ELECTIVE-1

WATER AND SANITATION

SUBMITTED TO: SIR ADNAN BASHIR

SUBMITTED BY: RIFZA AWAN
2016-ARCH-16
 CALCULATION OF CLEAN WATER RESOURCES
 Only 2.5% of Earth's water is freshwater - the amount needed for life to survive.
 Almost all of it is locked up in ice and in the ground. Only a little more than 1.2% of all freshwater is
surface water, which serves most of life's needs.
 Breakdown of surface freshwater. Most of this water is locked up in ice, and another 20.9% is found
in lakes. Rivers make up 0.49% of surface freshwater. Although rivers account for only a small
amount of freshwater, this is where humans get a large portion of their water from.

FRESH GROUNDWATER
Water volume, in cubic miles = 2,526,000
Water volume, in cubic kilometers = 10,530,000
Total fresh water = 30.1%

SUGGESTIONS FOR SAVE WATER

 Check your toilet for leaks
 Stop using your toilet as an ashtray or wastebasket
 Put a plastic bottle in your toilet tank
 Take shorter showers
 Install water-saving shower heads or flow restrictors
 Take baths
 Turn off the water while brushing your teeth
 Turn off the water while shaving
 Check faucets and pipes for leaks
 Use your automatic dishwasher for full loads only
 Use your automatic washing machine only for full loads only
 Don't let the faucet run while you clean vegetables
 Keep a bottle of drinking water in the refrigerator
 If you wash dishes by hand, don't leave the water running for rinsing
 Check faucets and pipes for leaks
 Water your lawn only when it needs it
 Deep-soak your lawn
 Water during the cool parts of the day
 Don't water the gutter
 Plant drought-resistant trees and plants
 Put a layer of mulch around trees and plants.
 Use a broom to clean driveways, sidewalks and steps
 Don't run the hose while washing your car
 Tell your children not to play with the hose and sprinklers
 Check for leaks in pipes, hoses faucets and couplings

WATER WASTAGE FROM A DRIPPING TAP

A dripping tap can waste as much water as one tap drips every second

 One gallon = 15,140 drips

 One liter = 4,000 drips
Let's say you have one faucet in your home that drips once every second.

 60 drips per minute

 3,600 drips per hour
 86,400 drips per day
 31,536,000 drips per year.
One gallon contains roughly 3,785 ml, so that's 15,140 drips per gallon, which means our 1-second-
dripping faucet wastes over 5 gallons of water per day and just under 2,083 gallons per year.