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Thermal Physics Equations: 1. Ideal Gas Law
Thermal Physics Equations: 1. Ideal Gas Law
• For each mode (degree of freedom) in which a molecule can store energy, the
average internal energy per mode is 1/2 kT
Molecular Velocities:
= Normal average or mean speed. Half the molecules have speed greater than vav
vav and half are slower.
= The square root of the average of the square of the velocity of the molecules in
vrms the gas.
vp = The speed at which the largest number of molecules move.
dNv(v)/N ~ v2 exp(-KE/kT)dv
Lennard-Jones potential:
σ σ
U(r) = 4εε [( )12 − ( )6
r r
The constant "a" is a correction term for intermolecular force and "b" is a correction for
the real volume of the gas molecules.
The observed pressure is less than the pressure would be without the intermolecular
forces, i.e. in ideal gas:
nRT an 2
P= − 2
V − nb V
a and b are empirical constants obtained for each gas so that vdW equation gives a
good fit to the experimental PVT data.
Parameter “b” in vdW equation can be viewed as “excluded” volume in a gas sample
due to the presence of molecules.
1 4 3 1 4 4
Excluded volume per molecule = ( πd ) = [ (2r )3 ] = 4( πr 3 ) .
2 3 2 3 3
5. Thermal expansion
Average coefficient of linear expansion, α
If the initial length of the object was Li and the temperature change ∆T, then the length
will increase by the amount ∆L = αLi∆T
The change in volume at constant pressure is proportional to initial volume Vi and to the
change in temperature according to similar relation: ∆V = βVi∆T
β is the average coefficient of volume expansion, β = 3 α
6. Thermal conduction
7. First Law
Q = ∆U + W
9. Entropy
Ideal Gas
for any type of
Quasi-Equilibrium Processes:
PVn = Constant
Process Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic
Variable => Pressure Volume Temperature. No Heat
Flow
Quantity ∆P = 0 ∆V = 0 ∆T = 0 Q=0
Constant =>
n 0 1 γ = Cp/Cv
First Law ∆U = Q - W ∆U = Q ∆U = 0 ∆U = -W
W=0 Q=W Q=0
Work
Heat Flow
Q 0
Heat 0
Capacity
Internal
Energy
0
Entropy
0*
Ideal Gas
Relations