ART APPRECIATION REVIEWER OUTLINE FOR FINAL EXAMINATION:

I. Western Art History

Art Characteristics Known Artists Artworks

Movement
Prehistoric Art a. divided into three ages a. Acheulean
– the Paleolithic, tools
Mesolithic, and b. Venus of
Neolithic. Willendorf
c. Petroglyphs in
Lascaux Cave
d. Sphinx of Giza
e. Stonehenge
Ancient Art a. divided into two – the Greece
Ancient Greece a. Parthenon
(Idealism) and Ancient b. Temple of Zeus
Roman (Realism) c. Great Theater
of Ephesus

Roman
a. Pantheon
b. Colosseum
c. Statues of
Augustus
Middle Ages a. Art was used to a. The Good
(Medieval communicate biblical Shepherd
Art) narratives. b. Cover of the
b. Medieval art applies Codex Aureus
to various media
including sculpture,
illuminated manuscripts,
tapestries, stained glass,
metalworks, and
mosaics.
Renaissance a. Artworks were a. Leonardo da a. Vitruvian Man
focused on the Vinco b. Sistine Chapel
importance of dignity b. Petrarch as the c. The Last
and worth of human. Father of Supper
b. Artists used Humanism and a d. Invention of
chiaroscuro technique – model for lyrical Gutenberg
contrast between light poetry printing
 and dark to convey c. Michelangelo
depth.
Mannerism a. Mannerist artists a. Jacopo da a. Deposition
began to reject the Pantormo from the Cross
harmony and ideal b. Parmigianino b. Madonna with
proportions of the the Long Neck
Renaissance in favor of c. Rape of the
irrational settings, Sabine Women
artificial colors, unclear
subject matters, and
elongated forms.
Baroque and a. Baroque – promoting a. Jean Antoine a. The Massacre
Rococo Catholic church during Watteau of the Innocents
the protestant b. Rembrandt b. Pilgrimage to
reformation. Painters c. Caravaggio Cythera
typically portrayed a
strong sense of
movement, using
swirling spirals, and
upward diagonals, and
strong sumptuous color
schemes, on order to
dazzle and surprise.
b. Rococo was
characterized by
lightness, elegance, and
an exuberant use of
curving natural forms in
ornamentation.
Neoclassicism a. It was characterized by a. Jacques-Louis a. Villa Godi
its use of straight lines, David Valmarana
minimal use of color, b. Benjamin West b. The Oath of
simplicity of form, and Horatii
adherence to classical c. Virgil Reading
values and techniques It to Augustus
was said to be the direct d. Oedipus and
opposite of Rococo style. the Sphinx
b. This style was inspired
from the ‘classical’ art
and culture of Ancient
Greece and Ancient
Rome.
Romanticism a. This period was a a. Jean Louis a. The Raft of the
reaction to the scientific Theodore Medusa
rationalism and Gericault b. Achilles
classicism of Age of b. Ingres Receiving the
Enlightenment. c. Delacroix Envoys of
b. This was an artistic Agamemnon
and intellectual c. Liberty Leading
movement that stressed the People
emotion, freedom, and
individual imagination.
Realism a. This artistic movement a. Gustave a. A Burial at
rejected Romanticism, Courbet Ornans
seeking instead to b. Honore b. Woman Baking
portray contemporary Daumier Bread
subjects and situations c. Jean-Francois c. Gleaners
with truth and accuracy. Millet
b. Realist works depicted
people of all classes in
ordinary life situations,
which often reflected the
changes brought on by
the Industrial and
Commercial Revolutions
Impressionism a. This movement was a. Claude Monet a. London,
known for its paintings b. Alfred Sisley Houses of
that aimed to depict the c. Camille Parliament. The
transience of light, and Pissarro Sun Shining
to capture scenes of through the Fog
modern life and the b. Les regates a
natural world in their Moseley
ever-shifting conditions. c. Pontoise
b. Artworks portrayed
overall visual effects
instead of details, and
use short ‘broken’ brush
strokes of mixed and
unmixed color to achieve
an effect of intense color
vibration.
Post- a. This artistic movement a. Vincent Van a. Wheat Field
Impressionism rejected the naturalism Gogh with Crows
of Impressionism in b. Paul Gauguin
 favor of using color and c. George Seurat b. A Sunday
form in more expressive d. Paul Cezzanne Afternoon on the
manners. Island of La
b. Post-impressionists Grande Jatte
extended the use of vivid
colors, thick applicant of
paint, distinctive brush
strokes, and real-life
subject matter, and were
more inclined to
emphasize geometric
forms, distort forms for
expressive effect, and to
use unnatural or
arbitrary colors in their
composition.
Art Nouveau a. ‘New Art’ a. Alfred Wagon a. The doorway at
b. This artistic movement b. Aubrey place Etinne
was inspired by natural Beardsley Pernet, 24 (Paris
forms and structures, c. Hector 15e)
exemplified by curved Guimard b. The Peacock
lines, asymmetry, Skirt
natural motifs, and c. Desk and Chair
intricate embellishment.
c. It was an international
philosophy and style of
art, architecture, and
applied art – especially
decorative art.
Fauvism a. Fauvist style used a. Gustave a. Woman with a
vivid color, Moreau Hat
simplification, b. Henri Matisse b. Charing Cross
abstraction, and unusual c. Andre Derain Bridge
brush strokes.
b. It emphasized on
spontaneity, pointillism,
and the use of extremely
bright colors.
Expressionism a. The artists do not a. Edvard Munch a. Mother with
depict objective reality, b. Kathe Kollwitz her Dead Son
but rather a subjective
 expression of inner
experience.
b. It emphasized
subjective experience,
manipulating
perspective for
emotional effect in order
to evoke moods or ideas.
Cubism a. Cubism stressed basic a. Pablo Picasso a. Les
abstract geometric forms b. Georges Desmoiselles d’
that presented the Bracque Avignon
subject from many b. Violin and
angles simultaneously. Candlestick
b. Objects were
analyzed, broken up,
and reassembled in an
abstracted form.
Surrealism a. Surrealist works drew a. Andre Breton a. Carnival of
inspiration from b. Giorgio de Harlequin
intuition, the power of Chirico b. Mama, Papa is
the unconscious mind, Wounded
and various
psychological schools of
thought.
b. The work often
features unexpected
juxtapositions, non
sequiturs, and elements
of surprise.
Abstract a. Abstract a. David Smith a. Ancient
Expressionism expressionism was b. Jackson Pollack Household
characterized by the b. No. 5
view that art is non-
representational and
chiefly improvisational.
b. Abstract expressionist
paintings share certain
characteristics, including
the use of large canvases,
and an all-over approach
whereby the whole
 canvas is treated with
equal importance.
Op Art a. The Op Art movement a. Victor Vasarely a. Duo – 2
was driven by artists b. Bridget Riley b. Blaze
who were interested in
investigating various
perceptual effects.
b. It can be seen as the
successor to geometric
abstractions, it stressed
on illusion and
perception.
Pop Art a. Pop art presented a a. Andy Warhol a. Typewriter
challenge to traditions of b. Richard Eraser
fine art by including Hamilton b. Campbell’s
imagery from popular Soup Cans
culture such as
advertising and news.
Minimalism a. Minimalism was not a. Dan Flavin a. Cedar Piece
about self-expression. b. Donald Judd b. Untitled, 1980
Instead, Minimalist c. Carl Andre
works often set out to
expose the essence or
identiy of a subject
through the elimination
of all non-essential forms
or concepts.
b. These works are often
characterized by
geometric, cubic forms,
equality of parts,
repetition, neutral
surfaces, and the use of
industrial materials.
Conceptual a. Conceptual art is a. Marcel a. Fountain
Art defined by concepts or Duchamp b. One and Three
ideas taking precedence b. Joseph Kosuth Chairs
over traditional aesthetic
and material concerns.
b. Conceptual artists
recognize that all art is
essentially conceptual.
 Contemporary a. This includes a. Claes a. Michael
Art performing arts, digital Oldenburg Jackson and
art, installation, and b. Jeff Koons Bubbles
video art.
b. It refers to art made
and produced by artists
living today.

II. Philippine Art History

Period Characteristics Known Artists Artworks

Pre-colonial a. everyday lives a. Negritos a. Shell bracelets &
Period b. birth until death b. Indonesians pendants
c. based on their c. Malays b. Painting
lifestyle (Angono
d. follow their religious Petroglyphs,
beliefs tattoo, etc.)
e. simple c. Manunggul Jar
f. made from media d. Dance (Salip,
readily available from Singkil,
nature Manerwap, Banga,
Kapa Malong, etc.)
f. Architecture
(Torogan, Tausug
House, etc.)
g. Sculpture (Bul-
ul, Sarimanok,
etc.)
h. Literature
(Maxims, bugtong,
boat song, war
songs, etc.)
i. Alibata &
baybayin
Spanish a. The Spaniards used a. Josef Luciano a. Langit Lupa, at
Colonial Art art as a tool to Dans Impierno;
propagate the Catholic b. Damian Purgatorio
faith, explain concepts Domingo opened b. Spoliarium
behind Catholicism, the first fine art c. The Battle at
and to tell the stories of school in the Lepanto
Christ’s life and passion
 through beautiful country, Academia d. Virgines
images. de Dibujo Christians
- Icons were used as c. Juan Novicio exppuestas al
models for sculpture Luna populacho
- Early in the 19th d. Felix e. santos, retablos,
century, native indios Resurrection carrozas, relleves
acquired economic Hidalgo f. estampas &
wealth and became e. Mariano estampitas
‘illlustrados’ meaning Madriñan won a g. Doctrina
enlightened and gold medal in the Christiana – the
educated. 1883 Amsterdam first book to be
- Other subject matter Exposition for his printed in the
became popular such as Mater Dolorosa Philippines
genre, landscapes, still f. Jose de la Cruz – h. Florante at
life komedya Laura
g. Francisco i. Noli Me Tangere
‘Balagtas’ Baltazar & El
h. Jose Rizal Filibusterismo
i. Andres j. Pag-ibig sa
Bonifacio Tinubuang Lupa
American a. Americans set uot to a. Fabian dela a. Dalagang Bukid
Colonial conquer the Filipinos Rosa b. Brown
Period through education and b. Fernando Madonna
governance. Amorsolo c. History of
b. There was an c. Triumvirate of Manila
increase in demand for Modern Art – d. Oblation in the
illustrations and Victorio C. University of the
cartoons for books and Edades, Carlos Philippines
publications. ‘Botong’ V.
c. With the influx of Francisco, and
new corporations, Galo B. Ocampo
advertising and d. Guillermo
commercial design Tolentino
were in demand and
were incorporated in
the curriculum of fine
arts schools.
d. The new patrons,
including the tourists
and foreign investors,
favored landscpaes, still
life, and genre themes
 showed the beauty of
the lang and its people.
e. Portraits were still
favored by the public
officials, usully
depicting them in
dignified poses.
Post-colonial a. Social realism was a. Manuel a. Kalabaw
Period the theme due to Rodriguez, Sr. (cubism)
political issues and b. Ang Kiukok b. Quezon
social landscape. c. Vicente Memorial
b. Art Association of Manansala Monument
the Philippines was d. Napoleon c. Church of the
established. Abueva Holy Sacrifice
e. Federico Illustred. National
Museum
Contemporary a. Art made and a. Benedicto Reyes a. Sabel in Blue
Period produced by artists Cabrera b. Father’s
living today. b. Elmer Borlogan Whisper
b. Dynamic c. Orlando Castillo c. Justice Under
combination of d. Leandro Locsin Martial Law
materials, styles,
concepts, and subjects
c. Arts became
expression of people’s
aspiration for a just,
free, and sovereign
society.

III. Soul Making in Art

A. Soul making is a process of crafting stories and transforming brief

moments into images and symbols. It is a way how people utilize art
forms to become more human, more considerate, and more
understanding.
B. Imagination is the ability to form pictures or ideas in your mind of
things that are new and exciting, or things that you have not
experienced.
C. Poiesis, ‘to make’, has an end outside of itself, which is to say that it is
a process of production whose purpose is to produce differences into
being.
D. Soul Making Categories
a. Crafting Images
b. Crafting Stories
c. Crafting Instruments
d. Crafting Performance
E. Soul Making Major Points
a. It is an alternative venue for knowing ourselves and looking
into the depths and real meaning of what we are doing for
everyday life.
b. It is a form of crafting stories or transforming brief moments
into images and symbols.
c. It is connecting with people, understanding culture, and
embodying tolerance and peace.
d. It develops the artists in us, awakening the art in us that has
been stagnant or undeveloped for numerous years.
e. It opens doors for multiple intelligences or expressions.
f. It is an exploration and application of the imagination in an
active way.
g. In making art, an artist or artisan or even ordinary person
utilizes imagination to survive and live.
h. Imagination is an important tool in developing an artwork
where substance and meaning of the artwork are formed,
varied from each individual with diverse experiences by the
senses.
F. Art Appropriation is the usage of a pre-existing art or an element and
then altered to create a new art.
G. Cultural Appropriation – a person with a certain culture takes objects
created by a person or group of persons of another culture and uses
these objects as his or her own.
a. Object Appropriation – possession of a tangible work of art is
transferred from members of one culture to members of another
culture
b. Content Appropriation – when an artist has made significant
reuse of an idea first expressed in the work of an artist from
another culture.
c. Subject Appropriation – when someone from one culture
represents members or aspects of another culture.
d. Style Appropriation – Artists do not replicate works created by
a person or a group, however, they use the elements of those
works in creating their own.
e. Motif Appropriation – Artists are inspired by the art from a
different culture, but they do not produce artworks using
exactly the same style.
 H. Ownership means the legal right of ownership, possession or
dominion over something.
I. Copyright means that the original creators of products and anyone
they give authorization to are the only ones with the exclusive right to
reproduce the work.
a. Artworks considered to be copyrighted in the Philippines
i. Literary Works
ii. Boradcasts
iii. Audio works
iv. Artistic Works
v. Architecture
vi. Visual Works
vii. Audio-Visual Works
viii. Derivative Works
b. Laws that ensure the protection to copyright owners
i. RA No. 8293 ‘Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines’
ii. RA No. 9239 ‘Optical Media Act of 2003’
J. Fair Use is copying of a copyrighted material done for a limited and
transformative purpose: to comment upon, criticize, or parody a
copyrighted work.
a. Four-Factor Balancing Test
i. The purpose and character of the use, including whether
such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit
educational purposes;
ii. The nature of the copyrighted work;
iii. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in
relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
iv. The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or
value of the copyrighted work.

IV. Improvisation, Installation, and Transcreation

A. Improvisation is the art of creating or composing, uttering, executing,

arranging something spontaneously without previous preparation.
a. Contact-Body Improvisation is a partner dance form based on the
physical principles of touch, momentum, shared weight, and most
quintessentially – following a shared point of contact. It plays with
the artistry of falling off balance, counterbalance, finding the
shelves of the body, learning the mechanics of the body.
i. 5 Rhythms by Gabrielle Roth (1970) – Movement Meditation
Practice
 1. Flowing is the impulse to follow the flow of one’s
energy, to be true to oneself, listen and attend to one’s
needs, be receptive to one’s inner and outer world.
2. Staccato shows us how to step out into the world
connected to our feet and feelings.
3. Chaos breaks us free from our illusions. This rhythm
liberates us from all ideas about who we are and gives
us a real experience of being total, free, intuitive, and
creative.
4. Lyrical is the practice of breaking out of destructive
patterns and surrender to the depths of the fluid,
creative repetitions of our soulful selves.
5. Stillness is practicing the art of making humble and
mindful endings.
6. 5 Rhythms can be associated with our emotions,
stages of life, ways of perceiving, and aspects of self
b. Sound Improvisation is the extemporaneous composition or free
performance of a musical passage, usually in a manner conforming
to certain stylistic norms but unfettered by the prescriptive features
of a specific musical text.
c. Theater Improvisation is a form of theatre where most or all of what
is performed is created at the moment it is performed. The
dialogue, the action, the story and the characters are created
collaboratively by the players as the improvisation unforlds.
d. Solving Improvisational Challenges – Unscripted real-life scenarios
working or involving with what you have in the moment.
B. Installation art is used to describe large-scale, mixed media construction,
often designed for a specific place or for a temporary period of time.
a. Body Art – the artist’s own body becomes the canvas or artwork
b. Earth and Land Art – Art that is made using earth, rocks, soil and
other natural material. It’s either sculpting the land or making
structure in the landscape using natural materials.
c. Performance Art – A form of art that is created through actions
performed by the artist or other participants, which may be live or
recorded, spontaneous or scripted.
C. Transcreation is a special type of translation that preserves the message
from one language and transfers it into another language, either through
written content or visual design. It translates the cultural context of a text
from one language to another.
a. Music to text
b. Text to dance
c. Dance to Visual
V. Local Arts

A. Soul and Space

a. Soul is the spiritual part of a person that is not physical and
experiences deep feelings and emotions.
b. Space is a continuous area or expanse which is free, available, or
unoccupied.
i. Torogan House was the traditional house of Maranao
royalties. The sultan, along with his wives, children &
servants lived on it. However, it was more than just a
residence, it was also a communal house where affairs of the
community were held.
1. Part of Torogan House: Tukod, Tapuwilih, Wato,
Dorung, Atup, Poro, Barimbing, Lantay, Dolog,
Towak, Okir or Okkil, Paitaw, Rowasan, Gisuk,
Tartek, Dingending, Tinai-A-Walay
2. All Torogan Houses have panolong with Niaga and
Pako Okir designs.
3. The Lamin is the princess chamber perched atop the
roof.
ii. Ifugao Bale is a traditional windowless house built without
nails. Its triangular roof protects the dwellers from the
elements and weather. It has three levels: First Level
(Daulon), Second Level (Main House), and Third Level
(Palah)
1. Parts of Ifugao Bale: Tukod, Lidi, Kuling, Mundilig,
Gawaan, Hakpo, Bagat, Dotal, Wanan, Pamadingan,
Huklub, Gaob, Patye, Pumpitolan, Taknang,
Ambubullan, Palah, Kaho, Ibat, Atop, Pamalakngan,
Panto, Tete.
iii. Bahay Kubo is a type of stilt house recognized as an
indigenous icon of Philippine culture.
iv. Bahay na Bato – During the Spanish colonization, the
principalia and ilustrados integrated the features of bahay
kubo with artistic elements from Europe and Asia.
1. Parts of Bahay na Bato: Zaguan, Cuadra, Bodega,
Entresuelo, Escalrea, Aljibe, Baño, Comun/Latrina,
Cocina, Bangguera, Despacho, Caida, Sala, Comedor,
Cuarto, Azotea,
v. Other indigenous houses:
1. Badjao’s Stilt Houses and Houseboat
2. Ivatan House
3. Higaonon Tree House
B. Philippine Textile Art
a. T’nalak
i. It is the weaving tradition by the T’boli people. It is made by
women often called ‘dream weavers’ of royal blood.
ii. Fu Dalu is the spiritual guardian that guides the T’nalak
weaving.
iii. It has a tri-coolor scheme: white for the pattern, red for relief
elements, and black for the background.
iv. T’nalak Process
1. Kendungon – a process where fibers used in weaving
are harvested from the abaca tree and prepared.
2. Two metal blades are used to quickly remove the pulp
and reveal the filaments, which are worked by hand
into fine threads.
3. Tembong – an artisan will connect individual threads
end to end.
4. Temogo (dyeing) – is done in the ikat-style, using
beeswax and natural pigments. Fibres are first boiled
in a black dye for several weeks.
5. Mewel (weaving) – done on a backstap loom
(legogong)
6. Semaki – burnishing the fabric with a cowrie shell that
is heated by friction.
b. Dagmay
i. It is a handwoven textile made from abaca by the Mandaya
tribe / Mandayan women. They weave fibres into figures and
patterns that depict their folklore and belief.
ii. It carries the human and crocodile motifs as their highest
expression.
c. Pis-yabit Seputangan
i. It is worn by Tausug men as a headcloth (pis) and is
identifiable with the geometric (syabit) designs it features.
ii. It is traditionally woven in silk, modern reinterpretations of
the tapestry – made on the backstrap loom. It also uses other
fibers like cotton fiber blends.
iii. It uses monochromatic colors with red and purple hues.
Green represents the increasing shift of the Tausug’s to the
Islam Belief.
d. Inaul
i. It is Maguindanao’s living tradition. It is also the technique
used in making malong (wraparound skirts).
 ii. Color tones reflect the culture of Maguindanao: red for
bravery, green for peace, black for dignity, and white for
sadness.
C. Okir / Ukkil
a. Okir or Ukkil is the term for geometric and flowing designs (often
based on an elaborate leaf and vine pattern) and folk motifs that can
be usually found in Maranao and Muslim-influenced artwork.
b. It is a design or pattern often rendered or curved in hardwood,
brass, silver, and wall painting in curvilinear lines and Arabic
geometric figures.
c. Two types of Okir
i. Okir-a-dato (design for men)
ii. Okir-a-bay (design for women)

Sources
(1) theartstory.org
(2) courses.lumenlearning.com
(3) ncca.gov.ph
(4) Reports from 2MT-Q, 2MT-K, 2MT-N, 2MT-O, 2MT-L, 2MT-M, and 2MT-P