Shawar 1

Noor Shawar

Professor Jamil Khader

ENGL325 B

16th December 2020

A Return of a Repressed desire: Victor’s paranoia in Mary Shelly`s Frankenstein

In discussions of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, critics have debated the theme of

paranoia and the language of Victor in Frankenstein novel as a psychological problem to

focus on. On the one hand, David Urizar shows how Shelley uses the concept of delusion in

different contexts and in different ways; Urizar states that Victor’s creature is “a combination

of Victor Frankenstein’s delusions and hallucinations” (Urizar). The creature is only an

imaginative creature that does not exist, but Victor’s hallucination and paranoid

schizophrenia are what make him [the creature] real to him (Urizar). Furthermore, he

emphasizes on Victor’s hallucination in relation to schizophrenia. Therefore, he is a

“paranoid schizophrenic” (Urizar) in his society. Moreover, he defines paranoid

schizophrenic and delusion as parts from Victor’s mental illness; the monster creation and

hiding it is a representation of his insanity (Urizar). The fact that Victor is the only one who

is dealing with the creature indicates that Victor “is battling a dual personality” (Urizar);

therefore, Urizar takes this issue to show Victor’s darkest trades of his personality. He

analyses the reason behind Victor’s paranoia by analyzing the creature murders’ motives in

the novel. Urizar gives many claims about the creature as an unrealistic creature; some of the

claims are his intelligence, his skills, and his language. The characteristics that Urizar

mentions are aspects of Victor’s character; he is the one who does all of the bad things, but

refuses to take the responsibility because of his fear from society. Furthermore, Urizar claims

that Victor’s hallucinations are because he is paranoid schizophrenia (Urizar); therefore,

Urizar refers to paranoid schizophrenia as the reason behind delusions and hallucinations.
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Urizar claims that paranoid schizophrenia is the main reason behind Victor’s hallucination;

Rosemary Jackson on the other hand tries to answer questions on hallucination and dualism,

but from a different perspective (Jackson). Jackson shows that the novel reveals the

psychological desires and fantasies of Victor Frankenstein through the creature actions. The

creature actions are ways to show that Victor has divided self (Jackson). She talks about

Victor’s duality to introduce the reader to a new sight of his personality; Victor is a self-

centered person who is responsible for his downfalls. Jackson claims that Victor’s evil side

has controlled him completely and led to his end (Jackson). She talks about the duality of

Victor personality represented by the evil side in the creature (Jackson). Moreover, she takes

the duality of Victor from a feminist perspective; she shows how Shelley “shift from a

presentation of a demonic "other" as supernaturally evil, toward something much more

disturbing because equivocal, ambiguous in its nature and origins (Jackson). Jackson then

uses Freudian and Lacanian terms to explain Victor’s Oedipal complex; it’s meaning in

relation to Victor’s duality, projection and delusion. She relates the Lacanian analysis of the

mirror stage to indicate how the creature represents the double of Victor (Jackson). She

clarifies why Shelly uses all of those terms; she claims that “Shelley's positioning as she

wrote from within that male culture and its ideals, but it can be interpreted as an attempt to

break or dissolve the ego by un-doing the process of its formation”(Jackson). Jackson uses

psychological and feminist perspectives of the novel. Victor’s delusions and duality is his

narcissistic and egoistic nature (Jackson) as she claims by using different perspectives.

William Veeder also talks about Victor’s character from a feminist point of view; his

focus is on concepts of masculinity and femininity and what defines each of them in

Shelley’s patriarchal society (Veeder). Veeder clarifies that Victor’s creation of the monster

is an attempt to heal his psyche (Veeder). He gives examples about the opposition of

femininity and masculinity, and between men-women relationship compared to men-men

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relationship (Veeder).Veeder’s important claim is the characteristics that identify males in

Shelly’s novel; he claims that all of them tend to “bifurcation and solipsism”(Veeder).

Moreover, he describes Victor’s pursuit of knowledge as an “immature willfulness” (Veeder).

He talks about Victor’s paranoia as a significance that he shares with Walton in the novel

(Veeder). Veeder introduces the reader to the idea of parthenogenesis; he claims that Victor

creates the creature to surpass his father as a feature of a paranoid person (Veeder). He sees

that Victor is feminine; since he “has been made female by sexual experience, and sets forth

in pursuit of his male half” (Veeder). In addition, he clarifies meanings of egotism,

hermaphroditism, and self-sufficiency. He clarifies how these concepts are obvious in

Victor’s bonds with males in the novel (Veeder). Veeder also argues that Shelley ends the

fate of Victor in a tragic way to show the consequences of the dangerous science; Veeder

claims that Shelly “repudiates the very notion of supermen” (Veeder).

Colleen Hobbs argues that Victor’s hysteria is feminine because Shelly criticizes

artificial sexual roles (Hobbs). Like Veeder, Hobbs believes that the difficulties between

males are created due to the “boundaries of gender are transgressed” (Hobbs). Hobbs defines

hysteria and mental illness; he explains how Victor’s hysteria is a "restraint or misdirection of

passions" (Hobbes). Hobbes uses Freudian analysis to explain why Victor has created the

monster. He claims that the creature is only a masculine desire that his father has repressed;

therefore, he ends up creating it (Hobbs). Hobbs argues that Frankenstein family’s sexuality

is a taboo that leads Victor to have hysteria; he suffers from “emotional constraints” (Hobbs)

because of this taboo. Joseph Kestner on the other hand discusses Victor’s narcissism in

terms of his creation process; it is a reflection of his self (Kestner). He argues about the

narration of the novel as “the mise en abyme”, which reflects the narrators’ narcissism and

doubling of each other (Kestner). Like Hobbs, Kestner uses Freudian explanation of Victor’s

creation; the creation is a narcissistic feature of Victor (Kestner). Kestner claims that Victor’s
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dreams also reflect his narcissism and libido (Kestner 23). Those five authors discuss Victor’s

language, authority, control of others; the concept of double, his delusions, and his mental

illness are symptoms of his psychological issues. They claim that Victor’s delusions are main

ideas that structure the novel in relation to his paranoia.

The critics’ arguments about Victor’s mental illness and delusions can be interpreted

from a different perspective. Although they show that Victor has the power because he use

language, how the creature represents his evil self, and how the events of his life in relation to

hallucination and hysteria are evidences of his fear from the socially accepted norms.

However, they didn’t explain how those issues are caused and what they can lead to, yes,

Jackson relate it with his Oedipal fixation, Kestner with Victor’s egoistic nature, and Hobbs

to Victor’s relationship with his father using Freudian analysis. However, none of them

explains how the repressed homosexuality and the shocking events are what lead Victor to

become paranoid. Freud claims, “Paranoid delusion is caused by unresolved homosexuality”

(qtd in Zuk 212); it is a cause that none of the critics have discussed in relation to Victor’s

psychological problem and his projection. Freud studies paranoia as a psychological issue

when he takes Schreher as an example of a paranoid person. Daniel Paul Schreber is a

German man whose father is a physician. He has increasing responsibilities; therefore, he has

fantasies about being a woman who is “sought by man for sexual pleasure” (qtd in Zuk 212).

His relationships with his parents in the early childhood causes a repressed desire, which is

the fantasy according to Freud (qtd in Zuk 212). Drawing on Freud`s concept of paranoid

delusion, this paper shows that the main problem with the representation of Victor

Frankenstein is not about his evil or good self. Rather, it is about Victors paranoid delusion; it

is a result of a repressed forbidden “homosexual desire” (qtd in Zuk 212) and a traumatic

event that happens in early age. I argue that Frankenstein’s paranoia in Mary Shelly`s

Frankenstein represents a “reaction against the belief because it [homosexuality] is socially

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unacceptable.” (qtd in Zuk 212) that leads him to fulfill his fantasies by the creature because

Shelly wants to show how those repressed desires can lead to disastrous results and to destroy

the life of others. This can be seen in Victor’s delusions in a young age, in his projection of

his desires on others, and in his deceptive language of victimizing himself.

Victor’s relationships with his parents are reasons that lead him to have delusions.

Victor’s mother from the beginning of the novel tries to create a space to let Victor think

about allowed relationships only in the society; she does not want him to be attracted to her

sexually. Therefore, she convinces him to stay with Elizabeth and think about his cousin as a

future wife. However, she did not completely prohibit Victor from doing so; he is jealous

from Elizabeth. Victor says, “Every one adored Elizabeth” (Shelly 66) he does not want

anyone to share the love of his mother with him or even to let his mother thinks about any

one despite himself. Moreover, when Victor describes his parents, he describes his mother’s

assisting as “partook of our enjoyments” (Shelly 71). Victor sees his mother as a part of his

enjoyment since she shares it with him; it reveal Victor’s desire from his early age.

Therefore, the death of Victor’s mother is a turning point in his life. The death affects

Victor`s desire in the opposite way, instead of leading his desire to despair, the desire for his

mother increases. He expresses sorrowful emotions to show how death affects him; he

describes his loss of his mother as a “void that presents itself to the soul” (Shelly 72). Victor

is now shallow and empty from inside because of his mother’s death. Additionally, the word

void indicates that Victor’s sexual desires cannot be filled with any woman, which is the first

act of repressing his desires. The repression of his sexual desire for his mother is still in its

first stages in him. Therefore, when he sees his mother on the deathbed, he uses the words

“admirable woman” (Shelly 72) and “countenance” (Shelly 72); those words reveal his sexual

desire by a description of his feelings towards her as admiration and by a physical description

that exposes his sexual desires. Moreover, Victor’s relationship with his father is similar to
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Schreber’s case in Freud’s analysis. According to Freud, “Schreber's defense against the

homosexual wish and conflict is usually depicted as a father-son affect binding, in which the

son Schreber is subjugated to him (fear of castration)” (qtd in Rosenbaum 84). Victor’s fear

of castration is clear since he wants to show anything that would reflect his pride or

willingness to his father. When Victor has discovered something new about his studies, he

says, “I communicated my discovery to my father” (Shelly 68) he did not think about any one

despite his father because he wants to be impress him by discoveries and knowledge. Victor

says, “No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve

theirs” (Shelly 82), his statement indicates Veeder’s claim about Victor’s disire to “surpass

his father” (Veeder). In addition, it indicates that Victor’s relationship with his father is built

on fear otherwise why Victor thinks about shocking his father in such a way would.

Moreover, Victor’s confidence that he ‘should deserve theirs [their gratitude]’ is the first sign

of his delusions, and a sign of the egoistic nature that his relationships with his parents has

created in him. However, Victor narrates how his father mocked him for his studies and

“directs” (Shelly 71) him to study different things from a young age and how his life was

miserable, which proves Hobbs claim about “the father's ability to control the emotions of his

entire family”(Hobbs). Victor’s delusions are due to repressing his desires from childhood.

Victor’s delusions as a sign of his paranoia that starts after the death of his mother and

the repressing force of his father that he puts on his desires. Victor’s mother died when Victor

was young; therefore, he represses his anger and desires and grows in him Oedipal fixation.

According to Jackson’s psychoanalysis,

What seems to happen in fantasies of dualism is a reversal of the Oedipal drama and a “

reversal of the mirror stage -- a repudiation of the dominance both of the Father and of

the Ideal ego, the I, formed with the subject. It is an unlearning of the distinction

between body and what lies outside it, a non-identification with the reflection in the
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mirror, and its ego outline, a desire for that state preceding the fall into alienation”

(Jackson)

This quote explains what Oedipal drama is and how it leads to alienation. In terms of Victor’s

case, death takes his mother away from him and then he experiences reparation of desires.

This traumatic event has led him to have unresolved sexual desires, according to Freudian

analysis. According to Freud, “the cause of paranoid delusion is homosexual impulses

unresolved in infancy or early childhood” (qtd in Zuk 212). Freud’s explanation of delusions

is valid in Victor’s case; he is suffering from delusional events in the novel because he tries

to suppress his forbidden sexual desire from his childhood. Victor’s delusions can be seen

many times in Shelly’s novel. His delusions are clear when he suffers from fever when

Clerval nurses him, and before he enters jail when his mental health is unstable. Victor’s

delusion when he suffers from fever is after the creation of the monster, which means that

Victor represses homosexual desire towards the creature (Veeder), as a cause of his delusions

and the imaginative events. As Victor says, “I thought I saw the dreaded spectre glide into the

room” (Shelly 89); he is afraid of the creature existence. The reason behind Victor’s fear is

his desires; they lead him to be afraid from exposing them unconsciously. Victor’s paranoid

delusion is further explained when Victor is still hallucinating about the same thing, “The

form of the monster was for ever before my eyes” (Shelly 89) is an indicator that Victor’s

delusions will always be parts of his paranoia and panic. Before Victor enters the prison, he

says that, “a darkness pressed around me; no one was near me” (Shelly 202), his delusions

are always related to the term darkness that separates him from reality and put him in a realm

of his own imagination and hallucinated fear. Moreover, Victor experiences similar delusion

after the death of his friend, Clerval. With a sorrowful tone, Victor says, “I saw around me

nothing but a dense and frightful darkness” (Shelly 202); his fear of exposing his repressed
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homosexual desire blinds him with ‘darkness’ as Victor’s sufferings from homophobia that

.turns his life to a series of delusions and sufferings

Victor’s homophobia is the cause behind his unresolved homosexual desires and that

eventually means it is the cause of paranoid delusion. According to Sedgwick, homophobia is

“fear and hatred of homosexuality” (Sedgwick 2435) Sedgwick’s definition of Homophobia

can help the reader of Shelly’s novel to understand Victor’s reasons behind repressing his

homosexual desires; leading him to have paranoia. Victor is afraid to reveal his

homosexuality towards Clerval and the creature because of his belief that it is socially

unaccepted (Zuk 212). Victor’s relationship with the creature is an obvious evidence of

Victor’s homophobia. Victor has a homosexual desire towards the creature that can be seen in

his sexual language that he uses after the creation of the monster (Veeder); he first notices the

creature eyes “saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard” (Shelly 85).

Victor’s notice of the eyes as the first thing he sees in the creature and the fact that the

creature breathes hardly indicates that he had a sexual intercourse with the creature, but he

can’t expose it to his society since it will end up with “social humiliations and

slights”( Rosenbaum 85). Therefore, he represses his homosexual desire for the creature to

protect himself from the society’s judgment. However, his homosexual desire can’t be

repressed so it appears to Victor in another form, which is a delusional image of the creature

pursing him. Victor asks Clerval to save him, “Oh, save me! Save me! I imagined that the

monster seized me; I struggled furiously, and fell down in a fit” (Shelly 89); Victor’s

homophobia has created fear in him because he is a homosexual male. He is experiencing

fear and delusions because sexuality is “taboo in Frankenstein’s family” (Hobbs). He can’t

break the rules of “obligatory heterosexuality” (Sedgwick 2436); therefore, he suffers from a

relationship with the creature that consist on escaping and pursing at the same time.

According to Veeder, Victor is a “one that cannot reach out and can never be reached”
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(Veeder). Victor’s relationship with the creature is exactly how Veeder explains, he is

pursing the creature in order to take revenge. At the same time, every time they meet, he

listens to him and sympathize with his miseries. Likewise, Victor’s relationship with Clerval

is homophobic, he tries not to be close to Clerval in order “to protect himself from

homosexual temptations” (Lind 11), he does not want to show any homosexual desire for

Clerval because of his homophobia. Victor narrates,

“I thanked my friend from my heart, but I did not speak. I saw plainly that he was surprised,

but he never attempted to draw my secret from me. Although I loved him with a

mixture of affection and reverence that knew no bounds, yet I could never persuade

myself to confide to him that event which was so often present to my recollection, but

which I feared the detail to another would only impress more deeply” (Shelly 95)

Victor’s contradicted feelings in this statement. A contradiction between his desire to keep

Clerval’s love and the his fear to be any closer is normal. Victor is dealing with a conflict of

unresolved desires ‘I loved him with affection with no boundaries’ and of his homophobia

that pursued him to ‘fear the detail’. Therefore, his homophobia and his paranoid delusion

lead him to use projection on Clerval and on the creature as a try to solve them.

Freud uses projection to show that paranoid delusion is a result of unresolved conflict

(qtd in Zuk 215); Victor projection is a reaction of his desires towards the males in Shelly’s

novel. The term projection in case of paranoid people like Victor is seen in “Freud form of

paranoia as contradicting one basic sentence: I (a man) love him (a man)” (Lind 25). Victor’s

projection can be seen in Clerval’s case and in the creature case. In case of Clerval, Victor

says “I feel the greatest remorse for the disappointment of which I have been the occasion;

but you will forgive me”(Shelly 89); Victor says the word remorse not just because he

doesn’t know how to tanks Clerval for his favor, but also to show that he is projecting his

feelings on Clerval. Instead of Victor’s confection, he uses projection as a way that the reader
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can see as paranoia. Victor believes that Clerval is the one who loves him. However, the truth

is that both men are attracted to each other; Victor is only escaping from his feelings because

of his homophobic and paranoid beliefs. Victor also shows projection in terms of his

relationship with the creature. Victor projection on the creature is reversed, he says that the

creature is the one who hates him and at the same time, he sympathizes with him when he

narrates his story. Victor accepts to listen to the creature story, “I felt what the duties of a

creator towards his creature were and that I ought to render him happy” (Shelly 128). If

Victor truly hates the creature and vice versa as he claims; why would he feel that it is a duty

to listen to the creature or even to think about his happiness. The reader can analyze that the

relationship between those two is built on homophobia that leads Victor to use projection;

due to his incapability to admit his homosexual desire towards the creature. Victor’s

projection shows that he suffers from paranoia; his language of victimizing himself is another

indicator of paranoia.

Victor victimizes himself many times through the novel to make himself innocent

from guilt, and to show that his character is descant. His language can makes others

sympathize with him and ignore his flaws. Since Victor deals with paranoia, he is dealing

with what Freud calls “delusions of persecution on the other” (Lind 27). Victor believes that

he is persecuted because of his paranoid delusion; he thinks that he is a victim of fate and the

creature. However, his belief is only a part of his paranoia; he not a victim because he

committed many evil acts without even admitting them. Moreover, his way of victimizing

self is a clear sign that he suffers from paranoia. According to Freud, “the paranoid

personality, both oral and anal features are usually outstanding” (Lind 13); Victor depends on

the oral feature by the use of his language. Victor uses a poetic language as a feature that

reveals his paranoia, he says, “The cup of life was poisoned forever; and although the sun

shone upon me, as upon the happy and gay of heart” (Shelly 206). He can attract the hearer
 Shawar 11

attention and persuade him that he is a victim by using these words. This also can be seen

when he talks to Walton and in his narration of the novel after the death of many characters.

Victor after the death of many characters says, “I was cursed by some devil, and carried about

with me my eternal hell; yet still a spirit of good followed and directed my steps, and, when I

most murmured, would suddenly extricate me from seemingly insurmountable difficulties”

(Shelley 225). Victor really thinks that he is the only one that suffers, his self-centered charter

made him think that he is a victim of the creature. Moreover, his beliefs indicate how

paranoia leads him to be blind of seeing the rest of the charters; or even about what would

happen to them. Frankenstein with his last conversation with Walton says, “All my

speculations and hopes are as nothing; and, like the archangel who aspired to omnipotence, I

am chained in an eternal hell. My imagination was vivid, yet my powers of analysis and

application were intense; by the union of these qualities I conceived the idea, and executed

the creation of a man” (Shelly 233); he has a way to make others sympathize with him. Victor

wants Walton to see him as a man who suffers as a victim, to “to resolve the conflict [of

unresolved desires]” (qtd in Zuk 212).

However, some critics would argue that Victor is not a paranoid person. In fact,

they would argue that Victor has a low self-esteem that leads him to be a real victim.

Those readers would argue that Victor does not want to be glorified; he is not trying to

fulfill a repressed desire. However, he wants to earn knowledge in order to change the

structure his society. He says, “I entered with the greatest diligence into the search of the

philosopher's stone and the elixir of life; but the latter soon obtained my undivided

attention”(Shelly 76). Here, critics would sympathize with Victor and think about him as a

decant person who wants to benefit generations and to help humanity. However, Victor is

selfish and tries to find a way to glorify himself. He even says, “I will pioneer a new way,

explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation."
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(Shelly 80); how would anyone that has low self-stem say this? It is not even possible that

he glorifies himself that mush and sees himself as the rescuer of the world to have low

self-esteem. He uses the same words that self-centered people use to let others feel

astonished by their future accomplishments. However, Victor is decisive and can play with

words to show himself as a victim and to hide his bad acts. The creature murders of many

characters in the novel are only a reflection of his deepest fantasies (Jackson); he is

someone who thinks about killing, even if it is not in a direct way due to a fear of his

society’s judgment, Victor cannot be a victim. He feels satisfied after every time the

creature commits murder or an evil thing. Although Victor`s words after the murder of

Elizabeth may seem sorrowful, his reaction after he sees her dead body can be analyzed

desire that explains why the creature have committed murder from the first place (Urizar)

and why his hallucination is considered as paranoia. Shelly represented the creature as a

symbol of Victor’s delusional acts (Veeder); she wants to show how one’s desire can

destroy lives of many people including the person himself. Moreover, readers of Shelly’s

novel can understand how every action in the novel can be analyzed according to its

motives. They can apply psychoanalysis to understand every character’s darkest conflicts;

such as the issue of Victor’s paranoia. Psychoanalysis further explains how Victor has

repressed desire for his mother that leads him to fear his father; therefore, to have

homophobia and paranoia, and to reveal those conflicts by a projection and an eloquent

language that help him to persuade others that he is a true victim. Victor’s desires ruin his

life, the end of Victor is an example to show how a person`s repressed desires can change

his mental health completely. It is a mind blowing how Victor’s character has been

changing through the novel to become worse and end in such a tragic way.
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