E-government Report

For the Government of Bahrain

Presentation by Richard Kerby, UNDESA

 Review of Methodology

Among the objectives of e-government four are of paramount

importance and of relevance here:

• Efficient government management of information to the

citizen;
• Better service delivery to citizens;
• Improved access and outreach of information; and
• Empowerment of the people through participatory decision
making.
 E-Government Survey

Telecommunication Infrastructure Index

The telecommunication infrastructure index 2008 is a

composite weighted average index of five primary indices
based on basic infrastructure indicators, which define a
country’s ICT infrastructure capacity. These are: PC’s /100
persons; internet users/100 persons; telephone lines/100
persons; mobile phones/100 persons; and Broadband/100
persons.

Data for UN Member States was taken primarily from the UN International Telecommunication Union
(ITU)
 Telecommunication Infrastructure Index

Main Telephone
Country Internet PC Cellular Lines Broadband
Bahrain 21.30 17.62 121.71 26.18 5.23
Oman 12.22 5.06 69.59 10.65 0.58
Kuwait 29.53 22.33 88.57 18.99 0.93
U.A.E. 36.69 23.35 118.51 28.12 5.17
Jordan 13.65 6.22 74.40 10.52 0.83
Saudi Arabia 18.66 12.82 78.05 15.68 0.87
Lebanon 26.28 11.45 30.53 18.65 4.70
Syria 7.69 4.20 23.96 16.62 0.03
Morocco 19.85 2.46 52.07 4.12 1.27
Egypt 7.95 3.78 23.86 14.33 0.27
Tunisia 12.68 6.22 71.88 12.42 0.17

Data for UN Member States was taken primarily from the UN International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 Telecommunication Infrastructure Index

Country Infrastructure Index

Bahrain .3346
Oman .1559
Kuwait .2777
U.A.E. .3813
Jordan .1693
Saudi Arabia .2110
Lebanon .1930
Syria .0923
Morocco .1349
Egypt .0886
Tunisia .1636

Data for UN Member States was taken primarily from the UN International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 Human Capital Index

The data for the human capital index 2008 is a composite

of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary,
secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio with two third
weight given to adult literacy and one third to gross
enrolment ration.

Data for UN Member States was taken primarily from UNESCO

 Telecommunication Infrastructure Index
Gross
Country Adult Literacy Enrollment Index
Bahrain 86.5 86.09 0.86
Oman 81.4 67.05 0.76
Kuwait 93.3 74.87 0.87
U.A.E. 88.7 59.89 0.79
Jordan 91.1 78.05 0.86
Saudi Arabia 82.9 75.96 0.80
Lebanon 88.3 84.57 0.87
Syria 80.8 64.77 0.75
Morocco 52.3 58.49 0.54
Egypt 71.4 76.87 0.73
Tunisia 74.3 76.34 0.74

Data for UN Member States was taken primarily from the UN International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 Web Presence

Web Measure Index

The Web Measure Index is base upon a five-stage model.

For countries that have established an online presence, the

model defines stages of e-readiness according to a scale
of progressively sophisticated citizen services:

1. Emerging Presence
2. Enhanced Presence
3. Interactive Presence
4. Transactional Presence
5. Networked Presence
 Web Presence

Emerging presence. Stage I - e-government presents information

which is limited and basic. The e-government online presence
comprises a web page and/or an official website; links to
ministries/departments of education, health, social welfare, labor
and finance may/may not exist.

Enhanced presence. Stage II - the government provides greater

public policy and governance sources of current and archived
information, such as policies, laws and regulation, reports,
newsletters, and downloadable databases. The user can search
for a document and there is a help feature and a site map
provided.
 Emerging and Enhanced Presences

Information dissemination/outreach

Existence of a national website and ministerial websites including:

education, finance, health, labor and/or social services
Existence of a one-stop-shop national portal
Existence of a Head of State website
Existence of an e-government section
Sources of archived information (laws, policy documents, priorities, etc.)
News and/or updates on government policies
Access to back office applications
Chief Information Officer (CIO), or similar officer with a leadership role, to
manage national cross-agency e-government programs/projects
Information concerning government officials responsible for the provision
of specific online services/queries
Personal account/profile of citizens, with the objective of enhancing
dialogue between government and citizens
Information for citizens on the usage of the website
 Web Presence

Interactive presence. Stage III - the online services of the

government enter the interactive mode with services to enhance
convenience of the consumer such as downloadable forms for
tax payment application for license renewal.
 Interactive Presence

Access/Usability

Search feature
“Contact us” feature
Audio and video features
Multiple languages availability
Use of wireless technology to send messages to mobile
phones or devices
Security (secure link) feature available/indicated
Electronic signature feature
Online payment by credit, debit, or other card methods
E-mail sign-up option, either as a formal list-serv or
simply for news items
Existence of features to enable access for people with
disabilities
 Web Presence

Transactional presence. Stage IV - allows two-way interactions

between the citizen and his/her government. It includes options
for paying taxes; applying for ID cards, birth
certificates/passports, license renewals and other similar C2G
interactions by allowing him/her to submit these online 24/7.
 Transactional Presence

Service Delivery Capability

One-stop-shop for online services

Downloadable/printable forms
Online forms
Job opportunities
Online transactions
E-mail alerts for e-participation
Really Simple Syndication (RSS) use for e-participation
Set turnaround time for government to respond to
submitted forms/e-mails
 Web Presence

Networked presence. Stage V - represents the most

sophisticated level in the online e-government initiatives.
It can be characterized by an integration of G2G, G2C and
C2G (and reverse) interactions. The government
encourages participatory deliberative decision making and
is willing and able to involve the society in a two-way open
dialogue.
 Networked Presence

Citizen participation/interconnectedness

E-participation policy or mission statement

Calendar listings of upcoming e-participation activities
Archived information about e-participation activities
E-participation tools to obtain public opinion (polls,
surveys, bulletin boards, chat room, blogs, web casting,
and discussion forums, etc.)
Citizen feedback on the national strategy, policies and e-
services
Provision for publishing the results of citizen feedback
Archive on responses by government to citizen’s questions,
queries and inputs
 Web Presence
E-Participation Index

The E-Participation Index assesses the quality, usefulness and

relevancy of the information and services and the willingness of
countries to engage citizens in public policy making through the
use of the e-government programs.

The E-participation Index is segmented into three sectors: E-

information, E-consultation, and E-decision-making.
 Web Presence
E-Participation Index

The goal of e-participation initiatives is to improve the citizen’s

access to information and public services; and participation in
public decision-making.

• Increasing e-information to citizens for decision making;

• Enhancing e-consultation for deliberative and participatory
processes;
• Supporting e-decision making by increasing the input of
citizens;
 Web Presence
Sites Surveyed in Bahrain

National Site: https://www.e.gov.bh

Ministry Sites:

Education http://www.education.gov.bh/
Health http://www.moh.gov.bh/arabic/
Labor http://www.mol.gov.bh/mol/ar/default.aspx
Finance http://www.mofne.gov.bh/arb/mofhome.asp
Social Services http://www.mol.gov.bh/mol/ar/default.aspx
Bahrain Web Measure Index

National Web Site

Total
I II III IV V Pts.
Max 8 22 44 34 12 120
Points

Bahrain 7 14 23 16.5 3 63.5

Bahrain Web Measure Index

Health Web Site

Total
II III IV V Pts.
Max 14 16 10 3 43
Points

Bahrain 10 8 0 1 19
Bahrain Web Measure Index

Education Web Site

Total
II III IV V Pts.
Max 14 16 10 3 43
Points

Bahrain 9 8 0 1 18
Bahrain Web Measure Index

Social Services Web Site

Total
II III IV V Pts.
Max 14 16 10 3 43
Points

Bahrain 12 4 1 1 18
Bahrain Web Measure Index

Manpower Web Site

Total
II III IV V Pts.
Max 14 16 10 3 43
Points

Bahrain 6 3 3 1 13
Bahrain Web Measure Index

Finance Web Site

Total
II III IV V Pts.
Max 14 16 10 3 43
Points

Bahrain 13 9 2 0 24
Bahrain Web Measure Index

Total Score for Web Sites

Total
I II III IV V Pts.
Max 8 92 124 84 27 335
Points

Bahrain 7 64 55 22.5 7 155.5

 UNDESA Ranking
Web Measuring Index
Middle East
Global
Ranking Country I II III IV V Total
17 Israel 7 75 69 36 12 199
32 U.A.E. 7 63 84 50 10 214
42 Bahrain 7 64 55 22.5 7 155.5
50 Jordan 8 67 78 19 9 181
57 Kuwait 0 55 50 12 7 124
70 Saudi
Arabia 8 53 66 7 5 139
74 Lebanon 8 44 54 7 4 117
84 Oman 7 49 68 16 5 145
108 Iran 6 50 20 0 1 77
119 Syria 0 28 34 7 3 72
151 Iraq 8 13 8 1 2 32
168 Yemen 7 10 5 0 0 22
 UNDESA E-Readiness Ranking
Web Measuring Index
North Africa

Global
Ranking Country I II III IV V Total
42 Bahrain 7 64 55 22.5 7 155.5
79 Egypt 8 65 78 24 6 181
121 Algeria 7 26 34 0 0 67
140 Morocco 0 30 29 1 2 62
124 Tunisia 7 6 26 0 0 39
120 Libya 3 8 9 3 1 24
161 Sudan 4 6 9 0 0 19
Way Forward
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