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1
Remesal A. de. Historia general de las Indias Occidentales y particular de la provincia de
S. Vicente de Chiapa y Guatemala. Madrid, 1959.

3
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2
Gage T. Viajes por la Nueva Espana y Guatemala. Madrid, 1987.
3
Kf.: Remesal A. de. Op. cit. L. 1. J. 212.

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4
Ibid. P. 213-215.
5
Ibid. Cap. XVI-XVIII.
6
Ibid. J. 335-336, 465-467.
7
8
Kf.: Gage T. Op. cit. P. 360.
Gage T. Op. cit. P. 360.

6
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9
Kf.: Remesal A. de. Op. cit. L. 1. J. 417-418.
10
Kf.: Remesal A. de. Op. cit. L. 1. J. 213; L. 2. J. 21.
11
Ibid. J. 418.
12
Ibid. P. 205-206, 418.

7
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13
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14
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Remesal A. de. Op. cit. T. 1. P. 419.
15
Ibid. P. 206.
16
Gage T. Op. cit. J. 367.

8
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17
Ibid. 369.
18
Remesal A. de. Op. cit. T. 1. P. 422.
19
Ibid. J. 196.
20
Remesal A. de. Op. cit. T. 1. P. 422.
21
Ibid. J. 421-422.
22
Kf.: Remesal A. de. Op. cit. L. 2. P. 267.

9
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23
Remesal A. de. Op. cit. T. 1. P. 101.
24
Ibid. P. 101-103; T. 2. P. 156-158.
25
Kf.: Remesal A. Op. cit. T. 1. Lib. 1. Cap. XII.
26
Kf.: Remesal A. Op. cit. T. 1. Lib. 1. Cap. XII.
27
J 
,ELG
28
Kf .: Gage T. Op. cit. J. 388.
29
Ibid. J. 381.

10
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30
F_lbku.
31
32
Kf.: Gage T. Op. cit. J. 396-398.
Ibid. P. 348-349.
33
Kf.: Remesal A. de Op. cit. T. 1. J. 196.
34
Ibid. T. 2. J. 233.
35
Ibid. J. 232-233.

11
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36
Ibid. J. 21-22.
37
38
Kf.: Remesal A. de. Op. cit. L. 1. J. 234.
Gage T. Op. cit. P. 280.
39
Ibid. J. 283.

12
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40
Ibid. P. 284-285.
41
Remesal A. Op. cit. T. 1. Lib. 6. Cap. XII.
42
Ibid. L. 2. J. 181.

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43
Ibid. J. 181.
44
Gage T. Op. cit. P. 304.
45
Gage T. Op. cit. P. 305, 307, 318.
46
Ibid. P. 342.

14
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s_gb_ dblZckdbf bkdmkkl\hf b \ hkh[_gghklb nZjnhjh\ufb ba^_ebyfb ^bgZ
klbb Fbg ihklZ\ey\rbfbky Hkl-Bg^kdhc dhfiZgb_c \uau\Z_l fgh`_kl\h dh
ibc b ih^jZ`Zgbc Z lZd`_ ba]hlh\e_gb_ klZlmwlhd bah[jZ`Zxsbo dblZcp_\
Kha^Zxlky nZygkh\u_ ©[he\Zgqbdbª bgh]^Z aZ^mfZggu_ dZd bah[jZ`_gb_ ;m^
^ub^Z`_\hkvfb^Zhkkdbofm^j_ph\12.
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khklZ\ Zg]ebckdhc fZkku \oh^beZ ``_gZy dhklv [eZ]h^Zjy q_fm ijbgylh
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ijb_fZoZg]ebckdbcdhklyghcnZjnhjijbfudZ_ldF_ck_gmK_\jmbDblZx
I_j\ucnZjnhjh\ucaZ\h^\:g]ebb[uehkgh\Zg\;Zm\]h^mbijhkm
s_kl\h\Ze ^h  ]h^Z Hg ba]hlh\eye ^h\hevgh l\_j^mx b [_emx fZkkm Jhk
ibkvijhba\h^beZkvih^DblZcbebYihgbxQZklhgZba^_ebyo;Zm\klj_qZxlky
bkiheg_ggu_ ih dblZckdbf h[jZapZf e_igu_ \_ldb b p\_lu [_a jZkdjZkdb13 <
jhkibkyoaZ\h^h\\Q_ekb k]h^Z b\<mkl_j_ k]h^Z \kiuob\Z_li_
kljucn_c_j\_jdaZl_ceb\uojbkmgdh\^hklhcguo\hklhqghcnZglZabbdhlhju_
ih\lhjyxl jhkibkv dblZckdh]h nZjnhjZ < ;jZg^\_ee_ [jZlvy Wce_jk ijhba\h
^bebkhkm^ubadjZkghcg_]eZabjh\Zgghc]ebguih^jZ`Zy\nhjf_b^_dhj_db
lZckdbf h[jZapZf b ^Z`_ klZ\beb gZ k\hb ba^_eby dblZckdb_ fZjdb < gZqZe_
1780-o]h^h\LhfZkL_jg_j\DZmebgZi_qZlZe\i_j\u_gZk\h_fnZjnhj_dblZc
kdbc i_caZ` ^h\hevgh [ebadh \hkijhba\h^b\rbc fhlb\ \klj_qZxsbcky gZ

11
Ebk_gdh\ ? = MdZa khq K 89.
12
FhjZg : Bklhjby ^_dhjZlb\gh-ijbdeZ^gh]h bkdmkkl\Z hl ^j_\g_crbo \j_f_g ^h gZrbo
^g_c  F K 370.
13
D\_jn_ev^l W D NZjnhj E  K 72.

32
gZgdbgkdhf nZjnhj_ Wlh lZd gZau\Z_fuc ©b\h\uc fhlb\ª14 beexkljZpby d
h^ghcbadblZckdbokdZahd 
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\h]h gZagZq_gby – neZdhgqbdh\ nmleyjh\ ^ey fZgbdxjguo ijbgZ^e_`ghkl_c
b]hevgbdh\ lZ[Zd_jhd fmr_qgbp i_qZlhd15 ;hevrbgkl\h wlbo ba^_ebc [ueh
kdhfihgh\Zghk\u^mfdhc\\b^_nb]mjhdex^_cb`b\hlguo[md_lh\h\hs_cb
njmdlh\\dblZckdhfklbe_blhgdhijhfh^_ebjh\Zgh

< k_j_[j_ lZd`_ \klj_qZ_lky \ -o ]h^Zo j_pb^b\ \dmkZ d dblZckdbf


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qZcgbdh\ < ^_dhj_ \klj_qZxlky ^Z`_ dblZckdb_ b_jh]ebnu Ihbklbg_
qm\kl\_ggh_ gZkeZ`^_gb_ hjgZf_glhf hsmsZ_lky \ wlh \j_fy \h fgh]bo
ba^_ebyobkiheg_gguo\dblZckdhf^mo_
XVIII \_d y\ey_lky i_jbh^hf jZkp\_lZ ijhba\h^kl\Z gZ[b\guo ldZg_c \
:g]ebb <  ]h^m Zg]ebckdbc iZjeZf_gl aZij_lbe \\ha gZ[b\guo ldZg_c ba
Hkl-Bg^bb I_jkbb DblZy WlZ f_jZ klbfmebjh\ZeZ jZa\blb_ f_klgh]h
kblp_gZ[b\gh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z ;_eu_ oehiqZlh[mfZ`gu_ ldZgb \\hablv g_
aZij_sZehkv b Zg]ebckdb_ gZ[hcsbdb fh]eb bo bkihevah\Zlv Z lZd dZd
ihdmiZl_eb ijb\udeb d \hklhqguf jbkmgdZf bfihjlguo kblp_\ Zg]ebckdb_
nZ[jbdZglu klZeb bfblbjh\Zlv bo mahju Wlbf aZgbfZebkv hkh[u_ nZ[jbdb
GZ[hcdb \hklhqgh]h lbiZ ^h\hevgh [ebadh dhibjh\Zeb k\hb hjb]bgZeu
Klbebah\Zgguc jZklbl_evguc hjgZf_gl aZihegye \kx ih\_joghklv ldZgb beb
jZkiheZ]Zeky\\b^_hl^_evguo[md_lh\bdmklbdh\p\_lh\jZklbl_evguoih[_]h\
bl^16. LZd`_bkihevamxlkyfhlb\ukbaukdZggufbbijbqm^eb\ufbkp_gdZfbba
dblZckdhc`bagbZjobl_dlmjgu_fhlb\uieu\msb_ih\hegZfdhjZ[ebdb
:g]ebckdb_ om^h`gbdb m\e_q_ggu_ wdahlbdhc \hklhqgh]h bkdmkkl\Z
ih^jZ`Zxl _c \ XVIII \_d_ b ijb kha^Zgbb jbkmgdh\ ^ey \urb\hd gZ ldZgyo
A^_kv bkihevamxlky jbkmgdb wdahlbq_kdbo jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo \ qZklghklb
h[_avygdhlhjuoqZklhijb\habebgZlhj]h\uodhjZ[eyobaBg^bbbk>Zevg_]h
<hklhdZ Ijbqm^gbpu wlh]h \j_f_gb ghkbeb fZe_gvdbo `b\uo h[_avyghd \
k\hbofmnlZo\h\j_fy\bablh\bijh]mehd17.
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ihkueZeb k\hb kdjh_ggu_ dhklxfu ^ey \urb\Zgby g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh \ DblZc
H^bgbaba\_klguojbkh\Zevsbdh\mahjh\^eyldZg_cb\urb\hdhlf_qZyqlh\
_]h\j_fy[ueZfh^ZgZbaysgu_\urb\dbbkiheg_ggu_lhgdbfrgmjdhfijy
fh mdZau\Ze ©wlbf fu h[yaZgu dblZcpZf m dhlhjuo aZdZau\Zeb \urb\db ^ey
dZfaheh\ª18.
H^gZdh \ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ dblZckdb_ fhlb\u gZklhevdh kbevgh
baf_gyebkv nZglZab_c om^h`gbdh\ b \urb\Zevsbdh\ qlh ih kms_kl\m k
dblZckdbfbhjb]bgZeZfbhgbgbq_]hh[s_]hg_bf_eb

14
Ebk_gdh\ ? = MdZa khq K 244.
15
;bjxdh\Z G : AZiZ^gh-?\jhi_ckdh_ ijbdeZ^gh_ bkdmkkl\h XVII-XVIII \\ E 
K 197.
16
;bjxdh\Z G : AZiZ^gh_\jhi_ckdb_ gZ[b\gu_ ldZgb F  K 96.
17
<_joh\kdZy : K AZiZ^gh_\jhi_ckdZy \urb\dZ XII-XIX \_dh\ \ WjfblZ`_ E  K 14.
18
<_joh\kdZy : K MdZa khq K 14.

33
DblZckdh_ \ebygb_ \klj_qZ_lky lZd`_ \ ijhba\h^kl\_ ]h[_e_gh\ riZe_j b
h[h_\ < gZqZe_ \_dZ h[hb \\habebkv ba DblZy dhfiZgb_c ©dmiph\-
Z\Zglxjbklh\ª Qmlv iha`_ ihy\bebkv m`_ Zg]ebckdb_ fZgmnZdlmju bfblb
jmxsb_dblZckdb_h[jZapuNZ[jbdZhkgh\ZggZy>`_dkhghf\;Zll_jkbgZjy^m
k ldZgyfb \uimkdZeZ b h[hb k bah[jZ`_gb_f hjgZf_glh\ \ dhlhjuo [ueh hkh
[_gghaZf_lghih^jZ`Zgb_dblZckdbfh[jZapZfbi_caZ`_cbkiheg_gguoklhg
dhck\_lhl_g_\hcjZajZ[hldhc19.
©DblZcsbgZª hljZabeZkv b gZ kZ^h\h-iZjdh\hf bkdmkkl\_ :g]ebb i_jbh^Z
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Zjobl_dlhjZ MbevyfZ Q_f[_jkZ -  < - ]h^Zo hg kh\_jrbe
iml_r_kl\b_ \ DblZc ]^_ klZjZl_evgh bamqZe dblZckdmx Zjobl_dlmjm kZ^u b
ijbdeZ^gh_ bkdmkkl\h b hldm^Z ijb\_a fgh`_kl\h jbkmgdh\ ;eZ]h^Zjy bf \
:g]ebb \hagbdeZ fh^Z gZ dblZckdbc klbev \ kZ^h\h-iZjdh\hf bkdmkkl\_
Ihfbfh wlh]h \ :g]ebb [ue jZkijhkljZg_g i_caZ`guc iZjd k beexab_c
g_ljhgmlhc j_Zevghc ijbjh^u Ke_ih_ ih^jZ`Zgb_ ijbjh^_ \h fgh]bo
Zg]ebckdbokZ^Zo\uau\Zehg_^hmf_gguc\hijhkmihk_lbl_e_cqlhwlhkZ^beb
ijhklhe_k"
Q_f[_jk Z\lhj iZjdZ Dvx \ hdj_klghklyo Ehg^hgZ -59 ]]  klZ\r_]h
ba\_klguf\h\k_ffbj_;hlZgbq_kdbfkZ^hf\ukdZau\Z_llZdh_fg_gb_h[wlhf
©;hevrZyqZklvZg]ebckdbokZ^h\jZ[kdbih^jZ`Z_lijhklhl_ijbjh^uqlhihqlb
gbq_f g_ hlebqZ_lky hl h[udgh\_gguo ihe_cª20 Q_f[_jk gZibkZe dgb]m h iZjd_
Dvx \  ]h^m B lhevdh \  ]h^m dh]^Z \dmk d ©dblZcsbg_ª m`_ gZqZe
hkeZ[_\Zlvihy\bekyljZdlZlQ_f[_jkZh\hklhqghfkZ^h\h^kl\_©>bkk_jlZpbyh
\hklhqguo kZ^Zoª :jobl_dlhj ]hjyqh ijhiZ]Zg^bjh\Ze ijbgpbiu dblZckdh]h
kZ^h\h^kl\Z mdjZrZy Zg]ebckdb_ kZ^u ihkljhcdZfb dblZckdbo iZ]h^ [_k_^hd
fhklbdh\ < k\h_c l_hjbb b ijZdlbd_ kZ^h\h]h bkdmkkl\Z Q_f[_jk jZajZ[Zlu\Z_l
lbilZdgZau\Z_fh]h©iZjdZkkxjijbaZfbªijh]medZihlZdhfmkZ^m[ueZ\_kvfZ
aZgbfZl_evghc21Ih^oh^Q_f[_jkZdbkdmkkl\m<hklhdZ[ue[he__]em[hdbfq_f
m fgh]bo _]h kh\j_f_ggbdh\ < \hklhqghf bkdmkkl\_ Q_f[_jk \b^_e lh `_
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kh\j_f_ggbdbmkfZljb\Zeb\Zglbqghfbkdmkkl\_22.
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kZfuojZaghh[jZaguowihoZobkljZgZo<DvxgZjy^mkhagZf_gblhc\ukhlhx
\  f_ljh\ dblZckdhc iZ]h^hc b ©h[blZebs_f Dhgnmpbyª m`b\Zebkv ojZfu
KhegpZ ;_eehgu IZgZ WheZ F_q_lv b l^ H^gZ dZjlbgZ kf_gyeZkv ^jm]hx
jZaghh[jZab_ bo ^he`gh [ueh \ua\Zlv kf_gm gZkljh_gbc m imlgbdZ kf_gZ
gZkljh_gbc – kf_gm jZafure_gbc LukyqZ mobsj_gbc qlh[u gZ dZ`^hf rZ]m
aZgylv \ahj imlgbdZ \ua\Zlv m^b\e_gb_ beb \hkobs_gb_ \k_ gh\ufb \b^Zfb b
dhfihabpbyfb ebkl\u p\_lh\ dZfg_c gZ rbjhdhf nhg_ ]eZ^dbo ha_j
Ihy\behkvklj_fe_gb_daZgbfZl_evghklbdwdahlbqghklbiZjdh\uoiZ\bevhgh\
b iZjdh\uo gZkZ`^_gbc Ijbgpbiu jZaghh[jZaby l_i_jv lhj`_kl\h\Zeb gZ^
ijbgpbiZfbijhklhlub_kl_kl\_gghklb23.

19
;bjxdh\Z G : AZiZ^gh_\jhi_ckdb_ gZ[b\gu_ ldZgb F  K 96.
20
<_jabebg G F Ih kZ^Zf b iZjdZf fbjZ E  K 156.
21
Eb\rbp G : A_jgh\ ; : <hjhgbobgZ E : Bkdmkkl\h XVIII \_dZ F  K 354.
22
LZf `_K 355.
23
Ebk_gdh\ ? = MdZa khqK 129.

34
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ebckdbfb fhj_ieZ\Zl_eyfb bgl_j_k dZd ddmjv_am dijhba\_^_gbyfbkdmkkl\Z
^Ze_dbokljZgdZddebfZlbaZpbbjZkl_gbcwlbokljZgg_fh]ebg_kh^_ckl\h\Zlv
^Zevg_cr_fm jZa\blbx kljZklb d aZfhjkdhc jZklbl_evghklb Wlm kljZklv wg_j
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Z]_glh\ih\k_fmk\_lm
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?\jhim GZ dhglbg_gl_ q_f[_jkh\kdbc klbev ihemqbe gZa\Zgb_ ©Zg]eh-
dblZckdh]hª < :g]ebb hg \hr_e a\_ghf \ lm klbebklbq_kdmx ihehkm dhlhjZy
ijhreZ \ k_j_^bg_ XVIII \_dZ q_j_a \k_ ijbdeZ^gh_ bkdmkkl\h b Zjobl_dlmjm –
ihehkm kf_kb jhdhdh b ©dblZcsbguª24 >Zevg_\hklhqgZy wdahlbdZ ie_gyeZ rb
jhdb_ djm]b Zg]ebqZg bf_ggh k\h_c kdZahqghklvx m^Ze_gghklvx hl hdjm`Zx
s_ch[u^_gghc`bagb<g_c[ueZ\_k_eysZyiZjZ^hdkZevghklvklhevex[bfZy
Zg]ebqZgZfb aZ[Z\gZy ijbqm^eb\hklv Ijhklhc q_eh\_d Z g_ lhevdh ZjbklhdjZl
beb[mj`mZ]ey^ygZg__fh]jZa\e_dZlvky\b^hfdmjv_aguo\_s_caZ[u\Zlvky
mghkykv\hh[jZ`_gb_f\^Zevgb_kljZgu
LZdbf h[jZahf \ XVIII \_d_ gZreb k\h_ aZ\_jr_gb_ gZf_lb\rb_ky _s_ \
ij_^u^ms_f klhe_lbb g_ih\lhjbfu_ hkh[_gghklb ijbdeZ^gh]h bkdmkkl\Z
:g]ebbGZoh^ykv\l_kghc\aZbfhk\yabk^jm]bfb\b^Zfbbkdmkkl\Zbhkh[_ggh
Zjobl_dlmjhc Z lZd`_ bkiulu\Zy bgha_fgh_ \ebygb_ Zg]ebckdh_
om^h`_kl\_ggh_ j_f_keh kha^Z_l gZpbhgZevguc klbev khq_lZxsbc
ijZdlbqghklv eh]bq_kdmx dhgkljmdlb\ghklv nhjf k [eZ]hjh^ghc b lhgdhc
we_]Zglghklvx ^_dhjZ Wlb dZq_kl\Z h[_ki_qbeb ijhba\_^_gbyf Zg]ebckdbo
fZkl_jh\ kh\_jr_ggh hkh[h_ f_klh \ h[s_f ijhp_kk_ jZa\blby ijbdeZ^gh]h
bkdmkkl\ZAZiZ^ghc?\jhiu
<j_fy jZkijhkljZg_gby klbey ©jhdhdhª \ ?\jhi_ kh\iZ^Z_l k i_jbh^hf
m\e_q_gby©dblZcsbghcª©rbgZma_jbªKlbev©jhdhdhªyjq_\k_]hijhy\bek_[y
\ ijbdeZ^guo bkdmkkl\Zo ?]h oZjZdl_jbamxl klj_fe_gb_ d gZjy^ghklb
e_]dhklb baukdZgghklb ^mo bglbfghklb dhfnhjlZ b \gbfZgby d ebqghfm
m^h[kl\m Wlh bkdmkkl\h ^ey ex^_c `_eZxsbo h[mkljhblv qZklgmx `bagv
k^_eZlv __ m^h[g__ bf_lv e_]dmx f_[_ev ijbylgmx h[klZgh\dm
©jZa\e_dZxsb_ª\_sb<hafh`ghklb^ey\hiehs_gbywlbob^_cbsmlbgZoh^yl
\ aZfhjkdbo ^bdh\bgdZo ijb\habfuo k >Zevg_]h <hklhdZ >j_\gyy dblZckdZy
dmevlmjZ ^ZeZ [eZ]h^Zlgmx gbrm ^ey \dmkh\ wihob jhdhdh qlh b gZreh
hljZ`_gb_\qZklghklb\Zg]ebckdhcdmevlmj_XVIII\_dZ
AZbfkl\h\Zgby wlh]h \j_f_gb ghkbeboZjZdl_jih\_joghklgh]hm\e_q_gbywd
ahlbq_kdbfb nhjfZfb g_ijb\uqgufb fZl_jbZeZfb g_agZdhfufb kx`_lZfb b
[ueb^hklZlhqghwibah^bqgubkemqZcguHgbbebm^h\e_l\hjyebihlj_[ghklv\
jhkdhrb \ghky jZaghh[jZab_ \ [ulh\mx dmevlmjm beb iha\heyeb bkihevah\Zlv
\hklhqgmx wdahlbdm \ dZq_kl\_ mdjZr_gby beb fZkdbjh\hqgh]h fZl_jbZeZ ^ey
[he__ k\h[h^gh]h b [_ahiZkgh]h ij_ih^g_k_gby kh[kl\_gguo b^_c b h[hkgh\Z
gby kh[kl\_gguo b^_Zeh\ D Yki_jk aZf_lbe ih wlhfm ih\h^m qlh kZfhm\_j_g
ghklv _\jhi_cp_\ ijb\h^bl d lhfm qlh \k_ qm`^h_ \hkijbgbfZ_lky bfb dZd
dmjv_a«25Bklhjb_caZf_q_ghqlhh^gZdmevlmjZ\hkijbgbfZ_l\^jm]hclhqlh

24
LZf `_ K 129.
25
Yki_jk D Kfuke b gZagZq_gb_ bklhjbb F  K 90.

35
kihkh[gZb`_eZ_l\hkijbgylvblhdq_fmhgZ]hlh\Z_kebdhg_qgh_cgbq_]h
g_gZ\yau\Z_lkykbehc

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1
Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIX siècle/ Par P. Larousse. P., 1876. T. 15. P. 839.
2
Kf 7KLEDXGHDX A.-C. Histoire du Poitou. Niort, 1839. T. 1. P. XIX. ij_^\Zjbl_evgu_ aZf_ldb
: ^_
3
K_gl-WjfbgZ 
Chassin Ch.- L. La préparation de la guerre de Vendeé. P., 1892. T. 1. P. 106.

37
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\hklhqghfm]emGZwlhh[klhyl_evkl\hhkh[_gghgZibjZeb_]hijhlb\gbdb6.

4
Thibaudeau A.- C. Op. cit. T. 1. P. XIII- XIV, XIX, XXV- XXVI, XXVIII.
5
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dhffmg
6
.- Chassin Ch.-L. Op. cit. T. 1. P. 106-109.
Thibaudeau A.- C. Op. cit. T. 1. P. XIII- XIV, XIX, XXV- XXVI, XXVIII.

38
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7
Chassin Ch- L. Op. cit. T. 1. P. 109-111.
8
Ibid.
9
Ibid. P. 114-117.
10
Chassin Ch- L. Op. cit. T. 1. P. 114-117.
11
Ibid. P. 117-118.

39
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12
H j_eb]bhaghc ijh[e_f_ \ ImZlm gZdZgmg_ j_\hexpbb kf., gZijbf_j, Marcadé J. Les
Protestants poitevins au XVIII siécle. P., 1983; Benoist A. Les Populations rurales du “Moyen- Poitou
protestant” de 1640 à 1789. Niort, 1983. Vol. 4
13
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14
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Martin J.- Cl. La Vendée et la France. P. 1987. P. 42-43.

40
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15
Pbl. ih: Chassin Ch.-L. Op. cit. T. 3. P. 312.- < ^_iZjlZf_gl_ Fhj[bZg _s_ \ gZqZe_  ]
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16
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17
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18
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19
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21
22
Kf  ;Z[_n = Khqbg_gby F  L  K 236.
Westermann. Campagne dans la Vendée. P., an III [1794]; Lequinio. Guerre de la Vendée et des
chouans. P. an III [1795].
23
Kf gZijbf_j ©Ih\klZgq_kdmx FZjk_ev_amª Z[[ZlZ J R ExkkhgZ  >hdmf_glu bklhjbb
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24
njZgpmakdhc j_\hexpbb F  L. 2. K. 250.
Moniteur, Octobre 1893.

42
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25
Pbl ih ;Z[_n = Khqbg_gby L. 3. K. 269.
26
Turreau L. M. Memoires pour servir à l’histoire de la guerre de la Vendée. P., 1824. – I_j\h_
ba^Zgb_ \ureh \  ] Lxjjh ohl_e m[_^blv qblZl_e_c qlh kj_^b ©\Zg^_cp_\ª \hh[s_ g_
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27
Beauvais B. Poirier de. Memoires inédits. P., 1893. GZibkZgu \ -1797 ]] gh \gZqZe_
him[ebdh\Zgu
28
ebrv qZklbqgh
Bourniseaux, Berthre de. Precis historique de la guerre civile de la Vendée. P., 1802;
Beauchamp A. Histoire de la guerre de la Vendée et des Chouans. P. 1809. Vol. 3. [Savary J. J.- M.].
29
Lv_j : Bklhjby NjZgpmakdhc j_\hexpbb KI;-F -  l ;eZg E Bklhjby
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30

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43
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1
Kf.: Mary R. L. La Franc-maconnerie dans le monde P., 1993.
2
Kh\j_f_gguc njZgpmakdbc bkke_^h\Zl_ev I Gh^hg gZkqblu\Z_l [he__  luk ba^Zgbc ih
bklhjbb fZkhgkl\Z kf 1DXGRQ 3 +LVWRLU JHQHUDO GH OD )UDQF-maconnerie.Paris. 1987. P. 239).
3
Ibid. P. 239.
4
Ibidem.
5
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44
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7
=jZpbZgkdbc G I IZjb`kdb_ j_f_ke_ggu_ p_ob \ OIII - XI9 klhe_lbyo DZaZgv 
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?\jhiu OIII-O9 \\ F  K 75-76.
9
=jZpbZgkdbc G I MdZa khq K 236.

45
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10
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>jxhg F Ijhdeylu_ dhjheb F  Dg -7.
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gZau\Z_fh]h ©rhleZg^kdh]hª jblmZeZ \ fZkhgkl\_ kf Q_jgyd ? ; <j_f_g fbgm\rbo
aZ]h\hju F., 1994. K. 11-16).

46
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m[_^bl_evguf ke_^hf w\hexpbb hi_jZlb\gh]h fZkhgkl\Z \ :g]ebb BjeZg^bb b
RhleZg^bb Ijbkmlkl\b_ gZ l_jjblhjbb NjZgpbb \h_gguo Z ih kmlb ki_dmey
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agZqgh ihablb\ghc AZjh`^Z\r__ky \ kljZg_ ki_dmeylb\gh_ fZkhgkdh_ ^\b`_gb_
[ukljh hdZaZehkv ih^ m]jhahc k_dlZglkdh]h \ujh`^_gby ?]h rbjhdhfm jZkijh

13
Halevi R. Les loges maconniques dans la France d, ancien regime aux origines de la sociabilite
democratique. P., 1984. P. 9.
14
Ibid. P. 16.
15
=_jph] Chjdkdbc  [jZl DZjeZ II KlxZjlZ aZgye ij_klhe \  ]h^m Ex[hiulgh qlh \k_
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©ijhl_klZglkdbc ]_jph]ª dZag_g  bxey  ]h^Z \ LZmwj_ kf Ihmek_g Q :g]ebckdb_
[mglZjb F  C. 145-156).
16
Kf Naudon P. Op. cit. P. 64.

47
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17
Ih^jh[g__ h _]h ^_yl_evghklb kf 0DU\ R. L. Op. cit. P. 21-25.
18
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q_eh\_q_kdhc bklbgu kf Ghj[_jlh J D_ii_ Hk\h[h`^_gb_ F  
19
Naudon P. Op. cit. P. 65.
20
Naudon P. Op. cit. P. 66.

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21
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22
Naudon P. Op. cit. P. 66.
23
Ibid. P. 69.
24
Ibid.
25
Naudon P. Op. cit. P. 69.
26
<Zkxlbgkdbc : F NjZgpmakdh_ fZkhgkl\h \ O9 \_d_ « K 39.

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29
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<Zkxlbgkdbc : F NjZgpmakdh_ fZkhgkl\h \ OV \_d_«  K. 58.
31
La Franc- maconnerie… . P. 120.

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34
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36
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37
Dossiers secrets … . P. 28-29.

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2
Guizot F. Cours d’histoire moderne. Histoire de la civilisation en France. P., T. IV. 1830. P. 29-31;
Pbl3 ih J_bah\ ; = NjZgpmakdbc bklhjbq_kdbc jhfZg \ wihom jhfZglbafZ E., 1958. K. 77-78.


GZijbf_j, Gouhier H. La jeunesse d’Auguste Comté et la formation du positivisme. P., 1936.


T. 2. P. 103; Dautry J. Pour le cent-vingt-cinquieme anniversaire de la mort de Saint-Simon // La
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4
Saint-Simon H. Textes choisis. P., 1951. P. 51.
5
Pbl. ih: Hubbard .N. G. Saint-Simon, sa vie et ses travaux. P., 1857. P. 35.

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6
Weill. G. Un Précurseur du socialisme: Saint-Simon et son oeuvre. P., 1894. P. 12-14.
7
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<_klg ?\jhiu  Q  ‹  K 354-355.

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9
Pbl. ih: Dautry J. Sur un imprimé retrouvé...P. 291; Beb: Dautry J. Une Réapparition de C.-H.
de Saint-Simon // La Pensée. 1966. ‹  J. 84.
10
Kf.: Dautry J. Op. cit. J. 294.
11
Dautry J. Op. cit. P. 295. Ih wlhfm \hijhkm kf. lZd`_: Aulard A. Napoleon I-er et le monopole
universitaire. P., 1911.
12
Dautry J. Op. cit. P. 297.

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13
Dautry J. Op. cit. P. 291-292; Dautry J. Une Réapparition de C.-H. de Saint-Simon // La Pensée.
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Kf.: Christophe Charle. Les intellectueles en Europe au XIX siecle. Essai d’histoire comparée.
P., 1996. J 35.
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Aulard A. Paris sous le Consulat.. P., T. 2 1900. P. 359.
18
Pbl. ih: Dautry J. Op. cit. P.309.
19
<_klg  ?\jhiu 1802. Q ‹  K. 134-135.
20
Pbl. ih: Dautry J. Op. cit. P.310.
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D’Ivernois F. Les cinq promesses. Londres, 1803. P . XLIV, LXXVI.
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Dhgkmevkl\Z kf gZijbf_j Gobert A. L’opposition des assemblées pendant la Consulat (1800-
1804). P., 1925; Guillois. :. Le salon de madame Helvetius. Cabanis et les ideologues. P., 1894;
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RZoh\ : NjZgpmakdZy ebl_jZlmjZ \ i_j\u_ ]h^u O,O \_dZ F., 1875. K. 10-11.
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London und Paris.  6W  Pbl ih <_klg ?\jhiu  Q ‹  K 169.
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Bergeron L L’Episod napoleonien. Aspects interieurs. 1799-1815. P., 1972. J. 106.
40
Guillois :. Le salon de madame Helvetius. Cabanis et les idéologues. P., 1894. P.  :HeZj
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41
Picavet F. Les idéologies. P., 1891. P. 458.
42
D djm]Zf [ebadbf b^_heh]Zf d ©ihimlqbdZfª b^_heh]h\ ijbfudZ_l _s_ ^jm]hc djm]
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F_cyg KxZj_ ©Im[ebpbkl_ª kf f_fmZju __ ih^jm]b fZ^Zf DZ\_gvyd /HV 0émoires d’une
Inconnue publiés sur manuscrit original. 1780-1916. P., 1894. P. 153 et suit). FZ^Zf ^_ KlZev b
;DhgklZg lZd`_ y\eyebkv ©ihimlqbdZfbª b^_heh]h\ < l_hj_lbq_kdhf ieZg_ hgb bf_eb
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gZoh^bebkv \ hiihabpbb d g_dhlhjuf bkdexqbl_evgh \Z`guf iheh`_gbyf ijhk\_lbl_e_c b
b^_heh]h\ b \ g_dhlhjuo \a]ey^Zo [ueb [ebadb Zglbnbehkhnkdhc j_Zdpbb (kf.: Mortier R.
// Revue de la Litterature Moderne et Contemporaine.  ‹ ,O-O,, 
43
Kf FZgnj_^ : A GZihe_hg ;hgZiZjl F., 1971. K. 390-392.
 
44
Kf.: Bergeron L. L’Episod napoleonien... . J. 221-222.
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Bergeron L L’Episod napoleonien... . J 218.
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Dautry J. Op. cit. P. 313; Dautry J. Pour le cent-vingt-cinquiéme anniversaire de la mort de
Saint-Simon // La Pensée. 1950. ‹ 33. P. 30.
49
Dautry J. Op. cit. P. 312.
50
Bergeron L. L’Episod napoleonien... . J 228.

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Stael de. Dix années d’exil. P., S.a. P. 54.
58
59
Pbl. ih: Dautry J. Sur un imprimé retrouvé... J. 312.
Dautry J. La Révolution nécessaire selon Saint-Simon // Annales historiques de la Révolution
française.  ‹ 184. P 32.
60
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61
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62
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63
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Bourienne. Mémoires sur Napoleon. P., 1830. T.4. P 324.  

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64
Kf.: Christophe Charle. Les intellectueles en Europe au XIX siecle. Essai d’histoire comparée.
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Oeuvres de Saint-Simon et d’Enfantin. L.1. P., 1865. P. 21.
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Christophe Charle. Op.cit. J. 108.
67
Oeuvres Saint-Simon et d’Enfantin. T.1. P., 1865. P 23.
68
K_g-Kbfhg Ba[jZggu_ khqbg_gby F E L  K. 125.
69
Christophe Ch. Op.cit. J.39; Kf. lZd`_: Dhombres N. et J. Sciences et Savants en France.
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Saint-Simon C. H. Textes choisis. P., 1951. P 65-66.
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Bergeron L. L’Episod napoleonien... J 224.
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]h\hjy h [_kihjy^dZo gZ k_\_jh-\hklhqghc ]jZgbp_ DZiZ hg ibr_l ©G_evay
^hevr_ hklZ\eylv iheh`_gb_ ^_e \ lhf khklhygbb \ dhlhjhf hgb gZoh^ylky
k_cqZk M n_jf_jh\ >[mjh\– ; :@ aZ ihke_^gb_ g_kdhevdh e_l \hreh \
ijb\uqdm i_j_k_dZlv dhehgbZevgmx ]jZgbpm b ijbl_kgylv ]jbd\Z \ bo
kh[kl\_gghc kljZg_ B ]jbd\Z« `^ml dh]^Z DhehgbZevgh_ ijZ\bl_evkl\h
iheh`blwlhfmdhg_pª5.

2
Rev. H. H. Dugmore' s Papers, As published in the «Christian Watchman» during 1846 and 1847
// Compendium of Kaffir Laws and Customs, including genealogical tables of Kaffir chiefs and
various tribal census returns. Comp. by Col. Maclean, C. B., Chief Commissioner in British Caffraria.
Grahamstown, 1906. P. 7.
3
Eb\bg]klhg > Iml_r_kl\by b bkke_^h\Zgby \ X`ghc :njbd_ F  K 21.
4
=hgqZjh\ B : Nj_]Zl ©IZeeZ^Zª KZjZlh\  K 118.
5
Pbl ih Holmberg, Ake. African tribes and European agencies. Colonialism and
humanitarianism in British South and East Africa, 1870–1895 // Studia Historica Gothoburgensia.
 ‹ 6. P. 15.

74
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gZ KZjbeb ©Fhc gZjh^ ex[bl f_gy ihlhfmqlhyex[exk\hckdhlihwlhfmb
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^hklhygb_f dhkZ Fykh k\hbo `b\hlguo hgb mihlj_[eyeb \ hkh[h lhj`_kl\_g
guop_j_fhgbyo:ijbkfhljaZkdhlhf[ueh[yaZgghklvxlhevdhfm`qbg9.

B _s_h^gZhq_gv\Z`gZyjhevkdhlZ–wlhh[uqZc©eh[heuª lobola lh_klv


\g_k_gb_\udmiZ`_gbohfaZk\hxg_\_klmDZdijZ\behwlh[uekdhlFheh^hc
q_eh\_d fh] ihemqblv _]h \ k\h_ jZkihjy`_gb_ \ g_kdhevdbo kemqZyo \ \b^_
ih^ZjdZ eb[h gZ]jZ^u aZ dZdhc-gb[m^v ]_jhbq_kdbc ihklmihd \ nhjf_
gZke_^kl\Zihke_kf_jlbhlpZ\\b^_\h_gghc^h[uqb
DZd ijZ\beh fheh^_`v hij_^_e_gghc \hajZklghc ]jmiiu nhjfbjm_l g_qlh
\jh^_ \h_ggh]h hljy^Z lbiZ ©bfibª impi) – m amem beb ©f_nZlhª mephato) – m

6
Cory G. E. The Rise of South Africa. A History of the Origin of South African Colonisation and its
Development towards the East from the Earliest Times to 1857. In Six volumes. Vol. 1V. L., 1926. P. 326.
7
Cory G. E. Op. cit. P. 336.
8
Pbl. ih: Peires, Jeff. The House of Phalo: A History of the Xosa People in the Days of their
Independence. Berkeley, 1982. P. 32.
9
Bundy G. The rise and fall of the South African peasantry. L., 1979. P. 17.

75
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sbihke_^gbf©Hkgh\ghcp_evxf_nZlhy\eyehkvaZo\Zlb\hajZs_gb_mdjZ^_g
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nbg]hbl_f[mblZd^Ze__
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jhkl dhebq_kl\Z h]g_klj_evgh]h hjm`by LZd gZijbf_j dh]^Z =m[_jgZlhj Kwj
> Gwibwj \ ghy[j_  ]h^Z \klj_lbeky hdheh EZ\^_cey k fheh^uf \h`^_f
g]dbdZ – KZg^beb hg [ue ihjZ`_g l_f qlh \h`^y khijh\h`^Ze wkdhjl ba 
\hbgh\\hhjm`_gguojm`vyfb12.
Ex[u_ f_jhijbylby dhehgbZevgh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z ih h]jZgbq_gbx
g_aZdhgghc lhj]h\eb hjm`b_f b ihjhohf k lma_fpZfb [ueb fZehwnn_dlb\gu
WlZ lhj]h\ey [ueZ gZklhevdh ijb[uevgZ qlh fgh]b_ lhj]h\pu eZ\hqgbdb b
^Z`_ kZfb n_jf_ju reb gZ jbkd [ulv ihcfZggufb : lZd dZd m ZfZ-dhkZ
hkgh\guf jZaf_gguf lh\Zjhf [ue kdhl lh \k_ k^_edb hkms_kl\eyebkv aZ kdhl
Ijbq_f ©l\_j^uoª jZkp_ghd g_ kms_kl\h\Zeh \k_ aZ\bk_eh hl lh]h dZd
^h]h\hjylky h[_ klhjhgu LZd gZijbf_j h^gZ ba k^_ehd dhlhjmx m^Zehkv
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\lhjhf kemqZ_ i_j_^ gZfb lhl `_ dhehgbkl gZjmrZxsbc dhehgbZevgh_
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ihhsjyyl_fkZfufgZ^Zevg_crb_©djZ`bª
H^gh ba gZbf_gh\Zgbc \hcg hl]j_f_\rbo \ DZikdhc dhehgbb –
©ih]jZgbqgu_ª Wlhl l_jfbg \_j_g ih hlghr_gbx d _\jhi_cpm ]^_ l_jfbg
©]jZgbpZª `_kldh hij_^_e_g xjbkijm^_gpb_c Gh g_ khhl\_lkl\m_l lhc
^_ckl\bl_evghklb \ dhlhjhc kms_kl\h\Zeh h[s_kl\h ZfZ-dhkZ ©JZaf_ju bo
dhkZ–: ; l_jjblhjbcg_[ueblhqghhij_^_e_gu–ibkZeIj_ih^h[gucHl_p
>Z]fhj\]h^m–Zke_^h\Zl_evghbbo©]jZgbpuª[uebqZklhi_j_f_rZgu
qlh klZgh\behkv ijbqbghc fgh]bo kluq_d b \ g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo \ gbo
\h\e_dZehkv\k_ie_fyª14.

10
Shillington K. The Colonisation of the Southern Tswana, 1870-1900. Johannesburg, 1985. P. 11.
11
Kf. gZij.:Story of Sekhurhul // Theal, G. M. Kaffir folk-lore and selection from the traditional tales. Current
among the people living on the Eastern border of the Cape colony with copious explanatory notes. L., 1886.
12
Cory, G. E. The Rise of South Africa... . Vol. IV. P. 353.
13
Ibid. P. 337.
14
Rev H. H. Dugmore’s Papers… // Compendium of Kaffir Laws and Customs…. P. 8-9.

76
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15
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ojbklbZgkl\Z  KI[  K 87.
16
LZf `_  K 93.
17
Ba\_klby h dhj_gguo `bl_eyo X`ghc :njbdb«  K. 107.

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V-hcIh]jZgbqghc\hcg_18-]h^h\22.

18
Bundy C. Op. cit. P. 16.
19
Rev H. H.Dugmore's Papers… . // Compendium of Kaffir Laws and Customs… . P. 11-12.
20
21
Pbl. ih: Peires, Jeff. Op. cit. P. 28.
Rev. H. H.Dugmore's Papers… .// Compendium of Kaffir Laws and Customs… . P. 26.
22
Theal G. M. Progress of South Africa in the century. Toronto, 1902. P. 120-130.

78
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23
Brooks E. H. The history native policy in South Africa from 1830 to the present days. Pretoria,
1927.
24
Hepple A. South Africa. A political and economic history. L., 1966. P. 58.
25
Theal G. M. The Progress of South Africa… . P. 196.
26
Butler G., Benyon J. The 1820 settlers. An illustrated commentary. CapeTown, 1974. P. 5.
27
:njbdZ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ dmevlmj F., 1989. K. 91.

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28
Debroey S. South Africa:To the sources of apartheid. L., 1989. P. 158.
29
Theal G. M. The Progress of South Africa… . P. 197.
30
Pbl. ih: MacMillan W. M. Bantu, Boer and Briton: the making of the South African native
problem. Oxford, 1968. P. 155.

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31
Pbl. ih: Bundy C. Op. cit. P. 38-39.
32
33
:njbdZ  \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ dmevlmj K. 97.
Holmberg Ake. Op. cit. P. 17.
34
Cory G. E. The Rise of South Africa… . Vol. IV. P. 273.
35
Brooks E. H. Op. cit. P. 17.

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36
Hepple A. Op. Cit. P. 60.
37
38
k 0LOODQ W. M. Op. Cit. P. 155.
0D
Theal G. M The Progress of South Africa… P. 202.
39
40
Pbl. ih: Holmberg Ake. Op. Cit. P. 21.
Cory G. E. The Rise of South Africa… . Vol. IV. P. 208.
41
Pbl. ih: Gory G. E. The Rise of South Africa… . Vol. IV. P. 368.

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42
Cory G. E. The Rise of South Africa… . Vol. IV. P. 362.
43
Rev H. H. Dugmore's Papers… . // Compendium of Kaffir Laws and Customs…. P. 7.
44
Cory G. E. The Rise of South Africa… . Vol. IV. P. 331.
45
Ibid. P. 399.

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46
Brooks E. H. Op. cit. P. 32.
47
Ibid. P. 32-33.

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1
Porter A. Religion and empire: British Expansion in Nineteenth century; 1780-1914 //The Jour-
nal of Imperial and Commonwealth history. Sept. 1992. Vol.  ‹ 3. P. 375.
2
Porter A. «Cultural imperialism» and protestant missionary Enterprise.1780-1914 // Ibid. 1997.
Vol.  ‹ 3. Sept. P. 387.

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4
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5
Kf .: Neill S. A History of Christian Missions. L., 1966. P. 309.
6
Kf.: Neill S. A. Op. cit. P. 310.
7
Kf ;xllg_j L Bklhjby :njbdb F., 1981. K. 178.

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8
Neill S. Op. cit. P. 377.
9
Ibid. P. 382.
10
Kf.: Neill S. Op. cit. P. 385.

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11
Ibid. P. 386.
12
Ibid. P. 311.
13
Ibid. P. 313.
14
Kf.: Seaver G. David Livingstone: his life and letters. L., 1957. P. 107

89
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15
Kf.:Hodgston J. A Battle for Sacred Power Christian Beginnings among the Xhosa
// Christianity in South Afrika: - Los Angeles., 1997. P. 70
16
Ibid. P. 73
17
Kf.: Etherington N. Kingdoms of This world and the Next: Cristian Beginnings among Zulu and
Swazi // Christianity in South Africa. Los Angeles, 1997. P. 96.
18
Kf.: Hodgson J. Op. cit. P. 78.

90
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19
Kf.: Neill S. Op. cit. P. 318.

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2
Dipling R. Something of Myself. L., 1937. P. 208.
3
Batchelor J. The Edvardian Novelists. L., 1982. P. 8-17.
4
Kipling R.. Op. cit. L., 1937. P. 209.
5
Windham G. Letters /?d. Guy Wyndham. 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1913. Vol 2. P. 201.

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Kipling R. The Five Nations. L., P. 215.
7
Rudrard Kipling to Rider Haggard /Ed. Morton N. Cohen L., 1965. P. 33-34: letter of 10 July
1897.
8
Lord Curson Frontiers L., 1907. P. 57.

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9
Freeman E. The History of the Norman Conquest of England, 2 vols. L., 1870 Vol. 1, P. 20-21.
10
Tennyson :. Harold. A drama. Boston, 1877; Hentry G. A. Wulf the Saxon. A Story of the
Norman Conquest. Leipzig, 1903.
11
Haggard R. H. Rural England 2 vols. L., 1902. Vol. 2, P. 568, 572, 575.

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12
Doughty C. The Dawn in Britain, 6 vols. L., 1906. Vol. 6. P. 243.
13
Trevelyan G. M. The White Peril, Nineteenth Century and After. Vol. 50. L., 1901. P. 1051.

96
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14
Kipling R. Puck of Pook’s Hill, Rewards and Fairies. N. Y. 1925. P. 267.
15
Ibid. P. 268.
16
Parish W. D. A Dictionary of the Sussex Dialect and Collection of Provincialisms in use in the
Country of Sussex. Lindfield, 1957. P. 97, 131.

97
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1
Darwin J. Imperialism and Victorians: the dynamics of territorial expansion // The English Historical
Review. 1997. June. P. 614-642.
2
Darwin J. Op. cit. P. 614.

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3
4
³HnnbrbZe fZcg^´- h[jZa fukeb hnbpbZevguo djm]h\
Robinson R. and Gallacher D. Africa and victorians. An official mind of imperialism. L., 1961.
5
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K 62-72.
6
Darwin J. Op. cit. P. 617

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7
Darwin J. Op. cit. P. 617.
8
Ibid. P. 619.
9
Ibid. P. 620.
10
Darwin J. Op. cit. P. 624.

100
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11
Ibid. P. 627.
12
Darwin J. Op. cit. P. 629.

101
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13
Ibid. P. 636.
14
Ibid. P. 640.
15
Darwin J. Op. cit. P. 641.

102
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K 3-15.

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1
Eisenstadt S. N. European expansion and the civilization of modernity // Expansion and reaction:
essays on European expansion and reaction in Asia and Africa. Leiden, 1978. P. 172-173.

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2
Fallers L. The predicament of modern African chief an instance from Uganda // Social change.
The Colonial situation. N.Y., 1996. P. 239.
3
Ingham K. The making of modern Uganda. L., 1958. P. 122.

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4
Pawlikova V. E. The transformation of Buganda 1894-1914 // Asian and African studies. 1970.
‹ 6. P. 93.

106
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5
Pawlikova V. E. Op. cit. P 93, 122, 128.
6
Apter D. E. The role of traditionalism in the political modernization of Ghana and Uganda
// Apter D. E. Some conceptual approaches to the study of modernization. Englewood Cliffs, 1968.
P. 115-116.
7
Twaddle M. Ganda receptivity to change // -RXUQDO RI $IULFDQ +LVWRU\9RO  ‹ 2. P. 304.
8
Ibid. P. 305.
9
Roscoe J. The Baganda An account of their native customs and beliefs. L., 1911. P. 13.

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10
Ward W., White L.W. East Africa: a century of change 1870-1970. N.Y., 1971. P. 146.
11
Uganda. Report for 1926. L., 1928. P. 11.
12
Wrigley C. C. Crops and wealth in Uganda. A short agrarian history. Kampala, 1959. P. 16.
13
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\ mkeh\byo \ mkeh\byo dhehgbZebafZ -  F  K 96-101.
14
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h[mkeh\e_gghklv  Wlgh]jZnbq_kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby jZa\blby dmevlmju F., 1985. K. 45.

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15
Mazrui A. A. Privilege and protest as Integrative Factor: the case of Buganda’s status in Uganda
// Protest and power in Black Africa. N. Y., 1970. P. 1081.
16
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17
 F  <ui  K 156.
Roscoe J. Op. cit. P. 14, 259; Kagwa A. The customs of the Baganda. N. Y., 1934. P. 96

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18
Wrigley C. C. The changing economic structure of Buganda // The King’s men Leadership and
status in Buganda on the eve of independence. L., 1964. P. 21.
19
Roscoe J. Op. cit. P. 296
20
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21
=h^bg_j W K MdZa khq K 94.
22
>Zgbe_\kdbc G Y Jhkkby b ?\jhiZ F., 1991. K. 140.

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23
Pbl. ih: Uganda today and tomorrow. L., 1954. P. 57.
24
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25
=h^bg_j W K MdZa khq K. 49-64.

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26
Grillo R. D. The tribal factor in an East Africa // Tradition and transition in East Africa.
Kampala, 1963. P. 317.
27
=h^bg_j W K MdZa khq K. 126-127.

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28
Roscoe J. Op.cit. P. 13.
29
Mair L. P An african people in the twentieth century. N. Y., 1965. P. 69.
30
Ingham K. Op. cit. P. 52, 145.

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31
Kagwa A. Op. cit. P. 9, 74.
32
Roscoe J. Op. cit. P. 137
33
Gray J. M. Ahmed bin Ibrahim – the first arab to reach Buganda // Uganda Journal.
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34
Wrigley C. C. The changing economic structure of Buganda // The King’s men Leadership and
status in Buganda on the eve of independence. L., 1964. P. 25.
35
Robinson D., Smith D. Sources of the African past. N. Y., 1979. P. 87.

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38
Kabwegyere T. B. The politics of state formation. The nature and effects of colonialism in
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42
rdheu \ dhlhjuo h[mqZehkv  fZevqbdh\  ^_\hq_d Z
Wrigley C. C. Crops and wealth in Uganda. A short agrarian history. Kampala, 1959. P. 20, 55.
43
Powesland P. G. History of the migration in Uganda // Economic development and tribal change.
Cambridge, 1971. P. 30.
44
Middleton J. Some effects of colonial rule among the Lugbara // Colonialism in Africa. 1870-
1960. Cambridge, Vol. 3 1971. P. 30.
45
Powesland P. G. Op. cit. P. 39; Uganda. Report for the year 1959. L., 1960. P. 19.
46
Middleton J. Op. cit. P. 24.

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h[s_kl\_gguffg_gb_fb^_eZxlboiheh`_gb_^Ze_dhg_aZ\b^gufª49.

47
Uganda. Report for1928. L., 1929. P. 29.
48
Levy M. J. Modernization and the structure of societies: a setting for international affairs.
Princeton, Vol. I. 1966. P. 200.
49
Pbl. ih: Karugire S. R. A political history of Uganda. Nairobi, 1980. P. 125.

119
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50
Karugire S. R. Op. cit. P. 126.
51
Ingham K. Op. cit. P. 185.
52
The mind of Buganda. Documents of the modern history of an African Kingdom. L., 1971.
P. 160.

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131.
54
Karugire S. R. Op. cit. P. 126.
55
Robinson D., Smith D. Op. cit. P. 88.
56
Mutesa II. The Kabaka of Buganda. Desecration of my kingdom. L., 1967. P. 63.

121
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57
Mutesa II. Op. cit. P. 73-74.
58
59
Pbl. ih: Apter D. Op. cit. P. 130.
Ibingira G. S. K. The forging of an African nation. The political and constitutional evolution of
Uganda from colonial rube to independence 1894 – 1962. N. Y., 1973. P. 238.

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Committee on Foreign Relations (Senate). Development of Technical Assistance Programs.


Background Information and Documents. Washington, 1954. P. 54.

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Rubinstein A. The Soviets in the International Organizations. Changing Policy Toward
Developing Countries. 1953-1963. Princeton, 1964. P. 23; Bose T. The Point Four Programme: A
Critical Study // International Studies. 1965. Vol. VII (July). P. 69.

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Statements by Willard L. Thorp. Passim; Brown W. and Opie R. American Foreign Assistance.
Washington, 1953. P. 400.
8
Rubinstein A. Op. cit. P. 23.
9
Sharp W. The Institutional Framework for Technical Assistance: A Comparetive Review of UN
and US Experience // International Organization. 1953. Vol. VII. ‹ 346. P 349.
10
Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 349.
11
Thorp W. Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries // Department of State Bulletin.
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Expanded Program of Technical Assistance.
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The President's Recommendations for Technical Assistance Program for Underdeveloped Areas
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25
Lucas J. Not So Bold // Washington Post. 1949. June 13.
26
Pbl. ih: Baldwin D. Economic Development and American Foreign Policy, 1943-1962. Chicago
and London, 1966. P. 89.
27
Rutton V. United States Development Assistance Policy. Baltimore and London, 1996. P. 388.
28
Rubinstein A. Op. cit. P .24.
29
Act for International Development.
30
Brown W. and Opie R. Op. cit. P. 401-2;
31
World Response to the Point-4 Program. Interview with Assistant Secretary Thorp over the Voice of
America. June 9. 1949 // Department of State Bulletin. Vol. XX ‹  June 19). P. 774-75.

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33
H[fbgkdbc W ? ©IeZg Dhehf[hª b g_hdhehgbZebaf F., 1963.
Bingham J. B. Shirt-Sleeve Diplomacy: Point-4 in Action. N. Y., 1954. P. 269.
34
Draft International Technical Cooperation Act of 1949 // Department of State Bulletin. 1949.
Vol. ;;, ‹  -XO\ 18). P 72.
35
Lloyd D. Memorandum to George Elsey. november 29, 1949. (Point IV and the UN). Point IV
File, «Foreign Relations Correspondence» Folder, Box 61, Elsey Papers, Truman Library.
36
US Congress. House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Hearings on Act for International
Development («Point» IV Program). 81st Congress, 1st and 2nd Session. Washington, 1950. J. 431.
37
Lloyd D. Memorandum to George Elsey, november 29 1949.

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38
US Congress. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Hearings on Act for International
Development. 81st Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, 1950. P 34.
39
Ibid. P 35.
40
Act for International Development («Point IV» Program). Hearings... . J. 366.
41
Act for International Development. Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations. Senate.
P. 120.
42
Act for International Development. Op. cit. P 10; House Hearings on Point-4 Legislation,
Statement by Acting Secretary Webb // 'HSDUWPHQW RI 6WDWH %XOOHWLQ  9RO ;;, ‹ 
(October 10). P/ 549-50; Department of State Point Four. Cooperative Program for Aid. The
Development of Economically Underdeveloped Areas. Washington, 1950. P. 38-40.
43
Act for International Development («Point IV» Program). Hearings... . J. 455-66.
44
Department of State. Point Four. Cooperative Program for Aid. P. 40.

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‹  (OVey Papers, Truman Library. P. I.
Act for International Development. Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations. Senate.
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47
Lloyd D. Memorandum to George Elsey 1949. Nov. 29.
48
US Congress. Congressional Record. 1950. Vol. 96 (March 31). P. 4520, 4537-38.
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49

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Point Four: An Investment in Peace, Address by the President, June 28,1950 // Department of
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Senate, 81st Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, 1950. P. 324, 433).

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52
< jZaguo bklhqgbdZo b m jZaguo Z\lhjh\ \k_ wlb ^Zggu_ agZqbl_evgh jZagylky Fu
\u[jZeb gZb[he__ gZ gZr \a]ey^ ^hklh\_jgu_ Owen D. Operation Faith // Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists. 1954. Vol. X ‹  March). P. 84; Glick P Op. cit. P. 226-27; Development of Technical
Assistance Programs // Background Information and Documents. P. 15; US Congress. Senate
Committee on Foreign Relations. Hearings on Mutual Security Act of 1953. 83rd Congress, 1st Session.
Washington, 1953. P. 517.
53
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Dhj_b
54
-  kljZgZfb ijh]jZffZ ihfhsb ZjZ[kdbf [_`_gpZf -  kljZgZfb b l ^
Glick P Op. cit. P. 226.
55
MijZ\e_gb_ ih l_ogbq_kdhfm khljm^gbq_kl\m
Technical Cooperation Administration -
Z^fbgbkljZlb\guc
56
hj]Zg  aZgbfZ\rbcky ijZdlbq_kdhc j_ZebaZpb_c ijh]jZffu ©imgdlZ 4».
Ibid. P. 290-301; Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 344.

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57
Glick P Op. cit. P. 351; Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 346.
58
Glick P Op. cit. P. 345-52; Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 362-70.
59
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(Educational and Training Activities). 83rd Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, 1954. P. 31).

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Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 349.
62
Technical Cooperation Administration (Educational and Training Activities). Hearings... . P. 31.
63
Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 352.
64
Technical Cooperation Administration. (Educational and Training Activities). Hearings... . P. 31.
65
Technical Cooperation Administration. Op. cit. P. 34-5.

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66
Technical Cooperation Administration. Op. cit. P. 34.
67
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[hevrbgkl\hf ]hehkh\ (kf.: Glck P Op. cit. P. 258).
Ibid.
69
Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 356.
70
International Development Advisory Board. Conclusions and Recommendation. Report to
Harold E. Stassen, Director of Foreign Operations, Regarding the US Participation in Technical
Cooperation Programs for Underdeveloped Countries. Washington, December, 1953. P. 24.

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71
International Development Advisory Board. Op. cit. P. 25.
72
Owen D. Operation Faith. P. 81-82; Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 362, Glick P Op. cit. P. 345-46.
73
Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 347.
74
Ibid. P 371.
75
Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 347.
76
Ibid. P. 350.

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77
Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 356-7
78
Glick P Op. cit. P. 359.
79
Sharp W. Op. cit. P. 352.
80
Ibid. P. 357-58; Glick P Op. cit. P. 303.

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Glick P Op. cit. P. 349).


82
Rubinstein A. The Soviets in the International Organizations. P. 32-33.
83
Ibid. P. 23-5.
84
Development of Technical Assistance Programs // Background Information and Documents. P. 15.
85
International Development Advisory Board. Conclusions and Recommendations... P. 25.
86
Glick P Op. cit. P. 307.
87
Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development
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House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Hearings on Mutual Security Act Extension, H. R. 5710. 83
Congress, 1st Session. Washington, 1953. P. 899).

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1
Bfhnes.Zur Vorgeschichte der Volksfront. Die Kommunistische <Einheitsfrontpolitik gegenuber
der Sozialdemokratie in den Zahren 1933-1935 // Zutschrift fur Politik. Wien, 1960, H.2. S. 168-178.
Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbeiterbewegung in acht Banden. Berlin, 1966. Bd.4, 5. Edinger
Lewis J. Sozialdemkratie und Nationalsozialismus. Der Partei-Vorstand der SPD von 1933-1945.
Hannover/Frankfurt am Main. 1960;
Freigberg J. //Von, Hebel- Kunze B. Die deutsche sozialdemokratie in der Zeit der Faschismus
Geschichte der deutschen Sozialdemokratie 1863-1975. Von. Koln, 1975. S. 180-241; Lamgkau A. U.
Volksfrant für Deutschland? Bd. 1: Vorgeschichte und Gründung des // Ausschusses zur Vorbereitung
einer deutschen Volksfront>, 1933-1936. Frankfurt am Main, 1977; Wegmuller J.: Das Experiment
der Volksfront. Untersuchungen zur Taktik der Kommunististischen Internationale der Jahre 1934 bis
1938. Bern /Frankfurt am Main, 1972.
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3
Cf.: Lexikon des deutschen Widerstandes. Herausgegen von Wolfgang Benz un Walter H. Pehle.
)UDQNIXUW DP
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Arnold Heinz Ludwig. Heinrich Mann. Stuttgart, Müchen, Hannover, 1971.
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8
Mann H. Essays. Berlin. 1959. Bd. 1. S. 473.
9
Mann H. Gesammlte Werke. Das Offentliche Leben. Berlin, Wien, Leipzig, 1932. S. 310.
10
11
LZf `_.
Herzog W. Heinrich Mann // Mensehen, denen ich begegnete. Berlin, Munchen, 1959 S. 57.
0DQQ + 'LH GHXWVFKH (QWVFKHLGXQJ  $XIUXI 'UDJ -QXDU  ‹ 3. S. 13.
12
13
Mann H. Die Entscheidimg (über Faschismus, Sozialismus und Demokratie) // Berliner
Tageblatt. Berlin. 1932. 27 März.
14
Berliner Tageblatt. Berlin. 1932. 10 Juli.
15
Politik in der Akademie // Berliner Tageblatt. Abendausgabe. Berlin, 1933, 16 Feb.

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18
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16
17
Dhev\bp D >g_\gbd IbkvfZ <hkihfbgZgby kh\j_f_ggbdh\ F., 1980. K. 183.
Kerstein H. Die deutsche Literatur im Exil. München, 1964. S. 126.
18
Von zur Mühlen Patrik. Exil und Widerstand. Berlin, 1935. S. 130
19
Alker E. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im zwei Banden. Stuttgart, 1950. Bd. 2. S. 373.

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PblZlZ ih: Kersten H. Die deutschen Literatur im Exil. S. 169.

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21
Mann H. Verteidigung der kultur. Antifaschistische schtreitsschriften un Essays. Berlin und
Weimoir, 1973. S. 181-182.
22
Kf.: U.Samdkau - Ale[ Volksfront für Deutschland? Bd. 1.Vorgeschichte und Gründimg des
«Ausschusses zur Vorbereitung einer deutschen Volksfront «1933-1936». Frankfurt am Main, 1977.
S.178-196.

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24

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Kf.: Paul Gerhard. Ausschuß zur Vorbereitung einer deutschen Volksfront, // Lexicon des
23

deutschen Widerstandes. S. 172-173.


24
Kf.: Gerhard P. Ausschuß zur Vorbereitung einer deutschen Volksfront. S.173.

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