CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

MKAM1033

Building group project

Prepared by
Mebarki Andellatif MKA191093
Omed Mohammad Pirot-MKAG191042
Khalleefah Omar Abeed - MKA181135
Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1
General Assessment...................................................................................................................................... 1
1. When Do You Need a Building Condition Assessment? ................................................................... 2
Building construction location. ............................................................................................................. 2
Structure stability as the main point to building assessment ............................................................... 3
Factors cause to building collapsing ..................................................................................................... 3
.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
2. Hollow slab properties and production. ........................................................................................... 4
Advantages of hollow core slabs........................................................................................................... 5
Longitudinal joint between the hollow slabs ........................................................................................ 6
installation the hollow slabs ................................................................................................................. 7
3. Precast Rectangular Beam ................................................................................................................ 9
4. General Design Concepts for Precast Concrete Buildings .............................................................. 10
Architectural Feature .................................................................................................................................. 13
1. Interior Wall .................................................................................................................................... 14
Interior Wall Classification .................................................................................................................. 15
2. Façade ............................................................................................................................................. 17
3. Parking Area .................................................................................................................................... 18
4. Room Classification......................................................................................................................... 19
Open Area Zone .................................................................................................................................. 19
Meeting Room .................................................................................................................................... 19
Dining room ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Mechanical Feature .................................................................................................................................... 22
1. Lift design ........................................................................................................................................ 22
2. Mechanical Door and Gates ............................................................................................................ 25
Electrical Features ....................................................................................................................................... 26
1. Office Light ...................................................................................................................................... 27
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES .................................................................................................................... 27
Natural Lighting................................................................................................................................... 28
HVAC Features ............................................................................................................................................ 29
1. Ventilation....................................................................................................................................... 29
2. Split Air-conditioning system .......................................................................................................... 30
 3. Centralised Air-conditioning system ............................................................................................... 30
Structural Scheme layout ............................................................................................................................ 32
Major Component of precast concrete design ........................................................................................... 33
1. BEAM TO COLUMN JOINT ............................................................................................................... 34
RIGID CONNECTIONS USING WELDED PLATE ..................................................................................... 34
COLUMN TO FOUNDATION JOINT ...................................................................................................... 35
Figure 1 building collapsing due to damage piers and ............................................................................ 4
Figure 2 Reinforced hollow core slab on the beam .................................................................................. 6
Figure 3 jointing slabs together ................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 4 Installation slab with concrete beam.......................................................................................... 8
Figure 5 maximum permissible deflection rate for core slab .................................................................. 9
Figure 6 Types of precast hollow slab ..................................................................................................... 10
Figure 7 precast beam and girder ........................................................................................................... 10
Figure 8 an example Precast prestressed slabs spanning between walls with composite in-situ
topping for roof ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 9 : Precast concrete structure consisting of solid wall ............................................................... 12
Figure 10 project layout ........................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 11 suggested face ........................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 12 Partition wall ............................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 13 Brick Wall ................................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 14 Cavitation wall ......................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 15 Panel wall.................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 16 Installing curtain willing system............................................................................................. 18
Figure 17 Meeting Room .......................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 18 Relaxed conferences room ...................................................................................................... 21
Figure 19 Modern Dining Room .............................................................................................................. 21
Figure 20 Inside view for hotel elevator .................................................................................................. 25
Figure 21 Automatic door ........................................................................................................................ 25
Figure 22 Electrical Distribution System in Building ............................................................................ 26
Figure 23 Office light ................................................................................................................................ 27
Figure 24 Centralised air-conditioning system ...................................................................................... 31
Figure 25 Major component used in precast concrete ........................................................................... 33
Figure 26 Rigid connection ...................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 27 welded plate for beam to column joints ................................................................................. 35
 Introduction

A building of a 10-storey office block for general use. The client wishes to keep the floor
spaces as flexible as possible for multiple occupancies. Permanent internal partitions in the two
main office areas are not allowed. Only a single row of columns in the offices is allowed. Details
of the building are given in the figure. Only the external frame dimensions and the distances
between external columns are specified. The structural zone should not exceed 700 mm. All
internal frame dimensions, the types of floors, structural toppings and types of beams should be
selected. Shear walls may only be provided in the staircase, lift shaft and services core areas. The
fire resistance for the building is 1 hour. The external façade to the main office areas and the gable
end staircases is to be in glass curtain walling, supplied by a proprietary sub-contractor and fixed
to the perimeter precast beams. The perimeter beams may have a maximum height of 1200 mm.
The outside walls to the toilet rooms and the lift shaft in the link block only are to be over clad in
insulated and decorative precast or GRC panels, or similar.

General Assessment

A Building Condition Assessment (BCA), also known as a Facility Condition Assessment

(FCA), is a systematic inspection, review, and report on the state of a commercial building’s
structure and systems. It is often compared to a home inspection, but it provides more detailed
information and is necessarily more complex due to the nature of and requirements for commercial
facilities.

Building condition assessment includes some main parts which are:

• Structural components, including walls, floors, roofs, windows, and doors.

• Systems, including plumbing, HVAC, and electrical.

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 • Interior components, including finishes and fixtures.
• Exterior components, including finishes and fixtures.

1. When Do You Need a Building Condition Assessment?

Most banks will require a BCA/FCA, or PCA, prior to final approval on a commercial
property loan. The assessment gives both the bank and the owner valuable information about the
likely cost of ownership, and may become a basis for further purchase price negotiation. When
severe problems are identified by the BCA, the loan may not be approved or the buyer may back
out voluntarily. As important as a BCA is prior to a purchase, it is not the only time you may want
to invest in one. A BCA can also provide valuable information when:

• Determining whether to renovate, sell, or demolish a facility

• Allocating resources across a large portfolio of properties
• Creating safety and maintenance programs for your properties
• Assessing the value of a property you own
• Forecasting and budgeting maintenance expenses

Building construction location

Selecting the building location for construction is the important point for planning and
designs it. Therefore, the following general factors should be considered while selecting a site for
building construction.

• Geological condition.
• Purpose of the building.
• Environmental condition.
• Finance fund.
• Minimum risk to neighbor location.
• Elevation of ground.
• Available facility.
• Maximum benefit.

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 • Shape and size.
• Availability of raw material.
• Worker available during construction.

Structure stability as the main point to building assessment

The resistance offered by a structure to undesirable movement like sliding, collapsing and
over turning etc. is called stability. Fundamental concepts of structural stability as applied to
columns, beams, plates, shells and trusses. Structural stability is a field of mechanics that studies
the behaviour of structures under compression. When a structure is subjected to a sufficiently high
compressive force (or stress), it has a tendency to lose its stiffness, experience a noticeably change
in geometry, and become unstable. When instability occurs, the structure loses its capacity to carry
the applied loads and is incapable of maintaining a stable equilibrium configuration. Examples of
structural instability include: buckling of a column under a compressive axial force, lateral
torsional buckling (LTB) of a beam under a transverse load, sideways buckling of an unbraced
frame under a set of concentric column forces, buckling of a plate under a set of in-plane forces,
and buckling of a shell under longitudinal or axial stress, etc.

Factors cause to building collapsing

Buildings, like all structures, are designed to support certain loads without deforming
excessively. The loads are the weights of people and objects, the weight of rain and snow and the
pressure of wind--called live loads--and the dead load of the building itself. With buildings of a
few floors, strength generally accompanies sufficient rigidity, and the design is mainly that of a
roof that will keep the weather out while spanning large open spaces. With tall buildings of many
floors, the roof is a minor matter, and the support of the weight of the building itself is the main
consideration. Like long bridges, tall buildings are subject to catastrophic collapse. There some
main factors to building collapse:

• Design defects

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 • Faulty Construction

• Foundation Failure

• Extraordinary Loads

• Unexpected Failure Modes

Types of precast systems depends on the load-bearing structure, precast systems can be
divided into the following categories:

• Large-panel systems
• Frame systems
• Slab-column systems with walls
• Mixed systems

Figure 1 building collapsing due to damage piers and

2. Hollow slab properties and production.

A hollow core slab is a precast, prestressed concrete member with continuous voids
provided to reduce weight and, therefore, cost and, as a side benefit, to use for concealed electrical
or mechanical runs. Primarily used as floor or roof deck systems,

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 Hollow core slabs also have applications as wall panels, spandrel members and bridge deck
units. Hollow core slabs are cast using various methods in the seven major systems available today.
Because each production system is patented, producers are usually set up on a franchise or license
basis using the background, knowledge and expertise provided with the machine development.
Each producer then has the technical support of a large network of associated producers. Two basic
manufacturing methods are currently in use for the production of hollow core slabs. One is a dry
cast or extrusion system where a very low slump concrete is forced through the machine. The cores
are formed with augers or tubes with the concrete being compacted around the cores. The second
system uses a higher slump concrete. Concrete unit weights ranging from 110 to 150 pcf (1760 -
2400 kg/m3) are used in the industry.

Advantages of hollow core slabs

Stability
Precast concrete popularity is linked with low-seismic zones and more economical
constructions because of fast building assembly, lower self-weight (less material), etc. Precast
hollow-core elements are also known as the most sustainable floor/roof system and has far smaller
CO2 footprint than even CLT slabs. They have good fire resistance and sound insulation properties
and can span long distances with small depths. Structurally, a hollow core slab provides the
efficiency of a prestressed member for load capacity, span range, and deflection control and crack
free. They transfer the load only in one direction. This type of slabs can also be used in masonry
and steel structures irrespective of the fact if it is prefabrication or traditional construction. Hollow
core slab can save up to 50% of concrete and up to 50% of the armature when compared to all
other traditional slabs. It is possible for hollow core slab to hold up to 2000kg/m2 which is a lot
compared to other stones. You can also use these for installations of different types.

Save Cost
The production provides the obvious advantages of reduced time, labour, and training. It
also takes a less time for the construction to finish, which will save huge amount of time. It also
saves a lot of money on construction of descending ceilings because of its smooth surface.

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Production time
does not take exceedingly long, and the transportation too is easy compared to the natural
stones.

Figure 2 Reinforced hollow core slab on the beam

Longitudinal joint between the hollow slabs

The grouted keyways between slabs do have the capacity to transfer longitudinal shear
from one slab to the next. Using a shear stress of 80 psi, the useable (design) strength for
longitudinal shear is:

𝑽𝒏 = ɸ(𝟎. 𝟓𝟓)𝒉𝒏 𝟏
Where:
✓ l = length of connection (mm)
✓ hn = depth of grouted keyway (mm)
✓ and ɸ = 0.85

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 Figure 3 jointing slabs together

Installation the hollow slabs

HCS slabs are installed on a levelling neoprene strip, fastened to the bearing structure. Prior
to installation the slabs on wall slabs, the smoothness of the bearing surface should be checked. If
the bearing surface is not smooth, the roughness should be removed or levelled. To level a resting
surface, plastic or metal (50mm x 75 mm) levelling plates-spacers of thickness from 1 to 20 mm
should be used. The overall height of the levelling plates should be not less than 15 mm so that the
concrete may run under the resting part of the slab. One should pay attention to the fact that the
levelling plates should be placed under vertical walls of the floor slab (it is prohibited to place the
levelling plates at the holes in the floor in order not to break off the concrete in the resting part of
the floor. The installers direct the hoisted floor slab into the proper position directly above the
bearing surface and unhook the safety chains.

After the banksman has commanded, the item shall be lowered into the planned position.
Prior to unhooking the slab from the crane, its lateral position is verified and also the length of the
bearing surface. The minimum length of the bearing surface of a floor slab shall be as follows: on
masonry – 10 cm. on concrete or metal -8 cm. When installing a narrower than 120 cm slab, one
should make efforts to flatten its sawn edge to the wall or other structures, but not to the other slab.
If this is not possible, a gap of about 2 cm should be left between the edge of the sound slab and
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the edge of the longitudinally sawn slab that is next to the first one, so that after a formwork has
been propped a lower joint would be formed not differing from other joints. If in the floor a large
hole should be formed, the manufacturer shall design and submit a special supporting member and
indicate its location for support. When installing this node, it is recommended to leave a clearance
indicated in the Project between two floor slabs of full length, then put in a supporting member in
the proper location and let in a short floor slab into the niche formed

Figure 4 Installation slab with concrete beam

Hollow core slabs are set on bearing pads on precast beams. Steel reinforcing bars are in
inserted into the slab keyways to span the joint. The joint is grouted solid. The slab may remain
untapped as shown, or topped with several inches of cast in place concrete.

Considerations for Camber and Deflection

Hollow core slabs are produced with straight strand patterns rather than draped or
depressed strands. Using (+) to indicate upward movement and (–) to indicate downward
movement, net camber can be calculated as:

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 𝒑𝒆 𝒍𝟐 𝟓𝒘𝒍𝟒
Camber = -
𝟖𝑬𝑰 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰

Where, E= elastic modules, l = slab length, Pe = total pre-stressing force and w= uniformity
distributed self-load and I= moment of inertia of the girder cross section.

To determine initial camber, the appropriate values for the prestress force and the modulus
of elasticity of the concrete must be used. When strength rather than tensile stress governs a design,
the initial strand stress may be reduced to modify the anticipated camber. Additionally, slab
camber is sensitive to support point locations during storage. Camber will increase as these support
points move in from the slab ends. As with camber, concrete creep will also affect deflections due
to sustained superimposed loads.

Figure 5 maximum permissible deflection rate for core slab

3. Precast Rectangular Beam

Before beams or supports are mounted, ensure that the pillars/elements which they
should support are supported or permanently cast/are supported and the concrete has the necessary
strength. In this project the bean that being used is rectangle beam. The size that being selected is
600 mm x 650 mm. They are designed to meet several requirements which are load bearing; being
fire-proof; light weight / slim section; being functional; being aesthetically pleasant. They
geometry can vary in accordance with design spans and loads, with an extremely wide range of

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dimensions. Such beams are designed to have the minimum extrados overall dimensions, they
assure excellent performance in terms of design spans and fire resistance, allowing to use a very
spacious structural pattern. Advantages; less structural weight, no needs of scaffolding and
bracing, more architectural design freedom (due to beam and column), maximum installation
speed, high performance for seismicity, and applicable with any kind of foundations.

Figure 6 Types of precast hollow slab

Figure 7 precast beam and girder

4. General Design Concepts for Precast Concrete Buildings

The design concept of the precast buildings is based on the build ability, Economy and
standardization of precast components. In design of precast members and connections, all loading
and restraint conditions from casting to end use of the structure should be considered. The stresses
developed in precast elements during the period from casting to final connection may be more

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critical than the service load stresses. Special attention should be given to the methods of stripping,
storing, transporting, and erecting precast elements.

Figure 8 an example Precast prestressed slabs spanning between walls with composite in-situ topping for roof

When precast members are incorporated into a structural system, the forces and
deformations occurring in and adjacent to connections (in adjoining members and in the entire
structure) should be considered. The structural behaviour of precast elements may differ
substantially from that of similar members that are monolithically cast in place. Design of
connections to transmit forces due to shrinkage, creep, temperature change, elastic deformation,
wind forces, and earthquake forces require special attention. Details of such connections are
especially important to insure adequate performance of precast structures. Precast members and
connections should be designed to meet tolerance requirements. The behaviour of precast members
and connections is sensitive to tolerances. Design should provide for the effects of adverse
combinations of fabrication and erection tolerances. Tolerance requirements should be listed on
contract documents, and may be specified by reference to accepted standards. Tolerances that
deviate from accepted standards should be so indicated.
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 All details of reinforcement, connections, bearing elements, inserts, anchors, concrete
cover, openings and lifting devices, and specified strength of concrete at critical stages of
fabrication and construction, should be shown on either the contract documents prepared by the
architect/engineer of record or on the shop drawings furnished by the contractor. Whether this
information is to be shown on the contract documents or shop drawings depend on the provisions
of the contract documents. The shop drawings should show, as a minimum, all details of the precast
concrete members and embedded items. The contract documents may specify that portions of
connections exterior to the member are also to be shown on the shop drawings. The contract
documents may also require the contractor to provide designs for the members and/or connections.
The contract documents should show the loads to be considered in design of the precast concrete
elements of the structure, and they should indicate any special requirements or functions (for
example: seismic loads, allowance for movements, etc.) that should be considered in design
assigned to the contractor. In this case, the shop drawings should include complete details of the
connections involved.

Figure 9 : Precast concrete structure consisting of solid wall

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 Architectural Feature

The main material used to cover the faces pf the building is glass with aluminum frames.
But, in the special cases, it is decided to make different According to the building orientation, the
entrances are placed at the North and South directions to reduce the disturbance to the building by
the heat of the sun and balance the thermal condition inside the building. Therefore, for the North
and South directions, building face will suggest making different as below.

Architectural elements are the unique details and component parts that, together, form
the architectural style of houses, buildings and structures. Architects create the overall look of
buildings and other structures, but the design of a building involves far more than its appearance.
Buildings also must be functional, safe, and economical and must suit the needs of the people who
use them. Architects consider all these factors when they design buildings and other structures.

Figure 10 project layout

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 Figure 11 suggested face

The newly proposed office building is comprised of two rectangular-shaped buildings

which are having gross areas of 562.5m2 and 675m2. These two buildings are connected by the
platform which is allocated for vertical movements (staircase and lift core area). Parking areas are
not allowed inside the building. Each building floor is comprised of two types of work zones, a
meeting room and a break room and. Washrooms, Staircase 3 and the lifts are common for the two
buildings.

1. Interior Wall

Interior walls are a major building block of our home's indoor architecture. Interior walls
keep us private, sequester heating and cooling, dampen sounds, and define spaces. Used in other
ways, interior walls can transform one big room into two smaller rooms or they can make a closet
out of nothing more than empty space.

Walls are either load-bearing or non-load-bearing. Load-bearing walls carry their own
weight plus the weight of materials above them. Non-load-bearing walls carry only their own
weight. Interior walls are sometimes non-load-bearing. Often, interior walls that divide rooms or
create small spaces such as closets, pantries, and powder rooms are non-load-bearing. Partition
wall is not load bearing wall is used for dividing the large area to small different area. Partition

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wall height depends on use which maybe one story or part of story. These walls are made by glass
or brick or fibre.

Figure 12 Partition wall

Interior Wall Classification

There are different types of the interior walls are used for construction, which are:

1) Load bearing capacity: carries the load from the beam and slabs to foundation. There are
many types of bearing load as:
• Precast wall
• Retaining wall
• Masonry wall
• Stone wall
• Brick or block wall

2) Non load bearing wall: only carries their own weight and does not carry the support any
structure members as beams and slabs. This wall just used for separation the area to some
small area. And it includes:
• Hollow concrete wall
• Façade brick

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 • Hollow brick
• Brick wall

Figure 13 Brick Wall

a) Cavity wall: this wall consists of the two skins or two leaves with spaces between
them. There are outer wall and inner wall. Cavitation helps to prevent to entire the
rain and moisture to internal face.

Figure 14 Cavitation wall

b) Shear wall: is used for resist the wind load, earthquake load or the other lateral
horizontal and vertical wall on building frame.
c) Panel wall: This wall generally is made by wood and exterior non -bearing wall
framed construction. This type of wall cannot carry the load only used for aesthetic
in both inside and outside. It remains totally supported but subjected to lateral load.

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 Figure 15 Panel wall

2. Façade

Façade systems comprise the structural elements that provide lateral and vertical resistance
to wind and other actions, and the building envelope elements that provide the weather resistance
and thermal, acoustic and fire resisting properties. The types of façade system that are used
depends on the type and scale of the building and on local planning requirements that may affect
the building’s appearance in relation to its neighbours. For example, brickwork is often specified
as the external façade material, but the modern way of constructing the inner leaf consists of light
steel wall elements (called infill walling) that have effectively replaced more traditional block
work. In multi-storey buildings, unitised curtain walling systems have been developed that are
attached to the floors or edge beams of the primary steel structure. Steel and glass are also widely
used in façade and roofing systems, and the local attachments are in the form of stainless steel
brackets.

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 Figure 16 Installing curtain willing system

3. Parking Area

Parking areas are constructed as the green parking slots.

Figure 15: Detail for Parking Area

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 4. Room Classification

A room is ‘an enclosed space within a building that is not used solely as
a circulation space. This differentiates a room from spaces such as hallways, corridors
, stairs, landings, and so on

Open Area Zone

In these areas, the staff members can work individually or group-wise in the
working hours or extend working hours. This method is to get the maximum output of the working
hours by the staff members. It is not allowed to talk in loud in these areas. This area is going to be
filled with different types of working platforms. Sometimes, there can be individual sofa, covered
benches, tables to work in groups, etc. This method is used to give the maximum comfort to the
site staff and to increase the working efficiency of an individual person. According to the
conducted scientific researchers, architectures have found the background colour has a great effect
on the behaviour patterns of the people. Therefore, the colour selection is especially important
when designing the working platforms.

For these open working areas, it is selected the blue background. Blue colour has the special
ability to

- Increase the concentration and calm the individual mind.

- Enhancing wakefulness
- Increase the creativity and different thinking patterns

Meeting Room
Elegant conference room chairs placed around a long table creates a modern meeting room
setting. These spaces are equipped for large teams and provide equal access as meeting participants
gather around the table. Perfect for idea sharing and collaboration, the modern conference room
supports today’s creative workers.

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 Figure 17 Meeting Room

Everyone can express their ideas without considering their member positions. That may
help increase the effectiveness of the meeting. Sometimes, the belittle the position may reduce the
effectively of the meeting. Colour theme of the meeting room was selected as red colour because;
red colour reinforces the individual’s strength. In the physical jobs, red colour can increase the
productivity of the work. Therefore, red colour is identified as the best colour code for the office
meeting rooms. Meeting and conferences room include many types which are:

• The Modern Conference Room

• The Relaxed Conference Room

• The Studio

• The Cafe

• The Ideation Hub

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 Figure 18 Relaxed conferences room

Dining room

A dining room is a room for consuming food. In modern times it is usually adjacent to
the kitchen for convenience in serving, although in medieval times it was often on an entirely
different floor level. Historically the dining room is furnished with a rather large dining table and
a number of dining chairs; the most common shape is generally rectangular with two-armed end
chairs and an even number of un-armed side chairs along the long sides. Break room is designed
inside a greenery sphere which is made using timber and decorated with small plants. This method
will help to relax the stressful minds. That is called as the power of the nature. Sofa and tables are
arranged for other activities in the entire room.

Figure 19 Modern Dining Room

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 Mechanical Feature

Mechanical system, any building service using machines. They include plumbing,
elevators, escalators, and heating and air-conditioning systems.

1. Lift design

The size and number of elevators required for a building depends upon the function of the
building, size, layout, and the physical location and grouping of elevators. Passenger elevators,
(wider than deep) with a minimum 48 inches wide X 84 inches high centre opening doors, shall
be a minimum 4,000 lb (1818 kg) capacity with 42.2 sq ft (3.92 sq m) inside net platform area.
Passenger elevators, (deeper than wide) minimum 48 inches wide X 84 inches high two speed side
opening or centre opening doors, shall be a minimum 4,000 lb (1818 kg) capacity with 42.2 sq ft
(3.92 sq m) inside net platform area.

✓ The assumed speed for this elevator is 500mm/s.

✓ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 250𝑘𝑔 (𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)

The area of the cabinet = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 – 𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (1850 𝑥 600) – (1770 𝑥 521)

= 1110000 – 922170 = 187830𝑚𝑚2 (𝑥10 − 2) 𝑐𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴 = 1878.3 𝑐𝑚2.

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 521𝑚𝑚 = 52.1𝑐𝑚.

The volume of the cabinet = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 1878.3 𝑥 52.1 = 97859.43𝑐𝑚3

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 Since the cabinet is made from Aluminium 6061 – T6 of density = 2.7g/cm3

Mass of the cabinet: = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2.7 𝑥 97859.43 = 264220.461𝑔.

= 2.7 𝑥 97859.43 = 264220.461𝑔 𝑀𝑐 = 264.2205𝑘𝑔 ≈ 264𝑘𝑔

Let Mass of the passenger, Mp = 250kg.

Counter weight:= 𝑊𝑝 + 0.4𝐶

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑊𝑝 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝐶 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡.

𝐶𝑤 = [250 + (0.4 x 264)] x 9.81 = (250 + 105.6) x 9.81 = 3.488KN.

Weight of the passenger 𝑊𝑝 = 250 x 9.81= 2453N = 2.453KN

Weight of the cabinet = 264kg

The assumed speed 𝑒 at which the cabinet + passenger move = 500mm/sec

𝑉𝑒 = 500mm/sec

The elevator has to move through a distance (S) of 2150mm.

When the elevator moves from the downstairs to the upstairs, the final velocity 𝑉𝑓 = 0,
then using Newton’s third law equation of the motion:

𝑉 2 = 𝑈 2 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 𝑈2 = +2𝑎𝑠 𝑈 = 𝑉𝑒

𝑉𝑒 2 = 2𝑎𝑠

𝑎 = = 0.058𝑚/𝑠2/

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 The handling capacity: is going to calculate according to the following equation.

𝐻 = (300 × 𝑄 × 100) / 𝑇 × 𝑃

Where,

Q = Average of the passengers which is going to travel in a car (80% of

maximum carry capacity)

T = Waiting time (interval) (= Round Trip Time / No. of lifts)

P = Total population (In a peak monitor period)

Recommended lift speed for 6-12 floors is identified as 1.5 MPS.

Finally, the dimensions of the lift are going to be decided.

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 Figure 20 Inside view for hotel elevator

2. Mechanical Door and Gates

It will use a selfsensing, automatic door to the open working area. Environment,
which can be opened and closed without touching any door room. Here it is used ultrasonic
sensors. These sensors can detect the person 50cm away from the door space. This automated door
is going to made using glass material.

Figure 21 Automatic door

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 Electrical Features

During the office work hours, all the electrical equipment may use in the same time. It
includes desktops, laptops, monitors, scanners, printers, air conditioning system, LED screens,
Electrical doors, etc. According to this bulk energy usage of electricity, a better electrical system
analysis should be done prior to the building construction. The electricity is then transmitted to
switchgear. The role of the switchgear is to distribute electricity safely and efficiently to the various
electrical closets throughout the building. The equipment has numerous safety features including
circuit breakers, which allow power to be disrupted downstream - this may occur due to a fault or
problem, but it can also be done intentionally to allow technicians to work on specific branches of
the power system. It should be noted that large buildings or buildings with complex electrical
systems may have multiple transformers, which may feed multiple pieces of switchgear. We are
keeping this article simple by sharing the basic concepts.

Figure 22 Electrical Distribution System in Building

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 1. Office Light

According to the US General Services Administration (GSA), every type of work

environment requires a certain amount of light for workers to perform under. Office lighting
standards state that a normal workstation requires 500 lumens per square meter. That means that
every 6'×6' cubicle requires at least the same amount of light you would receive from a 35-watt
incandescent light bulb. The GSA also suggests that fluorescent ceiling fixtures and bulbs offer
the best office lighting standards. The layout of the lighting should provide an even amount of
illumination across the office space. It should also take into consideration shadows that may be
cast by cubicle walls or partitions, and be adjusted to minimize these problem areas. When
deciding the electrical features of an office building, lighting can be identified as an especially
important feature to be considered. Lightning directly affect to the architectural view of the
building. It gives a better value to the building.

Figure 23 Office light

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

An LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light for use in light fixtures that produces
light using one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LED lamps have a lifespan many times
longer than equivalent incandescent lamps, and are significantly more efficient than most
fluorescent lamps, with some LED chips able to emit up to 303 lumens per watt (as claimed by
Cree and some other LED manufacturers). However, LED lamps require an electronic LED driver
circuit when operated from mains power lines, and losses from this circuit means that the efficiency

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of the lamp is lower than the efficiency of the LED chips it uses. The most efficient commercially
available LED lamps have efficiencies of 200 lumens per watt (Lm/W)

Natural Lighting
Natural light is one of the most important elements in architecture. The enhancement of
natural lighting in buildings meets a dual objective: first is the search for visual comfort and a
bright atmosphere because daylight is most suited to human physiology; the second objective is
research energy efficiency and control of energy consumption (in terms of electricity). Daylighting
strategies can help reduce energy consumption in buildings as well as greenhouse gas emissions
by reducing needs of their electric lighting and cooling. It's for this reason that the natural lighting
of a building must take into account factors influencing the orientation, size, location of windows,
glazing characteristics, lighting control, the psychological effect of light ... etc

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 HVAC Features

The environment and the ambient conditions of an individual's living environment

influence considerably its morale, its security, its effectiveness in all its states of life and activities.
Beyond noise and lighting, the air condition is a very important environmental factor for the man.
To function effectively, the human body needs a specific atmosphere whose characteristics depend
on several factors such as temperature, humidity and air renewal. The establishment of systems
guaranteeing these conditions involves techniques air conditioning or air conditioning HVAC. The
design of an air conditioning system aims to create temperature conditions, humidity, sound level,
hygienic air quality allowing occupants to live under an optimum yield. The air conditioning
systems, to perform these functions, use means of cooling, heat transfer, air filters, cold distribution
networks more or less complex as well as management and regulation resources. However, the air
conditioning of our days faces a double challenge: on the one hand, global warming and the
development of technology have increased the need for and ease of access to air conditioning; on
the other hand, the galloping increase in the use of air conditioning has a huge impact on the
electricity bill with various environmental pollution effects. It is therefore advisable to choose the
system most efficient, economic and ecological possible for a given application according to the
needs and technical specifications.

1. Ventilation

Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space and is used to control
indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can also be used for purposes of
thermal comfort or dehumidification. The intentional introduction of outdoor air can be
categorized as either mechanical ventilation, or natural ventilation. Mechanical ventilation uses
fans to drive the flow of outdoor air into a building. This may be accomplished by pressurization
(in the case of positively pressurized buildings), or by depressurization (in the case of exhaust

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ventilation systems). Many mechanically ventilated buildings use a combination of both, with the
ventilation being integrated into the HVAC system. Natural ventilation can also be achieved
through the use of operable windows, this has largely been removed from most current architecture
buildings due to the mechanical system continuously operating.

2. Split Air-conditioning system

Split-system or split-system air conditioner: It is an air conditioner cut in two, with an

external part called condenser and compressor, and an internal unit ensuring cooling. Between the
two indoor and outdoor units, a refrigeration link used to transport the heat from the indoor unit to
the outdoor unit. Both units and piping are pre-filled with refrigerant. The parts are hermetically
closed by special fittings called lids Split-system air conditioners can be mono-split (one indoor
unit) or multi-split (multiple indoor units) for one outdoor unit. The split-system air conditioner is
called an inverter air conditioner when it is reversible and has a high-performance inverter type
regulation.

3. Centralised Air-conditioning system

Central air conditioning (or central A/C) is a system in which air is cooled at a central
location and distributed to and from rooms by one or more fans and ductwork. The work of the air
conditioner compressor is what makes the whole process of air conditioning possible. The
compression of the refrigerant gas enables it to discharge heat out of the house, which is how the
cool air is created. In a split-system central air conditioner, an outdoor metal cabinet contains the
condenser and compressor, and an indoor cabinet contains the evaporator. In many split-system
air conditioners, this indoor cabinet also contains a furnace or an air handler. The air conditioner's
evaporator coil is installed in the cabinet or main supply duct of this furnace or heat pump. If your
home already has a furnace but no air conditioner, a split system is the most economical central
air conditioner to install.

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Figure 24 Centralised air-conditioning system

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Structural Scheme layout

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 Major Component of precast concrete design

The type of major component being used in this design is illustrated in the figure… it
consists of rectangular column, hollow slab, and beam. column is a vertical structural member
intended to a transfer a compressive load. For example, a column might transfer loads from a
ceiling, floors, slab, beam, or foundations. Column typically constructed from materials such as
concrete, block, brick and so on which have good compressive strength. The type of column used
is rectangular since it was common shape available and easily to get.

Hollow slab

Figure 25 Major component used in precast concrete

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 1. BEAM TO COLUMN JOINT

RIGID CONNECTIONS USING WELDED PLATE

Type of connection used in this design is rigid connections. These connections that do not
deform significantly under applied moments. This means that have rotational restrained of 90% or
more. In other words, it is provided full continuity at the connection. The intention with welded
construction is to ensure that the main beam-to-column connections are made in a factory
environment and can be full strength rigid joints. To achieve this, while still keeping the piece
sizes small enough for transportation, short stubs of the beam section are welded to the columns.
The connection of the stub to the rest of the beam is normally made with a bolted cover plate
splice. The stub sections are prepared for bolting or welding with cover plates usually at a location
where the bending moment has reduced.

The benefits of this approach are:

Efficient, full strength moment connections - all the welding to the column is carried out
under controlled conditions. The work piece can be turned to avoid or minimize positional
welding.

Figure 26 Rigid connection

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 Figure 27 welded plate for beam to column joints

COLUMN TO FOUNDATION JOINT

PRECAST POCKET FOUNDATION

The precast column-base pocket connection used in precast concrete structures is built by
embedding a column portion into a cavity in the foundation and the space between the cavity and
the column is filled with cast-in-place concrete. The pocket connections can be classified into three
main categories according to the location of the pocket with respect to the footing as follows;

a) the Pocket Embedded connection in which the pocket is located totally inside the footing depth.
b) the External Pocket connection in which the pocket is located totally above the footing depth as
a reinforced concrete pedestal walls forming the pocket are made above the footing
c) the Pocket Partially Embedded connection in which a portion of the pocket is located inside the
footing depth and the other portion is located above the footing.

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