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We Focus Classes - Chemistry Notes: For Explanatory Videos Pleas Watch Visit Our Channel in Youtube
We Focus Classes - Chemistry Notes: For Explanatory Videos Pleas Watch Visit Our Channel in Youtube
General Science
www.youtube.com/c/wefocusclasses1
Atoms are not visible to the naked eye and are the basic
buildingblocks
Ex: 𝑁2 , 𝑂2 , 𝑂3 , 𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
Li – Lithium Rb – Rubidium
Na – Sodium Cs – Cesium
K - Potassium Fr – Francium
Be – Beryllium Sr – Strontium
Mg – Magnesium Ba – Barium
Ca – Calcium Ra – radium
B – Boron In – Indium
Al – Aluminium Tl – Thallium
Ga – Gallium
VA GROUP ELEMENTS:
N – Nitrogen Sb – Antimony
P – Phosphorus Bi – Bismuth
As – Arsenic
VI A GROUP ELEMENTS
O – Oxygen Te – Tellurium
S – Sulphur Po – Polonium
Se – Selenium
F – Fluorine I – Iodine
Cl – Chlorine At – Astatine
Br – Bromine
He – Helium Kr – Krypton
Ne – Neon Xe – Xenon
Ar – Argon Rn - Radon
Sb – Stibium (antimony)
IMPORTANCE OF ELEMENTS
(1) Hydrogen:
The lightest of all elements is Hydrogen.
Hydrogen was discovered by Henry Cavendish.
The element with At. No.1 and atomic Mass No.1 is
Hydrogen.
It is the element which undergoes fusion in Sun’s
atmosphere is Hydrogen.
It is the gas used in the manufacture of vanaspathi (or)
Dalda from vegetable oil.
It is the most abundant element is universe.
This gas is a combustible in nature.
𝐻2 Gas burn with Blue colour flame and makes pop
flame.
Hydrogen Fuel cause less environmental pollution.
The liquid rocket cryogenic fuel is liquid 𝐻2 and liquid 𝑂2
When liquid burns in air the effluent formed is water
vapor.
The solid fuels used in Rockets are;
1) Ammonium per chlorate (𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙𝑂3 )
2) Hydrazine (𝑁𝐻2 − 𝑁𝐻2 )
Car Battery:
The car battery is called lead storage battery (or) Lead acid
battery.
Cathode is lead (Pb) and Lead Peroxide (Pb𝑂2 )
In car battery the electrolyte used is dilute sulphuric acid.
Boron (B): In Nuclear Reaction Boron rods are used as control rods.
Graphene
TYPES OF COAL:-
Coal exists in Earth Crust and contains solid, liquid and gaseous
components. Hence on burning it produces smoke. Coal on
destructive distillation gives
i) Coal gas,
iii) Coke: it is known as Cooking Coal and it does not produce smoke
on burning.
Types of Coals:
NITROGEN (N):-
Composition of Air
𝟒
The ratio of 𝑁2 and 𝑂2 gases in air is 4:1. Air contains volume
𝟓
𝟑
𝑁2 gas and parts by weight of Nitrogen.
𝟒
The most important element needed for the growth of plants is
Nitrogen (NPK fertilizer).
Nitrogen is liberated from decomposition of Dead Animals.
The element that enters into soil through rain water is Nitrogen.
Leguminous plants absorb 𝑁2 gas from air and convert it into
Nitrates (N𝑂3−) in their roots. So Nitrogen is fixed into soil.
Chips packets and pickle jars, Dry fruits packets are filled with
Nitrogen gas to provide inert atmosphere.
The sperm of animal (mainly sperm of OX) is preserved in liquid
nitrogen at
- 1960 𝑐
The gas mixture used for the respiration of patients is 𝑂2 + 𝑁2 .
FUEL GASES
Natural Gas
C + 𝐻2 𝑂 (Steam) CO + 𝐻2
WAR GASES
3. Mustard Gas: - This gas is used in 1st world war. It’s formula is
C𝐻2 𝐶𝑙 C𝐻2 𝐶𝑙
C𝐻2 ____S______C𝐻2
It is prepared by reacting Ethylene gas with Sulphur mono
chloride(𝑆2 𝐶𝑙2 ).
6
% of copper in 18 carat Gold = × 100 = 25%
24
1
% 1 carat Gold has % of pure Gold = × 100 = 4. 16%
24
Percent of pure Gold in 22 Carat Gold is?
PHOTOGRAPHY:-
For taking photographs in dark Infra Red (IR) rays are used.
To study the ancient documents IR rays one used.
In physiotherapy for relieving muscle pain IR rays are used
Breath analysis makes use of IR rays.
The fake notes are detected by using UV rays
UV rays are used to detect spoiled eggs.
The rays used to check luggage in Air ports is X-rays.
CT scan is computer Tomography. It makes use of X-rays.
MRI is Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This makes use of
Magnetic waves.
For wireless communication Radio waves are used.
To find the speed of approaching car the policeman shines
Radio waves.
RADAR makes use of Radio waves.
Mobile Phones, Satellite Communication makes use of Micro
waves.
In long distance wireless communication makes use of Micro
waves.
FLUORINE (F): -
NEON (Ne):
The Aero plane the head light is filled with Neon gas to give red
light.
In shopping malls, the advertising signal is filled with Neon gas
to give bright red light.
SODIUM (Na):
MAGNESIUM (Mg):
TYPES OF WATER:
Rain Water:
The purest natural form of water is Rain water and it is acidic
in nature due to presence of dissolved C𝑜2 , 𝑁2 gases in it.
The 𝑝𝐻 of rain water is 5.7
Nitrogen enters into soil through rain water.
On Earth 97% of water exists as Sea or Ocean water. 2% of
water exists in Ice caps and Snow Mountains. Thirdly 0.6%
water exists as ground water.
The ground water having hardness up to 200 mg/ltr is fit for
human consumptions.
The purest man made form of water is Distilled water and it is
used as injection water after sterilization.
The 𝑝𝐻 of pure water is 7
Hardness of Water: -
SOAP:
Soap is a salt formed from higher fatty acids and alkali. Soap
is a Sodium or Potassium salt of Stearic acid, Oleic acid and
Palmitic acid
TEMPORARY HARDNESS:-
PERMANENT HARDNESS:-
Watch the explanation of the videos at www.youtube.com/c/wefocusclasses1
In playlist SSC CGL Chemistry
We Focus Classes – Chemistry Notes
ALUMINIUM Al :-
SILICON (Si):
PHOSPHOURS (P):
𝑃4 + 5𝑂2 2𝑃2 𝑂5
SULPHUR(S):
(𝛼 − 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑢𝑟) (𝛽 − 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑢𝑟)
The transition temperature of sulphur is 95.60 𝑐
1400 𝑐
CHLORINE (Cl):
𝐶𝑙2 Gas again reacts with water and forms finally nascent oxygen
which kills bacteria
𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 Gives HCl + HOCl (Hypochlorus Acid)
HOCl gives HCl + (O) Nascent Oxygen
ARGON (Ar):
POTASSIUM (K):-
CALSIUM (Ca):-
𝜶 𝜷 𝜸 RAYS:
Gamma Rays:
NUCLEAR FISSION:
Nuclear Reactors:
NUCLEAR FUSION:-
SEGMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT: -
1) Atmosphere (Air)
2) Hydrosphere (water)
3) Lithosphere (Rock)
4) Biosphere ( living beings)
The layer of air covering earth is called Atmosphere and It is
extended up to 1000 km above earth.
The percent of Earth’s surface covered by Hydrosphere is 70%.
Human body cells contain 60 – 70% of water in them.
Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas exist in lithosphere.
In the above four spheres the spheres which is extended in
other 3 spheres is Biosphere.
SEGMENTS OF ATMOSPHERE:-
OZONE LAYER:
These are known CFCs or Freon gases. Chloro Flouro carbons are
used as
ACID-RAINS:
The acid rains are due to Nitrogen Oxides and Sulphur oxides
formed in air
Motor vehicles produce Nitrogen oxides into air (more
important is them is N𝑂2 )
Industries produce sulphur Oxides by burning of coal in them
(more important in the is N𝑂2 )
These oxides dissolve in rain water and form Acid rain
2S𝑂2 + 𝑂2 2S𝑂3
S𝑂3 + 𝐻2 O 𝐻2 S𝑂4
4N𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 O 4HN𝑂3
The two main acid present in Acid rain are 𝐻2 S𝑂4 and HN𝑂3 .
When acid rain fall on crops the main damage is due to (𝐻2 S𝑂4 )
When acid rain falls on marble structure like TajMahal stone
lepracy is formed. In white(Stone) leprosy the substance
formed is Ca𝑆𝑂4
CaC𝑂3 + 𝐻2 S𝑂4 CaS𝑂4 + C𝑂2 + 𝐻2 O
The pH range of acid rain is 3.5 to 5 or 4.4 to 5.5
The pH of rain water is 5.7 or 5.6
1) Skin diseases
2) Decrease of quality of Drinking water.
3) Decrease of Ancient monuments like TajMahal
4) Soil pollution and Food crisis.
GLOBAL WARMING:
It is also known as Green House Effect. The gases C𝑂2 , C𝐻4 , CFC,
𝑁2 O, 𝑂3 , water vapour (𝐻2 O) etc are called Green House Gases. If
these gases are in excess in atmosphere then the temparature
increases. This is known as global warming
DDT Pollution:
Note: