Foundation Problems

SOLVED PROBLEMS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Prob. # Subject Page

- Acknowledgements ----------------------------------------------------------
- Preface -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Table of contents -------------------------------------------------------------
1 Settlement in Clay Layers --------------------------------------------------
2 Depth of the Bore Hole -----------------------------------------------------
3 Depth of the Water Table ---------------------------------------------------
4 Standard Penetration Test Applications -----------------------------------
5 Loads on Foundations -------------------------------------------------------
6 Foundation with Two Way Eccentricity ---------------------------------
7 Foundation with One Way Eccentricity ---------------------------------
8 Pressure Distribution under Symmetrical Mat Foundation ------------
9 Trapezoidal Combined Footing (3 Columns) ----------------------------
10 Rectangular Combined Footing (2 Columns) ----------------------------
11 Trapezoidal Combined Footing (2 Columns) ----------------------------
12 Rectangular Combined Footing (4 Columns) ----------------------------
13 Cantilever Footing------------------------------------------------------------
14 Pressure Distribution under Unsymmetrical Mat Foundation ---------
15 Retaining Walls --------------------------------------------------------------
16 Pressure Distribution of Footing Resting on Piles -----------------------
17 Settlement of a Group of Friction Piles ----------------------------------
18 Settlement of a Group of Bearing Piles ----------------------------------
19 Negative Skin Friction of a Pile --------------------------------------------
20 Loads on Piles ----------------------------------------------------------------
21 Group of Inclined Piles ------------------------------------------------------
22 Ultimate Point Load of a Pile ----------------------------------------------
23 Ultimate Skin Friction of a Pile --------------------------------------------
24 Capacity of a Group of Piles -----------------------------------------------
25 Cantilever Sheet Pile --------------------------------------------------------
26 Anchored Sheet Pile ---------------------------------------------------------
27 Anchored Sheet Pile ---------------------------------------------------------
4
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
ENG. LUAY QRENAWI ENG. RANA JABER
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors owe a great deal to Chairman of the Teamwork,

Professor M. Awad, Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of
Gaza, who gave freely of his advice at all stages of the work, offered
many helpful suggestions, comments and criticisms and thoroughly read
the complete manuscript.
Our thanks are due also to our sincere students, who helped us in
preparing this work.
1
TO THE SPIRIT OF:
PROF. ESSMAT ORDAMEIR
ENG. ISMAIL ABU SHANAB
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
ENG. LUAY QRENAWI
ENG. RANA JABER
2
PREFACE
It is our great pleasure to introduce the first version of Solved

Problems in Foundation Engineering to our sincere students and
engineers.
This book was prepared to cover the urgent need of the student of
Civil Engineering Department at the Islamic University of Gaza to a
reference gathering solutions to problems that may arise in the field of
work and to help them to pass the course of Foundation Engineering
(ECIV 4352) successfully.
This book contains different foundation engineering, problems

such as:
Settlement under foundations, soil exploration, loads on foundations,
different types of foundations, retaining walls, sheet piles and pile
foundations.
A simple language was used in the preparation of this book so that

our students can best understand foundation engineering problems.
The teamwork welcomes any note, advice, comment or criticize

that improves the next versions of this book.
3
‫‪SOLVED PROBLEMS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING‬‬
‫محتويات صفحة الغالف‪:‬‬
‫‪SOLVED PROBLEMS IN FOUNDATIN ENGINEERING‬‬
‫‪BY:‬‬
‫‪Prof. MOHAMMED A. AWAD (Dean, Faculty of‬‬
‫)‪Engineering, Islamic University‬‬
‫‪Eng. LUAY I. QRENAWI (Teaching Assistant, Islamic‬‬
‫)‪University‬‬
‫‪Eng. RANA M. JABER (Teaching Assistant, Islamic‬‬
‫)‪University‬‬
‫‪First Edition‬‬
‫‪May – 2004‬‬
‫مسائل محلولة في هندسة األساسات‬

‫تأليف‪:‬‬
‫د‪ .‬محمد أحمد عوض (أستاذ التربة واألساسات وعميد كلية الهندسة بالجامعة‬
‫اإلسالمية)‬
‫م‪ .‬لؤي إبراهيم القريناوي (مساعد تدريس بقسم الهندسة المدنية بالجامعة‬
‫اإلسالمية)‬
‫م‪ .‬رنا محمد جابر (مساعدة تدريس بقسم الهندسة المدنية بالجامعة اإلسالمية)‬
‫الطبعة األولى‬
‫مايو – ‪4002‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
Problem # (1)
The subsoil profile of a very large area consists of a 6.0-m thick dense coarse
sand layer overlaying a 9.0-m thick stratum of normally consolidated clay which in
turn rests on a bed rock.
At a distance of 3.0-m and 6.0-m above the bed rock, the clay stratum contains
thin horizontal layers of sand. It is expected that the sand layers provide free drainage
for the clay above and below. The water table is 1.0-m below the ground surface. The
coarse sand has a specific gravity (Gs) of 2.68 and porosity (n) of 0.3. The physical
properties of clay layers are given below:
Layer Gs eo LL (%) t50 (2.54 cm thick specimen)

Upper 2.70 0.50 60 6 min
Middle 2.65 0.70 80 7 min
Bottom 2.75 0.60 70 5 min
Over this area the following constructional operations are proposed and
planned:
1. The ground water table is to be lowered to a depth of 5-m below the existing
ground surface (Unit weight of water = 9.80-kN/m3), coarse sand above water
table is assumed to be dry.
2. A compacted granular fill is to be constructed over this large area with a unit
weight of 20-kN/m3 and a height of 2.5-m.
3. A warehouse of 20 * 40 m2 is to be erected on the top of the new fill. A
uniform load of 60-kN/m2 is to be applied due to the construction of the
warehouse.
4. The operation has been completed in 2-months period, which is very short, so
that the loading can be considered instantaneous. Settlement of dense sand is
not considered.
For the information given above, estimate:

A. The total settlement of the warehouse at both the center and the corners due to
the consolidation of the clay layer
B. The time required for 80 % settlement under the center point of the warehouse
5
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Useful formulas:
C H  P  P
S   c  log o
 1  eo  Po
For normally consolidated clay :
C c  0.009 ( LL  10)
Tv  H dr
2
Cv 
t
 d  (1  n)  G s   w
Gs   w  e   w
 sat 
1 e
(G s  1)   w
 sub 
1 e
n
e
1 n
6
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Where;
Po is the present overburden pressure
P added vertical pressure that causes settlement
LL is the liquid limit
Cc is the compression index
Cv is the coefficient of consolidation
Tv is the time factor
Solution:
1. UNIT WEIGHTS OF SAND:
dry = (1- 0.3) * 2.68 * 9.80 = 18.4 kPa
sub = 18.4 + (0.3 * 9.81) - 9.80 = 11.54 kPa
2. UNIT WEIGHTS OF CLAY LAYERS:

2.70  1
Upper layer :  sub   9.80  11.1 kPa
1  0.5
2.65  1
Middle layer :  sub   9.80  9.5 kPa
1  0 .7
2.75  1
Upper layer :  sub   9.80  10.7 kPa
1  0 .6
3. ORIGINAL OVERBURDEN PRESSURE:

At the center of the: Po (kPa)
Upper clay layer Po = 1*18.4 + 5*11.5 + 1.5*11.1 = 92.60
Middle clay layer Po = 92.6 + 1.5*11.1 + 1.5*9.5 = 123.6
Lower clay layer Po = 123.6 + 1.5*9.5 + 1.5*10.7 = 154.0
4. COMPRESSION INDEX:
Clay Layer Cc = 0.009 (LL – 10)
The upper Cc = 0.009 (60 – 10) = 0.45
The middle Cc = 0.009 (80 – 10) = 0.63
The lower Cc = 0.009 (70 – 10) = 0.54
7
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
5. ADDED VERTICAL EFFECTIVE STRESS P:

 Vertical stress increase due to the 4-m lowering of the water table:
P = (dry - sub) * 4 = (18.4 – 11.5) * 4.0 = 27.6 kPa
 Vertical stress increase due to the compacted fill:
P = 2.5 * 20 = 50 kPa
 Vertical stress increase due to the construction of the warehouse:
P = q * I3
To estimate the vertical stress increase due to the construction of the warehouse,
we have to do the following:
A. Beneath the center
20 m
10 m
Layer Z (m) m (B/Z) n (L/Z) I3 P = 4* q * I3 (kPa)

Upper 10 1 2 0.200 4 * 60 * 0.200 = 48.0
Middle 13 0.77 1.54 0.173 4 * 60 * 0.173 = 41.5
Lower 16 0.63 1.25 0.148 4 * 60 * 0.148 = 35.5
B. Beneath the corners

40m
20 m
Layer Z (m) m (B/Z) n (L/Z) I3 P = q * I3 (kPa)

Upper 10 2 4 0.239 60 * 0.239 = 14.3
Middle 13 1.54 3.08 0.230 60 * 0.230 = 13.8
Lower 16 1.25 2.5 0.217 60 * 0.217 = 13.0
8
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
6. SETTLEMENT:
6.1 SETTLEMENT BENEATH THE CENTER
Layer Po P (kPa) Settlement beneath the center (m)
0.45  3.0  92.6  125.6 
Upper 92.60 27.6 + 50.0 + 48.0 = 125.6 S log   0.34
1  0 .5  92.6 
0.63  3.0  123.6  119.1 
Middle 123.6 27.6 + 50.0 + 41.5 = 119.1 S log   0.33
1  0 .7  123.6 
0.54  3.0  154  113.1 
Lower 154.0 27.6 + 50.0 + 35.5 = 113.1 S log   0.24
1  0 .6  154 
6.2 SETTLEMENT BENEATH THE CORNERS

Layer Po P (kPa) Settlement beneath the corners (m)
0.45  3.0  92.6  91.1 
Upper 92.60 27.6 + 50.0 + 14.3 = 91.1 S log   0.27
1  0 .5  92.6 
0.63  3.0  123.6  91.4 
Middle 123.6 27.6 + 50.0 + 13.8 = 91.4 S log   0.27
1  0 .7  123.6 
0.54  3.0  154  90.6 
Lower 154.0 27.6 + 50.0 + 13.0 = 90.6 S log   0.20
1  0 .6  154 
7. TOTAL SETTLEMENT:
Upper Layer Middle Layer Lower Layer Total (m)
Center 0.34 (m) 0.33 (m) 0.24 (m) 0.91
Corner 0.27 (m) 0.27 (m) 0.20 (m) 0.74
8. DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT:
S = 0.91 – 0.74 = 0.17 m
9. COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION:
Tv  H dr
2
Layer Hdr (cm) t50 (min) Tv Cv  cm 2 / min
t
Upper 2.54 / 2 = 1.27 6.0 0.197 0.0530
Middle 2.54 / 2 = 1.27 7.0 0.197 0.0454
Lower 2.54 / 2 = 1.27 5.0 0.197 0.0635
9
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
10. TIME FOR 80% SETTLEMENT:

Tv  H dr
2
Cv
Layer Hdr (cm) Tv t month Time (month)
(cm2/min) Cv  60  24  30
Upper 300 / 2 = 150 0.565 0.0530 9.82 Tv 5.55
Middle 300 / 2 = 150 0.565 0.0454 11.47 Tv 6.48
Lower 300 0.565 0.0635 32.81 Tv 18.5
To best understand this problem; students must be familiar with:

1. Phase diagram relationships (Chapter II, Soil Mechanics)
2. Effective stress estimation (Chapter VI, Soil Mechanics)
3. Vertical stress increase estimation (Chapter VII, Soil Mechanics)
4. Settlement of clayey soil beneath foundations (Chapter VIII, Soil Mechanics)
01
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (2)
Site investigation is to be made for a 40-m diameter and 20-m high water tank.
The tank will be built on a thick clay layer. Depth of rock is about 100-m while the
water table is at the ground surface. What is the approximate depth of boreholes?
Saturated unit weight (sat) of soil is 17-kN/m3.
Circular Tank
 
 
 v
Bed Rock
Solution:
Let D1 & D2 to be the assumed depths of the borehole
q  The pressure caused by the weight of water
q  H  w
 w 10 kN / m 3
Then; q  20  10  200 kN / m 2
Depth of the boreholeis the smallest of D1 or D2 , where;
1
D1 : Is the depth at which   q
10
q  200 kN/m 2
Weight
  ; the area will be calculated besed on 2-vertical:1-horizontal concept
Area

 (40 2 )  20  10
3.2  105
Then;   4 
 (40  D1 ) 2
 (40  D1 ) 2
4
3.2  10 5
1
   200  20
(40  D1 ) 2
10
 D1  80D1  14400  0.0
2
D1  86.49m 11
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Then;   4 
 (40  D1 ) 2
 (40  D1 ) 2
4
3.2  10 SOLVED
5
1 PROBLEMS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
   200  20
(40  D1 ) 2
10
 D1  80D1  14400  0.0
2
D1  86.49m
5
D 2 : Is the depth at which    'v
100
 'v   ' H  ( sat   w )  D2  (17  10)  D 2  7 D2 kN/m 2
3.2  105 5
   7 D2
(40  D2 ) 2
100
 D2  80D2  1600D 2 914285.7  0.0
3 2
By Trial & Error Technique:

D2  72.38m
Depth of boreholewill be 72.38m
11
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Ground Surface
Problem # (3)
The borehole shown is in a
Ground Water Table
silty soil.
Given that;
hw  ho  12.24m Time = t3
h3
t1  24hr Time = t2
t 2  48hr h2
Time = t1
h1  1.2m
h1
h2  0.86m
Time = to
h3  0.60m
Determine:
1. (hw) the depth of water table.
2. Determine h2
3. Determine h3
Solution:
(h1 ) 2 (1.2) 2
ho    4.24m
h1  h 2 1.2  0.86
(h2 ) 2 (0.86) 2
h2    2.175m
h1  h 2 1.2  0.86
(h3 ) 2 ( 0 . 6) 2
h3    1.385m
h 2  h 3 0.86  0.60
hw  h o  12.24m (Given)
 hw  12.24  4.24  8m
31
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (4)
For the soil profile shown below; standard penetration numbers in a clay soil
layer were given. Determine and plot the variation of Cu and OCR with depth.
Useful Formulas: Dry Sand


Dry= 16.5 kN/m
C u  29N F
0.72
GWT
Saturated Sand
N 
OCR  0.193( F ) 0.689 Sat= 17.8 kN/m

 'v
NF = 5
Notes;
 ' v in MN / m 2
C u in kN / m 2 NF = 4
Saturated Clay

Sat= 17.2 kN/m
NF = 4
NF = 3
NF = 3
Solution: Sand Layer
Depth (m) 'v (kN/m2) NF Cu (kN/m2) OCR

16.5 + (17.8 – 9.81) * 1.0 = 5  1000 0.689
2.0 5 29  (5) 0.72  92.4 0.193( )  7.54
24.49 24.3
24.3 + (17.2 – 9.81) * 1.5 = 29  (4) 0.72  78.68 4  1000 0.689
3.5 4 0.193( ) 5
35.6 35.6
35.6 + (17.2 – 9.81) * 1.5 = 29  (4) 0.72  78.68 4  1000 0.689
5.0 4 0.193( )  4.15
46.7 46.7
46.7 + (17.2 – 9.81) * 1.5 = 29  (3) 0.72  63.96 3  1000 0.689

6.5 3 0.193( )  2.93
57.8 57.8
57.8 + (17.2 – 9.81) * 1.5 = 29  (3) 0.72  63.96 3  1000 0.689

8.0 3 0.193( )  2.6
68.9 68.9
41
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
CONVERSION TABLE
Force:
1 lb = 4.4482 N
1 U.S. ton = 8.896 kN
I lb/ft = 14.593 N/m (Force per unit length)
1 N = 0.2248 lb
Stress:
1 lb/ft2 = 47.88 N/m2
1 U.S. ton/ft2 = 95.76 kN/m2
1 kip/ft2 = 47.88 kN/m2
1 lb/in2 = 6.895 kN/m2
Unit weight:
1 lb/ft3 = 0.1572 kN/m3
1 lb/in3 = 271.43 kN/m3
Length:
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 in = 25.4 mm
1 ft = 12 in
1 mi = 5280 ft
1 mi = 1.609 km
61
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (5)
A solid concrete bridge pier is to be constructed on very dense sand – gravel
deposit .Determine the width and length of the footing.
-
Gross allowable bearing value of soil (allowable base pressure) = 300kN/m2
- Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
- Saturated unit weight of soil = 20 kN/m3
- Unit weight of water = 10 kN/m3
Use AASHTO loading groups.

No tension is permitted at any point of the base under any group loading.
71
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Loads:
D : Dead load L : Live load
W: Wind load IC: Ice thrust
SF: Stream Flow Pressure LF: Longitudinal Forces (Braking Forces)

F: Longitudinal Forces due to friction EQ: Earthquakes
Load Groups:
Group 1: DL + SF + LL
Group 2: DL + SF + W
Group 3: DL + SF + EQ
Group 4: DL + SF + LL + IC
Group 5: DL + SF + W + IC
Group 6: DL + SF + LL + LF + F + WL + 0.3W
Solution:
Assume B = 14 m, L = 26 m
Calculations of Loadings (Vertical & Horizontal forces):
 Total dead load (DL) = weight of pier + weight of footing + weight of soil +
dead load from the superstructure
- Weight of pier = (6×18×7×24) + ((6×18×10) × (24-10)) + (9×21×2× (24-10))
= 38,556 kN
- Weight of footing = 26×14×3× (24-10) = 15,288 kN

- Weight of soil = (26×14-21×9) ×4× (20-10) + (21×9-18×6) ×2× (20-10)
= 8,620 kN
- Dead load from the superstructure = 3×7000 = 21,000 kN
Total dead load (DL) = 83,464 kN
 Total live load (LL) = 3×3000 = 9000 kN
 Ice thrust force (IC) = 500×6 = 3000 kN
 Stream flow force (SF) = 5 ×6×8 = 240 kN

71
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Calculations of Moments (Mx & My):
Vertical Horizontal Moment

Load Type My (kN.m) Mx (kN.m)
Force (kN) Force (kN) Arm (m)
DL 83464 - 0 - -
LL 9000 - 0 - -
SF - 240 11 2640 -
W - 400 27 10800 -
0.3 W - 120 27 3240 -
WL - 300 25 7500 -
IC - 3000 15 45000 -
LF - 1000 25 - 25000
F - 2000 23 - 46000
EQ - 120000 11.5 - 138000
Q  6e 6e 
q 1  x  y 
BL  L B 
Group 1 : DL + SF + LL
Q  92,464kN
M y  2,640kN.m
My 2,640
ex    0.029m
Q 92,464
Q  6e  92,464  6  0.029  255.7 kN / m2
max
q min  1  x   1   2  300kN / m
2
BL  L  14  26  26  252.3kN / m
71
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Group 2 : DL + SF + W
Q  83,464kN
M y  2,640  10,800  13,440kN .m
My 13,440
ex    0.16m
Q 83,464
83,464  6  0.16  237.8kN / m2
max
q min  1    300kN / m 2
14  26  26  220.8 kN / m 2
Group 3 : DL + SF + EQ (F.S = 1.35)

Q  83,464kN
My 2,640
M y  2,640kN.m  e x    0.032m
Q 83,464
M x 138,000
M x  138,000kN .m  e y    1.65m
Q 83,464
1 Q  6e 6e  1 83,464  6  0.032 6  1.65  291kN / m2
max
q min  1  x  y    1     300kN / m 2
F .S BL  L B  1.35 14  26  26 14  48.6kN / m2
Group 4 : DL + SF + LL + IC (F.S = 1.4)

Q  92,464kN
My 47,640
M y  2,640  45,000  47,640kN .m  e x    0.52m
Q 92,464
1 Q  6e  1 92,464  6  0.52  203.2kN / m2
max
q min  1  x    1    300kN / m 2
F .S BL  L  1.4 14  26  26  159.7 kN / m2
Group 5 : DL + SF + W + IC (F.S = 1.5)

Q  83,464kN
My 58,440
M y  2,640  10,800  45,000  58,440kN .m  e x    0.7 m
Q 83,464
1 Q  6e  1 83,464  6  0.7  177.6 kN / m2
max
q min  1  x    1    300kN / m 2
F .S BL  L  1.5 14  26  26  128.2 kN / m2
02
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Group 6 : DL + SF + LL + LF + F + WL + 0.3W (F.S = 1.25)

Q  92,464kN
My 13,380
M y  2,640  7,500  3,240  13,380kN .m  e x    0.14m
Q 92,464
Mx 71,000
M x  25,000  46,000  71,000kN .m  e y    0.77m
Q 92,464
1 92,464  6  0.14 6  0.77  276.8kN / m2
max
q min   1     300kN / m 2
1.25 14  26  26 14  129.6kN / m2
So, dimensions of the pier footing are perfectly alright for both structural safety and
economical point of view.
07
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (6)
For a foundation with two way eccentricity; the soil properties are:
 = 18 kN/m3, =35o and c=0. The design criteria are Df =1 m, B=1.5 m, L=2 m,
eB = 0.3 m and eL = 0.364 m. Determine the gross ultimate load that the foundation
could carry.
Solution:
e B 0. 3 1 e 0.364 1
  0 .2  , L   0.182   case( I )
B 1 .5 6 L 4 6
 3e   3  0.3 
B1  B1.5  B   1.51.5    1.35m
 B   1.5 
 3e   3  0.364 
L1  L1.5  L   21.5    1.908m
 L   2 
Let L'  L1  1.908
1 1 A' 1.29
 A'  B1 L1   1.35  1.908  1.29m 2  B '  '   0.675m
2 2 L 1.908
1
qu  qN q Fqs Fqd  B ' N  Fs Fd
2
From table (3.4) : 35o , Nq = 33.3, N48.03
B' 0.675
Fqs  1  '
tan   1  tan 35  1.248
L 1.908'
 
Fqd  1  2 tan  (1  sin  ) 2
Df
B
 
 1  2 tan 35(1  sin 35) 2
1
1.5
 1.167
 B'   0.675 
Fs  1  0.4 '   1  0.4   0.858
L   1.908 
Fd  1
1 
qu  (18  1  33.3  1.248  1.167)    18  0.675  48.03  0.858  1  1123.32kN / m 2
 2 
Qu  qu  A  1123.32  1.29  1449.1kN
'
22
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (7)
A square footing is shown in figure below. Use a F.S of 6 and determine the size of
the footing.


Solution:
M 25,000
e   0.25 ft
Q 100,000
B '  B  2e  B  0.5 , L'  L  B
From table (3.4) : 30o , Nq = 18.4, N22.4
B' B  0.5 0.29

Fqs  1  '
tan   1  tan 30  1.58 
L B B
 
Fqd  1  2 tan  (1  sin  ) 2
Df
B
 
 1  2 tan 30(1  sin 30) 2
4
B
 1
1.15
B
 B'   B  0.5  0.2
Fs  1  0.4 '   1  0.4   0. 6 
 
L  B  B
Fd  1
1 '
qu  qN q Fqs Fqd  B N  Fs Fd
2
  0.29  1.15  1  0.2 
qu  100  4   18.41.58  1     120  62.4   B  0.5  22.4   0.6  
  B  B  2  B 
But qu  qall  F .S
 0.29  1.15   0 .2 
  107.52  B  0.5 0.6 
100,000
qu   6  122.671.58  1  
B  0.5B  B  B   B 
By trial and error : B  6.5 ft
32
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (8)
Calculate the base pressure at the points indicated below the mat (raft)
foundation shown. Weight of the mat will not be included.
Total vertical load acting on the foundation is 26000 kN.
Solution:
Y
A  10  15  2  (2  5)  130 m 2
A B
 103  5   6 3  5 
I yy  2        923.33 m 4
 12   12 
 10  153   2  53 
I xx     2     2770.83 m 4
C E F D
 12   12 
 Q M xY M y X
q   X X
A Ix Iy 26000 kN
e x  5.75  5  0.75 m K L
G H
e y  0 .0 m
M x   Q  e y  M x  26000 0.0  0.0
M y   Q  e x  M y  26000 0.75  19500 kN .m M N
Then; Y
26000 19500 X
q   200  21.12 X
130 923.33
q ( A,C , K , M )  200  21.12  5  94.4 kN / m 2
q ( E ,G )  200  21.12  3  136.64 kN / m 2
q ( F , H )  200  21.12  3  263.36 kN / m 2
q ( B , D , L , N )  200  21.12  5  305.6 kN / m 2
F
This figure shows the pressure distribution below A L
E
the mat foundation based on the assumption that the H
N
C
pressure distribution is linear. G
K
42
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (9)
Consider the weight of footing and determine L and B of a trapezoidal footing for a
uniform soil pressure of 300 kN/m2, thickness of the footing is 1.0 m
Useful formula:
h  2c  b 
y  
3 cb 
Solution:
 1.5  B 
Weight of footing =    L  24  12L1.5  B 
 2 
Q  0
 1.5  B 
3000  2500  4500  12L1.5  B   300  L
 2 
10000 12L(1.5  B )  150L1.5  B 
52
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Let 1.5  B   Y
10000 12LY  150LY
10000  138LY
LY  72.5 ………………………………………………………………………(1)
 M  0 (Moment taken about the centroid of the base)

3000(a  2)  500  2500(a  8)  700  4500(14  a)  1000  0
100a  888  a  8.88m
But;
L  2 1.5  B  L  1.5  Y 
L  8.88     
3  1.5  B  3  Y 
3Y ( L  8.88)  1.5 L  LY
3LY  26.64Y  1.5 L  LY
1.5L  2LY  26.64Y ……………………………………………………………….(2)
Substitute by LY from equation (1) in equation (2)

1.5 L  2  72.5  26.64Y
 72.5 
1.5 L  145  26.64 
 L 
1.5 L2  145L  1931.4  0
145  1452  4  1.5  1931.4
L  15.95m
2  1 .5
72.5
Y   4.54  B  3.04m
15.95
52
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (10)
Determine the dimensions of a rectangular footing, given the following data:

Column (1): PD = 55 t, PL = 45 t and 40x40 cross section.
Ultimate gross soil pressure = 3.7 kg/cm2, D f  1.5m and  soil  1.7t / m
3
Factor of safety = 2.0
Solution:
Assume depth of footing = 60 cm

qult ( net )  qult ( gross)  hs s  hc c
 37  0.9  1.7  0.6  2.5  33.97t / m 2

qult ( net ) 33.97
qall ( net )    16.99
F .S . 2
Arequired 
Q 
55  45  90  70
 15.30m 2
q all ( net ) 16.99
R  P1  P2  (55  45)  (90  70)  260t
260x  (90  70)  4  x  2.46m
L  2(2.46  0.2)  5.32m. So, it will be taken as 5.4 m

A 15.30
B    2.83m, and it will be taken as 2.9 m
L 5.4
72
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (11)
Determine the dimensions of a trapezoidal footing to support the following loads:

Allowable net soil pressure = 2.0 kg/cm2
Solution:
155(5)  (155  200) x '
x '  2.18m
x ''  2.18  0.25  2.43m
Arequired 
Q 
200  155
 17.75m 2
qall ( net ) 20
ab
17.75     5.5
 2 
a  b  6.45……………………………………………………………………… (1)
But:
L  2b  a  5.5  2b  a 
x ''      ……………………………………………. (2)
3  ba  3  ba 
82
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
5.5  6.45  b 
2.43   
3  6.45 
6.45  b
1.325   8.55  6.45  b  b  2.1m
6.45
a  6.45  2.1  4.35m
82
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (12)
A combined footing consists of four columns as shown in figure, determine:

1- Width of the combined footing
Allowable gross soil pressure = 255 kN/m2,
 c  24 kN / m 3 and  soil  20 kN / m 3
Solution:
Assume that the width of the footing is B
Weight of footing & soil = 28  B (1.5  24  1  20)  1568B
 Q 1500  3500  4000  2500  1568B  (11500  1568B)kN

 M (Moment taken about the centroid of the base)
 M   150011.5  2500  3500 4  2500  250011.5  13500kN.m
Eccentricity:
e
M 
13500
.
Q 11500  1568B
Q  6e 
q 1  
BL  L
Q  6e  11500  1568B  6 13500 
q max  1    255  1  
BL  L 28B  28(11500  1568B ) 
11500  1568B  81000 
255  1  
28B  322000 43904B 
 403000 43904B 
7140B  (11500  1568B ) 
 322000 43904B 
244633088B 2  1162280000B  4634500000 0
03
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
B 2  4.751B  18.945  0
 4.751 4.7512  4  18.945 2.58m
B  
2 7.334 m
Take B = 2.6 m and check qmax < (qall = 255 kN/m2)
11500  1568 2.6  6 13500 
q max  1    253.7  255kN / m 2
28  2.6  28(11500  1568 2.6) 
11500  1568 2.6  6 13500 
q min  1    174kN / m 2  0
28  2.6  28(11500  1568 2.6) 
Base pressure due to weight of soil & footing = 1.5x24 + 1x20 = 56 kN/m2
03
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (13)
Given the cantilever footing shown below with the following data:
Q1 = 1500 kN, Q2 = 2500 kN, qall = 200 kN/m2.
Design the footing for a uniform soil pressure distribution.
The exterior footing is rectangular (B1 × B2) while the interior one is square (B × B).
Exterior Footing Interior Footing
B1 B
B2
B
L=8m
Q1 = 1500 kN Q2 = 2500 kN
0.6 m
1.0 m a = 4.4 m b=3m
Q1 + Q2 = 4000 kN
Strap Beam
q = 200 kN/m2 q = 200 kN/m2
R1 = 1260 kN R2 = 2380 kN
Figure (1)
Solution:
First; locate the point of application of the resultant of the two forces
Q  Q1  Q2  1500  2500  4000 kN
1500 8
b  3.0 m
4000
23
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Select B1 = 2.0 m
Then, a = 4.4 m
3  4000
R1   1260 kN
7 .4
R2  4000  1260  2380 kN
1260
Now, B2   4 .0 m
200  2
2380
B  3.45 m
200
By referring to Figure (1), you can draw the shear and moment diagrams.
Figure (2) outlines the general shape of them, and values are left to student.
Note, the strap beam does not take soil pressure.
Shear Force Diagram
Bending Moment Diagram
Figure (2)
22
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (14)
Calculate the base pressure at the points indicated below the mat (raft)
foundation shown. Height of the mat is 2.0 m and con = 24 kN/m3
C B
A
F
X X
POINT OF APP. OF  Q
D E
Y
X-X & Y-Y ARE CENTROIDAL AXES
Solution:
A  18  12  5  4  196 m 2
 18  12  9  4  5  (2.5  13) 1634
X    8.34m
196 196
 18  12  6  4  5  (8  2) 1096
Y   5.59m
196 196
 183  12 2  53  4 
I yy 
  12  18  (0.66)   
  20(2.5  4.66) 2   4859 m 4
 12   12 
 18  123   5  43 
I xx    12  18  (0.41) 2     4  5  (2  2.41) 2   2212 m 4
 12   12 
I XY  18  12  (0.66)  (0.41)  20  (4.41)  (2.5  4.66)  573m 4
Q  9  1200  2  1800  (12  18  5  4)  24  2  23808 kN

{Column Loads }  {Own wt. of footing}
43
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Moment about the left side :

3  1200 [2  6.5  11]  2  1800 16  127800kN.m
12  18  24  2  9  93312 kN.m
- 5  4  24  2  15.5  14880 kN .m
 M  206232kN.m
206232
X   8.66m  e X  0.32m
23808
Note; e X  8.66  8.34  0.32m
Moment about the bottom line:

3  1200 [10  6  2]  1800 [6  2]  79.2 kN.m
12  18  24  2  6  62.208 kN.m
- 5  4  24  2  10  9.60 kN.m
 M  131.808 kN.m
131.808
Y  5.54m  eY  0.05m
23808
Note; eY  5.54  5.59  0.05m
1 4 7
2 5 8 10
3 6 9 11
LOAD OF COLUMNS 1 TO 9 IS 1200 kN

LOAD OF COLUMNS 10 & 11 IS 1800 kN
43
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
M X  Q  e y  23808 (0.05)  1190.4 kN. m

M Y  Q  e X  23808 (0.32)  7618.56 kN. m
Q  M Y I X  M X I XY   M I  M Y I XY 
q  X   X Y Y
A  I X I Y  ( I XY ) 2 

 I I  (I ) 2
 X Y XY


23808  7618.56  2212  (1190.4)  (573) 

q   X
196  4860 2212  (573) 2 
 (1190.4)  4859  (7618.56)  (573) 
  Y
 4860  2212  ( 573) 2

 q  121.47  1.55 X  0.136Y

q A  121.47  1.55  4.66  0.136  2.41  128.36 kN / m 2
q B  121.47  1.55  4.66  0.136  6.41  127.82 kN / m 2
qC  121.47  1.55  8.34  0.136  6.41  107.67 kN / m 2
q D  121.47  1.55  8.34  0.136  5.59  109.3 kN / m 2
q E  121.47  1.55  9.66  0.136  5.59  137.2 kN / m 2
q F  121.47  1.55  9.66  0.136  2.41  136.11 kN / m 2
43
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Retaining Walls
A. Useful Relationships:
K a  tan 2 ( 45  Φ/ 2 )
K p  tan 2 ( 45  Φ/ 2 )
Where;
Ka is Rankine active earth pressure coefficient
Kp is Rankine passive earth pressure coefficient
is the angle of internal friction of soil
1
Note; K p  
Ka
FS (Overturning ) 
M R
M O
Where;
MO = sum of the moments of forces tending to overturn the wall
MR = sum of the moments of forces tending to resist overturning of the wall
Note; FS against overturning is to be > 2
FS ( Sliding) 
F R
F d
Where;
FR = sum of the horizontal resisting forces
Fd = sum of the horizontal driving forces
Notes;
 FS against sliding is to be > 1.5
 If the factor of safety against sliding < 1.5, dimensions of the wall is to be
changed or a key is needed
73
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
For bearing capacity check; the value of q max (q toe) is to be less than the
allowable soil pressure (q all) and no tension is permitted under the base of the wall.
The factor of safety against bearing capacity failure will be:
qult
FS ( Bearing Capacity) 
qtoe
Notes;
 q ult is determined from the Terzaghi's general bearing capacity equation
1
qu  C N c Fci Fcd  q N q Fqi Fqd   B N F i F d
2
 FS against bearing capacity failure is to be > 3
B. Approximate Dimensions for Various Components of Retaining Wall for

Initial Stability Checks:
0,3 m 0,3 m
(min) (min)
SLOPE SLOPE
(0.02 H : 1 V) (0.02 H : 1 V)
H
Stem
Stem
0.1 H
D
0.12 to
D
Toe Heel 0.17 H Toe 0.1 H Heel

0.1 H
0.12 to 0.5 to 0.7 H

0.17 H 0.5 to 0.7 H
D min = 0.6 m D min = 0.6 m

Gravity Retaining Wall Cantilever Retaining Wall
73
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (15)
This is a nice chance for you – as a student of Civil Engineering – to design a
cantilever retaining wall since it is the first one in retaining structures.
The following points will be taken in consideration:
 The passive force of the soil will be neglected in the design since the soil in
front of the wall will be excavated in the future due to water pipe installation.
 No water pressure will be considered in the backfill since an adequate
drainage system will be installed.
For details; see figure in the next page.
It is required to determine the following:

1. Width of the footing
2. Factor of safety against overturning
3. Factor of safety against sliding
4. Factor of safety against bearing capacity failure
5. Shear and moment in the vertical stem
6. Shear and moment in the toe projection
7. Shear and moment in the heel projection
Keeping in mind that;

1. The factor of safety against overturning > 2
2. The factor of safety against sliding > 1.5
3. con = 24 kN/m3
4. Coefficient of friction between the soil and the base of the footing of
the wall; that is  is 0.5
5. The allowable soil pressure is 280 kN/m2
73
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
0,7 m
20 kN/m2
Granular Backfill
 = 20 kN/m3
 = 35
SLOPE
(1 H : 8 V)
12 m
Stem
2.0 m
2.5 m
Toe 2.0 m Heel

1.6 m
B = ??
4.0 m
Dense Coarse Sand

 = 20 kN/m3
 = 35
4.0 m
Medium Soft Clay

 = 16 kN/m3
C = 35
Very Dense Gravel
Cantilever Retaining Wall
04
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Solution:
0,7 m
V4
V1 V5
H1
12 m
H2
V2
2.0 m
2.5 m
V3
1.6 m
B = 8.0 m
4.0 m
Dense Coarse Sand

 = 20 kN/m3
 = 35
4.0 m
Medium Soft Clay

 = 16 kN/m3
C = 35
Very Dense Gravel
Forces that the retaining wall is subjected to
04
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
K a  tan 2 ( 45  Φ/ 2 )
Φ  35
 K a  0.27
Assume B  8.0 m
Pr essure due to surch arg e :
P  q  K a  20  0.27  5.4 kN / m 2
At Z  0.0 the pressureis 0.0
i.e. Pa  0.0
At Z  12.0 the pressureis :
Pa    H  K a  20  12  0.27  64.8 kN / m 2
Now; the following table can be prepared:

Arm Moment
Force kN/m (Vertical) kN/m (Horizontal)
(m) (kN.m/m)
V1 0.7 10.4  24  174.7 - 2.35 + 410.5
1 - 3.13
V2 10.4  1.3   24  162.2 + 507.8
2
V3 1.6  8.0  24  307.2 - 4.00 + 1228.8
1 - 3.57
V4 1.3 10.4  20  135.2 + 482.7
2
V5 4 10.4  20  832 - 6.00 + 4992.0
H1 - 5.4 12  64.8 6.00 - 388.8
- 1 4.00
H2  64.8  12  388.8 - 1555.2
2
 MR = + 7621.8
SUM  Vert. Forces = 1611.3  Horiz. Forces = 453.6
 MO = - 1944
Overturning:
FS (Overturning ) 
M R
M O
7621.8
FS   3.92  2  O.K .
1944
04
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Sliding:
FS ( Sliding) 
F R

V  
F d H
1
1611.3  ( )
FS  2  1.78  1.5  O.K .
453.6
Bearing capacity:
B M
e 
2 V
8 7621.9  1944
e   0.48m
2 1611.3
q max 
 V (1  6e )
min A B
A  8 m2 (Note; A  8  1 ).
1611.3  6  0.48 
q max  1  
min 8  8 
 q max  273.4 kN / m 2
 q min  129.5 kN / m 2
Both q max and q min are less than the allowable soil pressureand no tension
belowthe base of the footing
That is O.K .
07
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
V5
H3
H4
A A
V10 B C V11
V7 V9
V8
V6 129
202
238
274
Shear and Moments:
SECTION A-A
Force Value (kN/m) Arm (m) Moment (kN.m/m)
H3 H 3  0.27  20  10.4  56.2 5.20 292.2
1
H4 H 4  0.27   20  (10.4) 2  292.0 3.47 1012.3
2
 Shear 348.2(LEFT)
 Moment 1304.5 (CCW)
00
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
SECTION A-B
V10 V10  1.6  24  2.0  76.8 1.00 - 76.8
1 2
V6 V6  2  274   274 2 365.3
2 3
1 2
V7 V7  238  2   238 158.6
2 3
 Shear 435.2 (Up)
 Moment 447.2 (CW)
SECTION A-C
V5 V5  832 2.00 - 1664
1 4
V8 V8   4  202  404 538.7
2 3
1 2
V9 V9   4  129  258 4 688
2 3
V11 V11  4  24  1.6  135.6 2.00 - 307.2
 Shear 323.6 (Down)
 Moment 744.5 (CW)
04
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Bearing Capacity of a Single Pile
Ultimate capacity of a pile; Qult  Qp  Qs

Where:
Qp = End (point) bearing capacity of the pile at the base.
Qs = (Skin) friction capacity of the pile perimeter.
1. Cohesive soil (Φu = 0):
 (Skin) Friction Capacity (kN)

1.1
Qs  qsAs  CuAs
1
Where:
0.9
qs (or fs) = unit skin friction (or adhesion in this case)
between pile and clay (kN/m2). 0.8
α = Adhesion factor. (See Fig. 1) 0.7
α
Cu = un-drained shear strength. 0.6
As = Shaft (friction) area. 0.5
0.4
If there are n different layers;
n 0.3
Qs   i  Cui  Asi 0 50 100 150 200 250
i 1 2
Cu, (KN/m )
Where;
As = p  L Figure (1)
P is the perimeter of the pile, then;
n
Qs  p   i  Cui  Li
i 1
 End Bearing Capacity (kN)
The general expression used to estimate the end bearing capacity of the pile is:
Qp  ApcNc  12 BN  DfNq 
Where;
Nc, Nγ, Nq bearing capacity factors for deep foundations
Qp  qpAp  Nc  Cu  Ap
Nc = 9 is commonly used, then;
Qp  9  C u  A p
64
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
ENG. LUAY QRENAWI ENG. RANA JEBER
Where;
Cu is the un-drained shear strength at pile point level.
Nc is the bearing capacity factor for cohesion for deep foundations.
Ap is the base (point) area of pile.
2. Cohesionless Soils (Cu = 0):
 (Skin) Friction Capacity (kN)
Qs  qsAs  qfAs  Ks  vo ' tan   As
Where;
qs or qf is the unit skin friction (kPa), qs  h' tan  
Ks is the coefficient of earth pressure depending on relative, volume, displacement of pile,
material and shape of pile (See Table 1)
δ is angle of friction between pile and soil
Note;
The recommended value for  for concrete piles is 20o
σvo' is effective vertical pressure at the level considered.

σh' is horizontal pressure at the level considered.
v'  Ks vo'
As is shaft area.
If there are different cohesion-less layers:

n
Qs   Ksi  vo ' tan   As
i 1
Since As  p  L
n
Qs  p tan   Ksivo ' Li
i 1
Note that:
 ' vo is average for each layer considered (i.e. taken as mid height)
Ks is usually constant, but if Dr's of the layers are significantly different, use Table 1
Table (1): Values of Ks
Driven Pile
Small Displacement Pile Bored Pile
(Displacement Pile)
Low Dr High Dr Low Dr High Dr
0.5
1.0 2.0 0.5 1.0
64
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
 End Bearing Capacity (kN)
(Note that the term with Nγ in the general equation is comparatively small, so it is cancelled)
Qp  qpAp  Nq  vo ' Ap

Where;
qp is the unit base resistance (kPa).
Ap is the base area of pile.
Nq is the bearing capacity factor for deep foundations, see Table 2.
 ' vo is the vertical effective stress at the base level of the pile.
Note;
The vertical effective stress is considered to be constant after 20D or 20B which is called the
critical depth
Table (2): Values of Nq

Φ' 20 25 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 45
Nq Driven 8 12 20 25 35 45 60 80 120 160 230
Nq Bored 4 5 8 12 17 22 30 40 60 80 115
64
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (16)
A rectangular footing is acted by a vertical load of 8060 kN and two horizontal forces of
1500 kN in both the long and the short directions with a distance of 0.6 m from the ground surface.
Determine:
1. The base pressure at the four corners if the footing was on soil.
2. Pile loads at the four corners if the footing was on piles whose pattern as shown.
Solution:
soil  20 kN / m 3
8060 KN
0.5 m
2*2 m pedestal
conc  24 kN / m 3 Hp = 1500 KN
1.4 m 1 m
7m
0.5 m
B A
1m 1m 1m 1m
Hp = 1500 KN
5m
0.5 m D 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m C 0.5 m
0.5 m
Hs = 1500 KN
Pedestal 2×2×1.5×24 = 144 kN

Footing 5×7×1.4×24 = 1176 kN
Soil (5×7 – 2×2) ×1.0×20 = 620 kN
Column load 8060 kN
Total load = 144+1176+620+8060 = 10,000 kN.
64
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
1. Base Pressure at the Four Corners:
q max 
 Q  6e L

6eB
min A L B
1500 3
eL  eB   0.45m
10,000
10,000  6  0.45 6  0.45 
q max  1   
min 5 7  7 5 
Qmax  285.7  111 .4  154.3
min
qA = 285.7 + 111.4 + 154.3 = 551 kN/m2

qB = 285.7 - 111.4 + 154.3 = 329 kN/m2
qC = 285.7 + 111.4 - 154.3 = 243 kN/m2
qD = 285.7 - 111.4 - 154.3 = 20 kN/m2
2. Pile Loads at the Four Corners.
Q
Q  M x  M y
y x
n Iy Ix
eL  eB  0.45m
e Q  M L M B  4500KN / m
IB = (12 + 32) ×3×2 + 22×2×2 = 76 pile.m2
IL = 22 ×4×2 + 12×2×3 = 38 pile.m2
10,000 4500 4500

Q  3 2
18 76 38
Q max  556  178  237
min
QA = 556 + 178 + 237 = 971 KN/pile

QB = 556 - 178 + 237 = 615 KN/pile
QC = 556 + 178 - 237 = 497 KN/pile
QD = 556 - 178 - 237 = 141 KN/pile
05
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (17)
For the group of friction piles shown; determine the settlement of the clay layers.
Total Q= 3600 KN
4.0 m
1.2
Friction piles
Incomressible
2.8 m
2/3 Df = 8.0 m
1.2
0.4
mv=0.0001 KN 1.2 1.2 1.2
12 piles group
17 m SOFT CLAY
Q1=3600/(4*2.8)=321.4KN/m2
1/3Df = 4.0 m
Q2=138.5KN/m2 A1
1.5
30
1.5
Q3=77.0KN/m2 Incompressible A2
Incomressible
Added vertical stress which cuase settlement

A3
3.0
Q3=33.9KN/m2
5.0 m
A4
3.0
Q3=19.0KN/m2
very dense gravel
Solution:
S  P  H  mv  AL  mv
A = Pressure area
S is the settlement of the clay layer
A1 = 0.5× (321.4 + 138.5) × 1.5 = 345 kN/m.
A2 = 0.5× (138.5 + 77.0) × 1.5 = 162 kN/m.
A3 = 0.5× (77.0 + 33.9) × 3.0 = 166 kN/m.
A4 = 0.5× (33.9 + 19) × 3.0 = 79 kN/m.
S1 = 345×0.0001 = 0.0345 m
S2 = 162×0.0001 = 0.0162 m
S3 = 166×0.0001 = 0.0166 m
S4 = 79×0.0001 = 0.0079 m
Total Settlement = 0.0752 m = 75.2 mm
Note that almost the half of the settlement of the pile group is due to compression of the upper 1.50
thick layer.
05
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (18)
Determine the settlement of the group of point bearing piles shown.
Total Q= 3600 KN
End Bearing Piles

SOFT CLAY
Df = 8.0 m
4.0 m
0.4 m
mv=0.0001 KN
1.2
2.8 m
1.2
1.2 1.2 1.2
0
12 piles group
3.0
30 Q1=77.0 kN/m2
3.0
Q2=33.9 kN/m2
6.0
CLAY
3.0
Q3=19.0KN/m2
very dense gravel
Solution:
S  P  H  mv  AL  mv
A = Pressure area
S is the settlement of the clay layer
Note; Q is used instead of P in the following equations
3600
Q1   77.0 kN / m 2
(4  2  3  tan 30)  (2.8  2  3  tan 30)
3600
Q2   33.9 kN / m 2
(4  2  6  tan 30)  (2.8  2  6  tan 30)
3600
Q3   19 kN / m 2
(4  2  9  tan 30)  (2.8  2  9  tan 30)
1
S1   (77.0  33.9)  3.0  0.0001  0.0166 m
2
1
S 2   (33.9  19.0)  3.0  0.0001  0.0079 m
2
Total Settlement S = 0.0166 + 0.0079 = 0.0245 m = 24.5 mm
05
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (19)
A reinforced concrete circular pile is driven to the soil as shown below. Calculate the
negative skin friction force acting on the pile.
  17KN / m 3
4.0 m
New sand fill (1)
  35o
  18KN / m 3
4.0 m
Compressible clay layer (2)

qu  30KN / m 2
4.0 m
Compressible clay layer (2)

Rock
0.5 m
Rock
0.5 m
Solution:
Ko  1  sin   0.43
Resultant of lateral
  23 tan   0.467
4.0 m
earth pressure at rest

qu
Cu   15KN / m 2 Po 
1
 4  29.24  58.48KN / m 2
2 2
4 17  0.43  29.24KN / m 2
F 1  PoD
F1  58.48  0.467    0.5  43KN
F 2  Dh Cu
F2    0.5  4  15  94.3KN
Total negative skin friction, F = F1 + F2 = 137.3 kN/pile
05
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (20)
A pile supported foundation is given below. A vertical force of 1200 kN (including all the
loads on foundation) is acting downward at point K.
Determine the loads carried by piles A, B and C.
Axis of Symmetry
B
3.464 m
2.07 m
K
X X
c.g
0.69 m
1.5 m
A
C
Ө Ө
2.4 m
0.46 m
4.0 m
Pile Cap
Solution:
3.464
tan      60 o
2
 x
tan  tan 30 0   x  0.46m.
2 0. 8
 Eccentricity :
e  1.5  (0.69  0.46)  0.35m
 Moment :
M  1200  0.35  420KN .m
Moment of inertia of piles:

Ix  x  1  1.382  2  0.69 2  2.86Pile.m 2
Then; the force on piles A, B, and C will be;
1200 420
QA  QC    0.69  299kN / pile
3 2.86
1200 4200
QB    1.38  603kN / pile
3 2.86
06
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (21)
One of the exterior columns of a steel frame structure is acted by a vertical force of 10,000
kN, a horizontal force of 2000 kN and a moment of 5000 kN.m. Due to a poor foundation soil; it was
decided to support that column by a pile foundation consisting of a twelve pile group. Piles are
concrete filled steel pipe piles. Allowable axial compressive load on each pile is 2000 kN. It is also
predicted that each pile can also resist a horizontal force of 60 kN. Passive resistance of soil will not
be considered.
Is the selected pile group satisfactory?
5000 KN.m
2000 KN 10000 KN
1.5*1.5m pedestal
5.5*7.5 m Pile cap
Batter pile Batter pile

3 3
1 1
Vertical Piles
0.75
2
5.5 m
2
0.75
0.75 2 2 2 0.75
7.5 m
Solution:
Column load = 10,000 kN
Weight of pedestal = 1.5 ×1.5 ×2 ×24 = 108 kN
Weight of pile cap = 5.5 ×7.5 ×2 ×24 = 1,980 kN
Weight of soil = (5.5 ×7.5 – 1.5 ×1.5) ×2 ×20 = 1,560 kN
Total vertical loads = 10,000 + 108 + 1,980 + 1,560 = 13,648 kN

Moment = 5000 + 4 ×2000 = 13000 kN.m
Horizontal loads = 2000 kN
00
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
I 1  1  2  3  (12  32 )  60 pile.m 2
Qn 
Q   M  X n 1
n I1  1
13648 13000
Qn    Xn  1137  217 Xn A B C D
12 60
Then;
QA = 1137 -217×3 = 486 kN/pile
QB = 1137 -217×1 = 920 kN/pile
QC = 1137 +217×1 = 1354 kN/ple
QD = 1137 +217×3 = 1788 kN/pile
2m 1m 1m 2m
Total load = 4548×3 = 13644 ≈ 13648
1
486 1788
Unbalanced horizontal force = 2000  3   3  698KN
3 3
698
Now;  58kN / pile  60  O.K .
12
Maximum axial load:

QD Unbalance hrizontal force
RD 
cos
1 3QD  5364KN
tan  
3
cos  0.95
1.788
RD   1884kN  2000kN  O.K .
0.95 3QC  4062
 Q  13648KN
3QB  2760
3QA  1548
 Q  2000
04
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Deep Foundations
1. Equations:
Qu
Qu = Ultimate Pile Capacity.
QP = Load-Capacity of pile point.
Qs = Skin friction resistance.
L = Pile length. Pile
q’ = Overburden pressure at pile tip.

D = Pile dimension.
L
AP = Area of the pile cross-section. Qs
D
D
Pile cross-section
q'
Qp
Figure 1, Parameters' definition
2. Load – Capacity of Pile Point:
QP = AP q’ Nq*
Or, QP = AP q1
Whichever is smaller.
Where;
q1 (kPa) = 50 Nq* tan Φ
Nq* = Bearing capacity factor for deep foundations.
57
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
3. Skin Friction Resistance:
O f
L' = 15D
Qs (1)
L'
Qs (2)
Figure 2 . Variation of Skin Friction with Depth
Qs (1) = P L’ f av
Qs (2) = p (L – L’) f
Qs = Qs (1) + Qs (2)
Where;
f = K ơv’ tan ơ (skin friction)
σ v’ = overburden pressure
K = lateral earth pressure = 0.5 + 0.008Dr (Dr = Relative Density in Percent)
δ = friction angle between soil and pile (usually 0.6 Φ)
P = perimeter of the pile
fav = average skin friction (From 0 to L it is f / 2)
58
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
4. Efficiency of Pile Group:
2n1  n 2  2  d  4 D
Efficiency,  
pn1n 2
Where the parameters are as defined in Figure 3.
Ultimate load capacity of pile group: Pile Cap

Soil surface
Qu (g) = ∑ Qu * η
If η ≥ 1.0; use η = 1.0
L
Allowable load capacity of pile group:
Qa (g) = Qu (g) / SF
Where; 2.5 ≤ SF ≤ 4.5
n piles
d d d
d
m piles
d
d
d
Figure 3. Pile group
59
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (22)
Consider a precast concrete pile 12 – m long in a homogenous sandy soil layer. The pile
cross section is 305 mm × 305 mm, the dry unit weight of sand is, γd = 16.8 kN / m3, and the soil
friction angle Ф = 35o.
Calculate the ultimate point load that the pile can carry.
305 mm
305 mm
X X
12 m
Section X-X
Solution:
For Ф = 35o , Nq* = 120. Thus;
q’ = γd L = 16.8 × 12 = 201.6 kPa
Qp = Ap q’ Nq* = (0.305)2 × 201.6 × 120 = 2250.46 kN
OR
q1 = 50 Nq* tan Φ = 50 × 120 × tan 35 = 4201.25
Qp = Ap q1 = (0.305)2 × 4201.25 = 390.82 kN
Thus the point ultimate load of the pile that is Qp is:

Qp = 390.82 kN
60
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (23):
Consider a pre-cast concrete pile in Problem # (21):
1. Estimate the ultimate skin frictional resistance Qs

2. Calculate the total ultimate load of the pile, Q
Assume that for the given dry unit weight the relative density of the sand Dr = 100 %
76.86
O
Qs (1) L' = 15 D = 4.6 m
Qs (2)
12 m
Z
Solution:
The unit skin friction is estimated as: f = K σ v’ tan δ

Where: σ v’ = overburden pressure = γ z (See Figure Above)
For depth z from 0 to 15 D : σ v’ = 16.8 z (kPa)
For depth z ≥ 15 D : σ v’ = 16.8 ( 15 * 0.305 ) = 76.86 kPa (Constant)
K = lateral earth pressure = 0.5 + 0.008 Dr = 0.5 + ( 0.008 * 100 ) = 1.3
1.3  76.86  tan 0.6  35 

Qs 1  PL ' fav  4  0.305 4.6    107.64 kN
 2
Qs (2) = P (L – L’) f = [ 4 × 0.305 ] [ 12 – 4.6 ] [1.3×76.86× tan(0.6× 35)] = 346.27 kN
Qs = Qs (1) + Qs (2) = 107.64 + 346.27 = 453.91 kN
Total load = Q pile = (problem # 21) + Q s = 390.82 + 453.91 = 844.73 kN
61
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (24):
Estimate the total load that the pile group shown below can carry. Note that; every single
pile is identical to that in problems # (21) and # (22).
Pile Cap
Soil surface
12 m
4 piles
d = 1.5 m
1.5 m
5 piles
Solution:
Total load that the single pile can carry Q = 844.73 kN (Problem # (21) and # (22))
m=5
n=4
so, m × n = 20 piles
QT = 844.73 × 20 = 16894.6 kN
The efficiency of the group:
2m  n  2  d  4 D

pmn
25  4  2 1.5  4  0.305

 = 0.91 (or 91 %)
4  0.305 5  4
Therefore; the total load that can be carried by the pile group is;
QTG = 16894.6 × 0.91 = 15374.09 kN.
62
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (25)
Determine the depth of penetration and the maximum bending moment of a cantilever sheet
pile wall constructed in a three layered soil system as shown below. What should be the required
section modulus of a steel sheet pile if the allowable stress of steel is 150 MPa?
q = 20 kN/m2
Clay, qu = 40 kN/m2
 = 20 kN/m3
Sand,  = 30
 = 18 kN/m3
Dredge Line
Clay, qu = 100 kN/m2

 = 19 kN/m3
Solution:
 a  (q   v ' )  K a  2  C K a
 p  (q   v ' )  K a  2  C K a
For the clay layer;  = 0.0o, that means Ka = Kp = 1.0
1
For the sand layer;  = 30.0o, that means K a  and Kp = 3.0
3
From soil mechanics, q = 2C
Pressure Diagram:
 At depth (Z) = 0.0 m
 a  (20  0.0) 1  2  20 1  20 kN/m 2
 At depth (Z) = 2.0 m (Clay Layer)

 a  (20  2  20) 1  2  20 1  20 kN/m 2
 At depth (Z) = 2.0 m (Just below the Clay Layer)
63
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
1 1
 a  (20  2  20)   2  0.0   20 kN/m 2
3 3
 At depth (Z) = 5.0 m (Dredge Line)

1 1
 a  (20  2  20  3 18)   2  0.0  38 kN/m 2
3 3
 At depth (Z) = 6.5 m

1 1
 a  (20  2  20  3 18  1.5 18)   2  0.0
3 3
 p  (0.0  1.5 18)  3  0.0
 p   a  34.0 kN / m 2
If we assume that  p   a  0.0 and solve for the depth;
It will be found out that this will occur at a depth of 0.79 m below the dredge line.
 At depth (Z) = 6.5 m to (6.5 + X) m

 a  (20  2  20  3 18  1.5 18  19  X ) 1  2  50  1
 p  (0.0  1.5  18  19  X )  1  2  50  1
Now; the net pressure at any depth larger than 6.5 m is:
 p   a  86.0 kN / m 2
Note; the depth of penetration of the sheet pile will be 1.5 + X
Now; the following table can be arranged:
Force # Force (kN / m) Arm (m) Moment (kN.m / m)

1
H1 1  20  10.0 4.83 + X 10 X + 48.3
2
H2 20  3  60.0 3.00 + X 60 X + 180
1
H3 18  3   27.0 2.50 + X 27 X + 67.5
2
1
H4 38  0.79   15.0 1.24 + X 15 X + 18.6
2
1
H5  34  0.71  12.0 0.24 + X -12 X – 2.8
2
X
H6  86 X  86X -43 X2
2
64
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
q = 20 kN/m2
-20
H1
20
H3
H2
Dredge Line 38
H4
86 H6
34
H6
Now; taking the sum of the moment about the base of the wall (point P) will lead to:
M Base  0.0
 43  X 2  100  X  311.6  0.0 
X  4 .1 m
Depth of penetration of the sheet pile will be;
Do = 1.5 + 4.1 = 5.6 m
D = 1.2 × 5.6 = 6.7 m
Maximum bending moment M max occurs at the point of zero shear

Shear is the derivative of the moment, so, shear equation will be:
V (shear) = - 86 X + 100
V = 0.0 at a depth of 1.163 m
M max (Moment at a depth of 1.163 m) = 369.7 kN.m / m
Section Modulus is calculated from the following equation:

M max 369.7 109
S 
 all 150103
 2467103 mm 3
65
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (26)
An anchored steel sheet pile wall in a hemogeneous sand deposit is to be designed

and constructed. Determine the depth of penetration, maximum bending moment and
anchored pull by:
1- Free earth support method.
2- Fixed earth support method.
Free earth support method:


66
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Solution:
Arm about anchor,

Force (KN) Moment (kN.m)
point O (m)
H1= 36 2 72
H2= 108 3 324
H3= 18.375 5.292 97.24
H4= -24x2 5.875+2/3 x -141x2 –16x3
-16x3-141x2+493.24
Taking the moment about the anchor equal zero
M O  16x 3  141x 2  493.24  0
x 3  8.813x 2  30.828  0
By trial & error  x  1.71m
Penetration depth = 0.875+1.71 = 2.6 m
F x 0
 36  1082  18.375  24  1.712  P  0
 P  92.2kN Per meter width of the wall
Zero shear point:

H1+H2 = 36+108 = 144kN >P
Zero shear point must be at the depth from (1-6) m
 Fx  0
1
 6Z   6 Z  Z  92.2  0
2
3Z2  6 Z  92.2  0  Z  4.63m
4.632 1 4.632
M max  92.2  (4.63  1)  6    27.78   171.12kN.m
2 2 3
66
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Fixed earth support method:-


Solution :
 MA  0
5.875  P  36  3.875  108  2.875  18.375  0.583  0
P = 78.42 kN per meter width of the wall
66
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
F x 0
 78.42  36  108  18.375  R A  0
 R A  84.375kN
 MO  0
x3
 84.375x  24  0  x  3.25m
3
D = 3.25 + 0.875 = 4.12 m
Penetration depth = 1.2D = 4.95 m
 Fx 0
1
 6Z   6 Z  Z  78.42  0
2
3Z 2  6 Z  78.42  0  Z  4.21m
4.212 1 4.212
M max  78.42  (4.21  1)  6    6  4.21  123.94kN.m
2 2 3
66
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
Problem # (27)
Refer to problem 25, what would be the depth of penetration, maximum bending
moment and anchored pull if the soil below dredge line was a clay deposit with a unit
weight of 18 kN/m3 and unconfined compressive strength of 75 kN/m2 (Use free
earth support method)


 
Solution:
Arm about anchor,

Force (KN) Moment (kN.m)
point O (m)
H1= 36 2 72
H2= 108 3 324
H3= -24D 5+0.5 -120D –12D2
-12D2-120D+396
Taking the moment about the anchor equal zero
 MO  12D2  120D  396  0  D  2.62m

Penetration depth = 2.62 m
 Fx  0
36  108  24  2.62  P  0
67
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD
 P  81.12kN per meter width of the wall
 Fx  0
1
 6Z   6 Z  Z  81.12  0
2
3Z2  6 Z  81.12  0  Z  4.29m
4.292 1 4.292
M max  81.12  (4.29  1)  6    6  4.29   132.72kN.m
2 2 3
67
PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD

Foundation Problems

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SOLVED PROBLEMS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Prob. # Subject Page

The authors owe a great deal to Chairman of the Teamwork,

TO THE SPIRIT OF:

PROF. ESSMAT ORDAMEIR

ENG. ISMAIL ABU SHANAB

PROF. MOHAMMED AWAD

ENG. LUAY QRENAWI

ENG. RANA JABER

It is our great pleasure to introduce the first version of Solved

This book contains different foundation engineering, problems

A simple language was used in the preparation of this book so that

The teamwork welcomes any note, advice, comment or criticize

‫محتويات صفحة الغالف‪:‬‬

‫‪SOLVED PROBLEMS IN FOUNDATIN ENGINEERING‬‬

‫مسائل محلولة في هندسة األساسات‬

Layer Gs eo LL (%) t50 (2.54 cm thick specimen)

For the information given above, estimate:

2. UNIT WEIGHTS OF CLAY LAYERS:

3. ORIGINAL OVERBURDEN PRESSURE:

5. ADDED VERTICAL EFFECTIVE STRESS P:

Layer Z (m) m (B/Z) n (L/Z) I3 P = 4* q * I3 (kPa)

B. Beneath the corners

Layer Z (m) m (B/Z) n (L/Z) I3 P = q * I3 (kPa)

6.2 SETTLEMENT BENEATH THE CORNERS

10. TIME FOR 80% SETTLEMENT:

To best understand this problem; students must be familiar with:

By Trial & Error Technique:

Useful Formulas: Dry Sand

OCR  0.193( F ) 0.689 Sat= 17.8 kN/m

Depth (m) 'v (kN/m2) NF Cu (kN/m2) OCR

46.7 + (17.2 – 9.81) * 1.5 = 29  (3) 0.72  63.96 3  1000 0.689

57.8 + (17.2 – 9.81) * 1.5 = 29  (3) 0.72  63.96 3  1000 0.689

- Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3

- Saturated unit weight of soil = 20 kN/m3

- Unit weight of water = 10 kN/m3

Use AASHTO loading groups.

SF: Stream Flow Pressure LF: Longitudinal Forces (Braking Forces)

Calculations of Loadings (Vertical & Horizontal forces):

- Weight of footing = 26×14×3× (24-10) = 15,288 kN

Total dead load (DL) = 83,464 kN

 Total live load (LL) = 3×3000 = 9000 kN

 Ice thrust force (IC) = 500×6 = 3000 kN

 Stream flow force (SF) = 5 ×6×8 = 240 kN

Calculations of Moments (Mx & My):

Vertical Horizontal Moment

0.3 W - 120 27 3240 -

EQ - 120000 11.5 - 138000

Group 3 : DL + SF + EQ (F.S = 1.35)

Group 4 : DL + SF + LL + IC (F.S = 1.4)

Group 5 : DL + SF + W + IC (F.S = 1.5)

Group 6 : DL + SF + LL + LF + F + WL + 0.3W (F.S = 1.25)

Let L'  L1  1.908

From table (3.4) : 35o , Nq = 33.3, N48.03

B '  B  2e  B  0.5 , L'  L  B

From table (3.4) : 30o , Nq = 18.4, N22.4

B' B  0.5 0.29

By trial and error : B  6.5 ft

 M  0 (Moment taken about the centroid of the base)

Substitute by LY from equation (1) in equation (2)

Determine the dimensions of a rectangular footing, given the following data:

Factor of safety = 2.0

Assume depth of footing = 60 cm