Hpnrgfmhbns egtrmfmgans. \gaanr-prçftmfh gpamfglh. (Gpamfgfmöb prçftmfg).

Nstmeglh nstulmgbtn, g fhbtmbugfmöb, nbfhbtrgrç na tgaanr prçftmfh ln ag gftmvmlgl 4, na

fuga lnonrç rnsphblnr.

¡Eufdhs íxmths!

7.  Vm na vgahr ln lntnrembgbtn ns: Na lntnrembgbtn ln ag smcumnbtn egtrmz

G5 (      
     
     
) 5 ?> Fgafuagr na vgahr ln: ( )
?  ?  ? 
?  ?  ? 
?  ?  ? 

_. ?g ?f ?o
?u ?w ?v
?p ?r ?q
Vgfgehs na búenrh ? nb fglg ubg ln ags imags:

g f o
?6 5 u w v
p r q

Wun mbtnrfgeomgblh ag fhauebg ? y 6 ns:

g o f
-?6 5 u v w
p q r

N mbtnrfgeomgehs ags imags ? y 6:

g o f
?6 5 p q r 5 ?6 x ?> 5 ?00 o ?
u v w

(
?.  Vm
     
6 0 ?
7 7 7
) 5 > Fgafuagr smb lnsgrrhaagr, na smcumnbtn lntnrembgbtn

( ? 
6/? 0 )
?  ?
7
 
7 7 7

_. ?xT ?x] ?xZ

6/? 0 7 5 -? x T ‖ ] + 6 x Z
7 7 7
 

6.  Fgafuagr na lntnrembgbtn ln ag egtrmz Lnlufmr fuça ns su

rgbch, sncúb ahs lminrnbtns vgahrns g
y o.
_. g x o o?  g? gxo
g x o g?  o? gxo
g? gxo gxo o? 58
o? gxo gxo g? 

gxo o?  g? gxo x (-7)

gxo g?  o? gxo
g? gxo gxo o? I?∟7ÓI7↟I? 
o? gxo gxo g? 

gxo o?  g? gxo x ‖g

0 g? ‖ o? -g? + o? 0 o
g? gxo gxo o? I6∟(g/o) ÓI7↟I6 
o? gxo gxo g?  

gxo o?  g? gxo

0 g? ‖ o? -g? + o? 0 x -o
0 6 ? ?
0 -g +g x o -g + o ? g  I<∟(o/g) ÓI7↟I< 
o
o? gxo gxo g?

gxo o?  g? gxo

0 g? ‖ o? -g? + o? 0
0 0 -g6 +g x o? -g? + o? x -o  I<∟(o/g) ÓI?↟I< 
o g
6 ?
0 -o + g  x o 0 g? ‖ o?
g

gxo o?  g? gxo

0 g? ‖ o? -g? + o? g x o
0 0 -g6 +g x o? -g? + o? x o?  I<∟(∟o?/g?) ÓI6↟I< 
o g?
0 0 -o6 + g? x o g? ‖ o?
g
gxo o ? g? gxo
0 g? ‖ o? -g? + o? g x o
0 0 -g6 +g x o? -g? + o?
o
0 0 0 g< + o< - ? x g? x o?
g?

5 g Ó o Ó (g?∟o?) Ó ∟g6 + g Ó o? Ó g< + o< ‖ ? Ó g? Ó o? 

o g?
5 ∟g4 ∟ o4 + < Ó g? Ó o9 ‖ 9 Ó g< Ó o< + < Ó g9 Ó o? 
 

<.  Fgafuag na rgbch ln ag egtrmz

_. 7 0 ? -7
0 7 -< >
0 7 -< >
0 7 -< >
0 0 0 0

7 0 ? -7
0 7 -< >
0 0 0 0 5 ? rgbchs
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

>.  Fhb ags smcumnbtns egtrmfns:

Fgafuan: -? 

_. < 9 0
?O 5 < -? 70
? ? ?0

7 6 -7 < 9 0 -6 -6 -7
7 ? 4 - < -? 70 5 -6 < -?
? ? 6 ? ? ?0 0 0 -73
G ?O G - ?O
 

9.  Fhb ags smcumnbtns egtrmfns:

 
Fgafuan:  (g-? ) +G
_. 7 6 -7 ? 6 0 7 6 -7
? -? 7 x (g ‖?) x ? -7 > + 7 ? 4 5
? 6 < 7 7 70 ? ? 6
F (g ‖ ?O) G

g ‖ 76 6xg+> -g ‖ 77

? x g ‖ 7 -? x g ‖ 79 g+4
? x g ‖ ?9 6 x g ‖ 7? < x g ‖ 703
F (g ‖ ?O) + G

3.  Fhb ags smcumnbtns egtrmfns:

Fgafuan: (G+?
+?) *O

_. 7 6 -7 7 6 -7 ? 6 0
7 ? 4 +?x ? -? 7 x ? -7 > 5
? ? 6 ? 6 < 7 7 70

G ?F O
?7 -6 7>
79 ?3 =0
6= ?7 7>0
(G + ?F) *O

4.  \rns fhepg÷ågs N7, N?, N6, bnfnsmtgb fugtrh egtnrmgs prmegs P7, P?, P6, P<. Na
fhbsueh enbsuga enlmh ln nstgs neprnsgs sn punln nxprnsgr enlmgbtn ag
egtrmz smcumnbtn:

Lhbln ags fmirgs nstçb lglgs nb \e. Nb na prmenr trmenstrn lna g÷h ?007, ahs prnfmhs
ln nstgs egtnrmgs prmegs, nxprnsglhs nb F phr \e., dgb smlh
 

Lhbln ags fhauebgs N, I, E rnprnsnbtgb ahs ensns ln nbnrh, inornrh y egrzh

rnspnftmvgenbtn. Nxprnsg enlmgbtn ubg egtrmz na cgsth thtga ln fglg neprnsg fglg
ens.
_. ?36 766 763> 9? 7?6 7?3 767
G * P 5 660 ?6? =3> 790 x 660 6?9 67>
?>3 797 330 39 == 706 7?
?76 ?60 ?><

?36x7?6+766x660+763>x==+9?x?76  ?36x7?3+766x6?9
?36x7?3+766x6?9+763>x706+9?x?60
+763>x706+9?x?60 ?36x767+766x67
?36x767+766x67>+763>x7?9+9?x?><
>+763>x7?9+9?x?><
G*P5 660x7?6+?6?x660+=3>x==+790x?76 660x7?3+?6?x6?9
660x7?6+?6?x660+=3>x==+790x?76 660x7?3+?6?x6?9+=3>x706+790x?60
+=3>x706+790x?60 660x767+?6?x67
660x767+?6?x67>+=3>x7?9+790x?><
>+=3>x7?9+790x?><
?>3x7?6+797x660+330x==+39x?76 ?>3x7?3+797x6?9+330x706+39x?60 ?>3x767+797x67>+330x7?9+39x?><

G*P5 ??9400 ?><393

?<33>> ?66=7< ?3=400
?999>9
7337>= 747=7> ?00309

Na ens ln nbnrh ahs cgsths pgrg ag neprnsg N7 iunrhb ??9400, pgrg ag neprnsg N?
iunrhb ?<33>> y pgrg ag neprnsg N6 iunrhb 7337>=. Lna emseh ehlh nb ag egtrmz qun
rnsuatö sn punlnb annr ahs cgsths pgrg ahs ensns ln inornrh y egrzh pgrg fglg neprnsg.

=.  ^bg neprnsg ln mephrtgfmöb ln vndåfuahs rnfmon pnlmlhs ln trns

fhbfnsmhbgrmhs G, O y F. Na prmenr fhbfnsmhbgrmh dg shamfmtglh >0 fhfdns lna
ehlnah \7, 7> lna ehlnah \?, 70 fhfdns lna ehlnah \6 y ? lna ehlnah \<, na
fhbfnsmhbgrmh O dg shamfmtglh 73 fhfdns lna ehlnah \7, 7? lna ehlnah \?, 3 lna
ehlnah \6 y 6 lna ehlnah \<; y na fhbfnsmhbgrmh F dg pnlmlh 77, 3, > y < fhfdns
ln ahs ehlnahs \7, \?, \6 y \< rnspnftmvgenbtn. Ahs fhbfnsmhbgrmhs gphrtgb
 

ubg pgrtn lna fgpmtga ga ninftugr ag fheprg y gpagzgb g =0 lågs na rnsth. Na

fhbfnsmhbgrmh G pgcg na >0 phr fmnb lna thtga y gpagzg na rnsth, O gpagzg ub
tnrfmh y F gpagzg ub fugrth lna pgch. Fgafuag ag fgbtmlgl ln fhfdns ln ahs tmphs
\7, \?, \6 y \< qun ag n
neprnsg
eprnsg vnbln ga fhbtglh y fugbths fhb pgch gpagzglh.
_. Pgrg rnshavnr nstn prhoaneg
prhoaneg sn tmnbn qun gpamfgr
gpamfgr ub smstneg ln nfugfmhbns
fhb ags nfugfmhbns lglgs nb na nbubfmglh:

7) Na prmenr fhbfnsmhbgrmh dg shamfmtglh >0 fhfdns lna ehlnah \7, 7> lna
ehlnah \?, 70 fhfdns lna ehlnah \6 y ? lna ehlnah \<.

>0x + 7>y + 70z + ?w 5 0

?) Na fhbfnsmhbgrmh O dg shamfmtglh 73 fhfdns lna ehlnah \7, 7? lna ehlnah \?,

3 lna ehlnah \6 y 6 lna ehlnah \<.

73x + 7?y + 3z + 6w 5 0

6) Na fhbfnsmhbgrmh F dg pnlmlh 77, 3, > y < fhfdns ln ahs ehlnahs \7, \?, \6 y
\< rnspnftmvgenbtn.

77x + 3y + >z + <w 5 0

<) w 5 >0

Vustmtuynblh sn tmnbn qun:

>0x + 7>y + 70z + ?*>0 5 0

73x + 7?y + 3z + 6*>0 5 0
77x + 3y + >z + <*>0 5 0

_nshavmnblh na smstneg ln nfugfmhbns sn tmnbn qun:

x5=
y 5 >6
z 5 ?>

70. ^bg neprnsg prhlufn fugtrh omnbns lminrnbtns P7, P?, P6 y P<, pgrg ahs qun
utmamzg fugtrh egtnrmgs prmegs e7, e?, e6 y e<. Na fhbsueh nb kc. Pgrg
hotnbnr 7 ubmlgl ln fglg prhlufth ns na smcumnbtn.

] ahs fhsths y ahs fhstns, nb $ phr kc., ln fglg ubg ln ags egtnrmgs ns:
 

Lhs lmstrmoumlhrns, L7 y L?, glqumnrnb ags smcumnbtns ubmlglns:

g. Fgafuag n mbtnrprntg na smcbmimfglh ln ahs prhlufths GO y FGO.

_. >9 6? ?7 <6 ?.3

G*O5 9? ?6 7> >< x 6.6
>3 73 ?7 97 ?.>
3> ?4 6> <? 7.6
>9x?.3+6?x6.6+?7x?.>+<6x7.6 69>.?
G*O5 9?x?.3+?6x6.6+7>x?.>+><x7.6 5 6>7
>3x?.3+73x6.6+?7x?.>+97x7.6 6<7.4
3>x?.3+?4x6.6+6>x?.>+<?x7.6 <63

Na prhlufth GO, rnprnsnbtg ahs fhsths ln prhluffmöb gshfmglhs g ag hotnbfmöb ln fglg

ubmlgl ln ahs prhlufths. ^bg ubmlgl lna P7 tmnbn ub fhsth ln prhluffmöb ln $ 69>.?,
ln ag emseg ihreg P? 5 $ 6>7, P6 5 $ 6<7.4 y P< 5 $ <63.

69>.?
?30 760 7630 90 6>7
F * GO 5 ?60 73> =3? 7?7 x 6<7.4
<63

F * GO 5 ?30x69>.?+760x6>7+7630x6<7.4+90x<63 5 9643?0
?60x69>.?+73>x6>7+=3?x6<7.4+7?7x<63 >60>?3.9

Na prhlufth FGO, rnprnsnbtg ahs fhsths ln prhluffmöb gshfmglhs fuormnblh ag lnegblg

ln fglg ubh ln ahs lmstrmoumlhrns. Ln nstg ihreg pgrg fuormr ag lnegblg L7 ag neprnsg
tnblrç ub fhsth ln prhluffmöb mcuga g $ 9643?0, y pgrg fuormr ag lnegblg L? na fhsth ln
prhluffmöb snrç ln $ >60>?3.9

o.  ¸Fugbths kc. sn fhbsuenb ln fglg egtnrmg prmeg pgrg sgtmsigfnr ags lnegblgs ln
L7 y L?8

_. Pgrg ag lnegblg L7:

 

e 7 5 ?30x>9+760x9?+7630x>3+90x3> 5 70>330 k c 
e ? 5 ?30x6?+760x?6+7 630x73+90x?4 5 69900 k c 
e 6 5 ?30x?7+760x7>+7630x?7+90x6> 5 64<=0 k c 
e < 5 ?30x<6+76 0x><+7630x97+90x<? 5 70<3?0 k c

Pgrg ag lnegblg L?:

e 7 5 ?60x>9+73>x9?+=3?x>3+7?7x3> 5 44?0= k c 
e ? 5 ?60x6?+73>x? 6+=3?x73+7?7x?4 5 67?=3 k c 
e 6 5 ?60x?7+73>x7>+=3?x?7+7?7x6> 5 6?70? k c
e < 5 ?60x<6+73>x><+=3?x97+7?7x<? 5 4637< k c