Ch3 - Electricity and Magnetism PDF

CHAPTER 3
Electricity, Magnetism & Electromagnetism

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics / Fall Semester 2020
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Radiographic Physics Course2020_Dr.Sawsan Abusharkh_AQU

2
Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Radiographic Physics / Fall Semester 2020
Contents
Ø Electrostatics, Electrostatic Laws

Ø Electric Potential
Ø Electrodynamics
Ø Electric Circuits
Ø Electric Power
Ø Magnetism, Magnetic Laws
Ø Magnetic Induction
Ø Electromagnetism
Ø Electromagnetic Induction
Ø Electromechanical Devices
Ø The Transformer
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Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics / Fall Semester 2020
Introduction
• The primary function of an x-ray imaging

system is to convert electric energy into
electromagnetic energy.
• Electric energy is supplied to the x-ray

imaging system in the form of well-
controlled electric current.
• A conversion takes place in the x-ray tube, where most of this electric energy
is transformed into heat, some of it into x-rays.
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Introduction
Electric Energy Conversions
• Electric energy is converted into mechanical energy

with a device known as an electric motor.
• kitchen toaster or electric range converts electric

energy into thermal energy.
5
Electrostatic Section 3.1
- Electric charge comes in discrete units that are positive or

negative.
- Electrons and protons are the smallest units of electric
charge.
- The electron has one unit of negative charge; the proton has
one unit of positive charge. Thus the electric charges Electrified clouds are
associated with an electron and a proton have the same the source of lightning
in a storm
magnitude but opposite signs.
- Removal of electrons electrifies the substances from which
they were removed and results in static electricity.
Electrification can be created by contact, friction, or induction 6

Electrostatic Section 3.1
The fundamental unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C):

1 C = 6.3 x 1018 electron charges
7
Electrostatic Laws Section 3.2
Laws of electrostatics describe how electric charges interact with each other
and with neutral objects.
Unlike charges attract; like charges repel
• Associated with each electric charge

is an electric field.
• The electric field points outward
from a positive charge and inward to
a negative charge.
• Uncharged particles do not have an
electric field.
8
Electrostatic Laws Section 3.2
• The force of attraction between unlike charges or repulsion between like

charges is attributable to the electric field. It is called an electrostatic force .
• The magnitude of the electrostatic force is given by Coulomb’s law as follows:
9
Electric Potential Section 3.3
• Electric charges have potential energy.
• When positioned close to each other, like electric charges have electric
potential energy because they can do work.
• Electrons bunched up at one end of a wire create an electric potential

because the electrostatic repulsive force causes some electrons to move along
the wire so that work can be done.
• Electric potential is called voltage; the higher the voltage, the greater the
potential to do work.
• The unit of electric potential is the volt (V)
• In the United States, the electric potential in homes and offices is 110 V. X-ray
imaging systems usually require 220 V or higher.
• Volt is potential energy/unit charge, or joule/coulomb (1 V = 1 J/C)

10
Electrodynamics Section 3.4
• Electrodynamics is the study of electric charges in motion
• If an electric potential is applied to objects such as copper wire, then

electrons move along the wire. This is called an electric current , or
electricity
• Electric currents occur in many types of objects and range from the very small
currents of the human body (e.g., those measured by electrocardiograms) to
the very large currents of 440,000-V cross-country electric transmission lines.
• 4 Electric States of Matter:
• Conductor is any substance through which electrons flow easily
• Insulator is any material that does not allow electron flow
• Semiconductor is a material that under some conditions behaves
as an insulator and in other onditions behaves as a conductor 11
Electrodynamics Section 3.4
• At room temperature, all materials resist the flow of electricity.
• Resistance decreases as the temperature of material is reduced
• Superconductivity is the property of some materials to exhibit no

resistance below a critical temperature (Tc)
• The principal semiconductor materials are silicon (Si) and germanium
(Ge). This development led to microchips and hence the explosive rise of
computer technology.
• Superconducting materials such as niobium and titanium allow electrons
to flow without resistance
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Electric Circuits Section 3.5
• When the resistance is controlled and the conductor is made into a closed
path, the result is an electric circuit.
• Electric current is measured in amperes (A). The ampere is proportional to

the number of electrons flowing in the electric circuit
• One ampere is equal to an electric charge of 1 C flowing through a conductor

each second
• Electric potential is measured in volts (V), and electric resistance is

measured in ohms (Ω).
• Electrons at high voltage have high potential energy and high capacity to do
work. If electron flow is inhibited, the circuit resistance is high.
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Ohm’s Law Section 3.6
Ohm’s Law: The voltage across the total circuit or any portion of the
circuit is equal to the current times the resistance.
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Electric Power Section 3.7
• Common household electric appliances, such as toasters, blenders, mixers, and

radios, generally require 500 to 1500 W of electric power.
• Light bulbs require 30 to 150 W of electric power.
• An x-ray imaging system requires 20 to 150 kW of electric power. 17
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Magnetism Section 3.8
Any charged particle in motion creates a magnetic field
• A moving charged particle induces a magnetic field in

a plane perpendicular to its motion.
• The imaginary lines of a magnetic field are always

closed loops.
• When a charged particle moves in a circular

or elliptical path, the perpendicular
magnetic field moves with the charged
particle.
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• Electrons behave as if they rotate on an axis

clockwise or counterclockwise. This rotation
creates a property called electron spin.
• The electron spin creates a magnetic field, which is

neutralized in electron pairs.
• A spinning charged particle will induce a magnetic

field along the axis of spin.
• The proton in a hydrogen nucleus spins on its axis

and creates a nuclear magnetic dipole called a
magnetic moment. This forms the basis of MRI.
21
• The lines of a magnetic field do not start or end as the

lines of an electric field do.
• Such a field is called dipolar ; it always has a north and
a south pole.
• The small magnet created by the electron orbit is called
a magnetic dipole .
Magnetic permeability is the ability of a material to attract the lines of magnetic

field intensity
There are three principal types of magnets:
1. Naturally occurring magnets:

2. Artificially Induced Permanent Magnets
3. Electromagnets.
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Types of Magnets Section 3.8
1. Naturally Occurring Magnets: The Earth has magnetic field because it spins on an
axis.
2. Artificially Induced Permanent Magnets:
- Available in many sizes and shapes but principally as bar or horseshoe-shaped magnets
- usually made of iron.
- A compass is a prime example of an artificial permanent magnet.
- Permanent magnets are typically produced by aligning their domains in the field of an
electromagnet.
3. Electromagnets:
• consist of wire wrapped around an iron core.

• When an electric current is conducted through the wire, a magnetic field is created.
• The intensity of the magnetic field is proportional to the electric current.
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Magnetic States of Matter Section 3.8
All matter can be classified according to either of four interactions with an external
magnetic field.
1. Non-magnetic Materials : are unaffected when brought into a magnetic field. Such
materials include substances such as wood and glass.
2. Diamanetic Materilas: are weakly repelled by either magnetic pole. They cannot be
artificially magnetized, and they are not attracted to a magnet. Examples: are water and
plastic.
3. Ferromagnetic Materials: include iron, cobalt, and nickel. These are strongly
attracted by a magnet and usually can be permanently magnetized by exposure to a
magnetic field.
4. Paramagnetic Materials: lie somewhere between ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic.
They are very slightly attracted to a magnet and are loosely influenced by an external
magnetic field. Contrast agents used in MRI are paramagnetic.
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Magnetic States of Matter Section 3.8
The degree to which a material can be magnetized is its magnetic susceptibility
25
Magnetic Induction Section 3.8
• Ferromagnetic objects can be made into magnets by induction
• The imaginary magnetic field lines are called magnetic lines of induction and the
density of these lines is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field.
• The magnetic force is proportional to the product of the magnetic pole strengths
divided by the square of the distance between them.
ü The Earth’s magnetic field is approximately 50 μT at the equator and 100 μT at

the poles.
ü The magnet of an MRI system, which is 3 T
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Electromagnetism Section 3.8
Any charge in motion induces a magnetic field
• A charge at rest produces no magnetic field.

• Electrons that flow through a wire produce a magnetic
field about that wire.
• The magnetic field is represented by imaginary lines
that form concentric circles centered on the wire
Ø The magnetic field can be intensified further by wrapping the coil of wire around
ferromagnetic material, such as iron. The iron core intensifies the magnetic field.
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Electromagnetic Induction Section 3.8
Moving magnetic field induces an

electric current
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Electromechanical Devices Section 3.8
• Electric motors and generators are practical applications of Oersted’s and

Faraday’s experiments.
• An electric current produces a mechanical motion (the motion of

the compass needle). This is the basis of the electric motor.
• The mechanical motion (the motion of a magnet near a coil of wire)

induces electricity in a coil of wire. This is the principle on which
the electric generator operates.
29
The transformer law describes how electric

current and voltage change from the
primary coil to the secondary coil.
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32
Types of Transformers
• The autotransformer has one winding and varies both voltage and current. 33

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CHAPTER 3

Electricity, Magnetism & Electromagnetism

Radiographic Physics Course2020_Dr.Sawsan Abusharkh_AQU

Ø Electrostatics, Electrostatic Laws

• The primary function of an x-ray imaging

• Electric energy is supplied to the x-ray

Electric Energy Conversions

• Electric energy is converted into mechanical energy

• kitchen toaster or electric range converts electric

- Electric charge comes in discrete units that are positive or

Electrification can be created by contact, friction, or induction 6

The fundamental unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C):

• Associated with each electric charge

• The force of attraction between unlike charges or repulsion between like

• The magnitude of the electrostatic force is given by Coulomb’s law as follows:

• Electrons bunched up at one end of a wire create an electric potential

• The unit of electric potential is the volt (V)

• Volt is potential energy/unit charge, or joule/coulomb (1 V = 1 J/C)

• If an electric potential is applied to objects such as copper wire, then

• At room temperature, all materials resist the flow of electricity.

• Resistance decreases as the temperature of material is reduced

• Superconductivity is the property of some materials to exhibit no

• Electric current is measured in amperes (A). The ampere is proportional to

• One ampere is equal to an electric charge of 1 C flowing through a conductor

• Electric potential is measured in volts (V), and electric resistance is

• Common household electric appliances, such as toasters, blenders, mixers, and

• A moving charged particle induces a magnetic field in

• The imaginary lines of a magnetic field are always

• When a charged particle moves in a circular

• Electrons behave as if they rotate on an axis

• The electron spin creates a magnetic field, which is

• A spinning charged particle will induce a magnetic

• The proton in a hydrogen nucleus spins on its axis

• The lines of a magnetic field do not start or end as the

Magnetic permeability is the ability of a material to attract the lines of magnetic

There are three principal types of magnets:

1. Naturally occurring magnets:

2. Artificially Induced Permanent Magnets:

• consist of wire wrapped around an iron core.

ü The Earth’s magnetic field is approximately 50 μT at the equator and 100 μT at

• A charge at rest produces no magnetic field.

Moving magnetic field induces an

• Electric motors and generators are practical applications of Oersted’s and

• An electric current produces a mechanical motion (the motion of

• The mechanical motion (the motion of a magnet near a coil of wire)

The transformer law describes how electric

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