convection process, the amount of heat transfer coefficient is 37.3419 𝑊/𝑚2.
℃ for velocity 1 m/s

Certain error can be take to give assumption on our experiment. For

example, human error on takin the time taken while using the stopwatch to jot the
result. Systematic error also can occur such as slight movement from anemometer
reading. Furthermore, unstable power generator can cause the heat power reading
fluctuated from its theoretical value. To overcome all these problem. Regular
service or maintenance should be taken so the problem can be solved to achieve
accurate data.

18
CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, the experiment was successful handled as we able to
prove the heat transfer coefficient of the forced convection on flat plate. From the
data obtained, we can calculate the Nusselt number which is 62.986 and the heat
transfer coefficient of the plate surface which is 15.1295W/m2.℃. We can also
calculate the kinematics viscosity, Prandtl number, velocity boundary layer
thickness, thermal boundary layer thickness and heat transfer rate respectively. In
this experiment, we can also plot the graph of “Surface Temperature against Time”.
From the graph, we can see that the surface temperature increasing of time.

19
MUHAMMAD FATIHIN BIN MOHANI (2019528189)

DISCUSSION

Convection is either mode transfer either mass or heat transfer due to movement of
molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids. In this experiment, we have
analyze the thermal properties of heat transfer in natural and forced convention by
using flat surfaced plate. Based on the result obtained, we determine the temperature
differences between ambient temperature and surface temperature. The graph of
temperature difference versus time is shown of exponentially increased.

Then, we find out the Tfilm or temperature of film to get the further properties of
the air. The Tfilm obtained is 25.5℃. However, the temperature cannot be found
easily in the table. Therefore, the interpolation method is being used to get the
properties of air. The density of the air is 1.182 kg/m2 whereas the dynamic
viscosity, µ is 1.8513 x 10^-5 kg/ms. Besides, the Prandtl number, Pr is 0.72946.

There may be some errors that occurred during the experiment conducted. The error
may occurred during the date reading taken. The systematic error is occurred
because of the result of over sensitivity of anemometer. The reading of anemometer
could change by slightly air of velocity from surrounding. Thus, the anemometer
sensor must be directly under the air duct before taking the reading. Furthermore,
the unstable of the power causing the heat power reading fluctuated. This problem
may causes inaccurate data taken. Thus the regular maintenance should be applied
on the machine.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the experiment conducted is successfully done. We manage to

achieved the objectives of the experiment by fulfill the requirement on collecting all
the required data and done analysis using related equations. The application can be
seen at the head on an air-cooled petrol engine. The mechanism of forced
convection can be found in everyday life.

20
MUHAMMAD HAYYUL QAYYUM BIN MOHD (2019704561)

DISCUSSION

Natural Convection is motion that influence by natural means whereas Forced Convection
influence by external means. Example of natural convection is cooling down boiled egg when
kept in normal air while example for forced convection such as air conditioning and steam
turbine.

Graph 1 for natural convection shows that the temperature increase within the time given. As
for graph 2 forced convection shows the temperature decreases within the time given. This
prove that with the presents of external force the temperature could be reduce thus increase the
rate of heat transfer. The value of heat transfer coefficient ,h for forced convection also is higher
compare to natural convection. For natural convection its maximum value only 4.1297
(W/m2.℃) whereas forced convection can reach until 49.9684 (W/m2.℃). The higher the value
of h, the higher the rate of transfer.

The air flow make a good medium for a better rate of heat transfer. It helps to increase thermal
properties in reducing the temperature of the flat plat.

CONCLUSION

The higher the air velocity, the higher the rate of heat transfer. Both natural and forced
convection produced different value of heat coefficient. In order to achieve certain heat transfer
forced convection would be better in improving thermal properties of heat transfer. This is
because presence of air flow brings out the ability to increase a better heat transfer.

21
 9.0 REFERENCES

 https://www.tecquipment.com/free-and-forced-convection-exp
 https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Main_Page
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zalDEP_32fs&feature=youtu.be
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/free-convection

22
APPENDICES

23
 M.Hayyul Qayyum
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