H-Bridges

Esther Yan, Marta Menéndez,

Sarah Chen

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Overview
● What is an H-bridge?
● How does it work?
● How will we use them?

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Overview
● What is an H-bridge?
● How does it work?
● How will we use them?

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DC motor
● Velocity depends on Vo,avg
● Torque varies with Ia

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DC motor control
● Direction
○ Chopper (Unidirectional)
○ H-bridge (Bidirectional)
● Velocity
○ Varying voltage
○ PWM

https://www.sunfounder.com/learn/Super_Kit_V2_for_RaspberryPi/
lesson-7-how-to-drive-a-dc-motor-super-kit-for-raspberrypi.html

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Chopper

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Chopper

motor

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Chopper

motor
- one direction

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Chopper

transistor

motor
- one direction

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Chopper

transistor

motor
- one direction

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H-bridge
● Circuit containing 4 switching elements +
4 catch diodes
○ Switching elements are usually bipolar
transistors or MOSFETs
○ Catch diodes are used to prevent
short circuiting
● Path of current controlled by switches

http://www.modularcircuits.com/blog/articles
/h-bridge-secrets/h-bridges-the-basics/

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Potential paths and switch combinations

http://www.modularcircuits.com/blog/articles/h-bridge-secrets/h-bridges-the-basics/ 12
Incorrect path

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http://www.modularcircuits.com/blog/articles/h-bridge-secrets/h-bridges-the-basics/
Building your own H-bridge
● Make sure you never close both transistors on one side
● Use catch diodes (or something similar) to prevent short circuiting
○ There may be delays in switching times
● Also consider
○ Internal resistance of transistor
○ Delay time of transistors (high → low and low → high)

* If you use pre-built H-bridges, you don’t have to worry about these things

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Why use an H-bridge?
● Easiest way to control DC motor direction
● Most motors require more power than a microcontroller can
supply
○ H-bridge uses external power source

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Overview
● What is an H-bridge?
● How does it work?
● How will we use them?

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Using the H-Bridge
Simplify Circuit: VCC

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn754410.pdf
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Using the H-Bridge
● Enable Signal
VCC
● Direction
● Sensing Pin
● Transistors turn-on resistance

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Using the H-Bridge
● Enable Signal (PWM) : controls velocity
● Direction
12V

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Using the H-Bridge
● Sensing Pin

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Using the H-Bridge
● Transistors turn-on resistance

Vcc1=5V, Vcc2=24V

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn754410.pdf
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Using the H-Bridge
● Transistors turn-on resistance

Vcc1=5V, Vcc2=24V

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn754410.pdf
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Using the H-Bridge
● Transistors turn-on resistance

Vcc1=5V, Vcc2=24V

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn754410.pdf
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Using the H-Bridge
Ex: You want 18V and 0.5A (@ 25C). Duty cycle?

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Overview
● What is an H-bridge?
● How does it work?
● How will we use them?

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Types
● 2 types of H-bridges available in the 373 lab
● Both have 2 H-bridges
○ SN754410 - Quadruple half-h bridge driver
○ L298 - Dual full-bridge driver
VCC VCC

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SN754410 Pin Layout

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http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn754410.pdf
L298 Pin Layout

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https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Robotics/L298_H_Bridge.pdf
L298 Pin Functions

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SN754410 Timing Diagram

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L298 Timing Delays

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Things to consider when choosing an H-bridge
● Needed input voltage for motor - determines motor speed
● Needed input current for motor - determines torque provided by
motor
● May need heat sink for high power
Comparisons
Characteristic L298 SN754410

Power Supply Up to 46V 4.6-36V

Logic Supply Voltage 5V (typical), 7V (max) (Vss) 5V (Vcc)

Peak Output Current 3A 2A

http://www.coolingsource.com/heatsinks/
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Applications

2-way motors

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6556324/

Regenerative Energy
AC Current

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Questions?

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