Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Edexcel C1 Notes PDF
Edexcel C1 Notes PDF
Revision Notes
May 2016
Pure Core 1
1 Algebra .................................................................................................................3
Indices ............................................................................................................................................. 3
Rules of indices .........................................................................................................................................3
Surds ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Simplifying surds ......................................................................................................................................4
Rationalising the denominator ..................................................................................................................4
2 Quadratic functions...............................................................................................5
Completing the square. .............................................................................................................................5
Factorising quadratics ...............................................................................................................................6
Solving quadratic equations. ........................................................................................................... 6
By factorising. ...........................................................................................................................................6
By completing the square ..........................................................................................................................6
By using the formula .................................................................................................................................7
The discriminant, b2 – 4ac ......................................................................................................................7
Miscellaneous quadratic equations ...........................................................................................................8
Quadratic graphs.............................................................................................................................. 8
Simultaneous equations ................................................................................................................... 9
Two linear equations .................................................................................................................................9
One linear equation and one quadratic. ...................................................................................................10
Inequalities .................................................................................................................................... 11
Linear inequalities ...................................................................................................................................11
Quadratic inequalities, x2 > k or < k ....................................................................................................11
Quadratic inequalities, ax2 + bx + c > k or < k ....................................................................................11
7 Integration .......................................................................................................... 23
Indefinite integrals ......................................................................................................................... 23
Finding the arbitrary constant................................................................................................................. 23
Appendix ................................................................................................................ 24
Quadratic equation formula proof ................................................................................................. 24
Differentiation from first principles .............................................................................................. 24
General formulae .................................................................................................................................... 25
Index....................................................................................................................... 26
am × an = am + n (am )n = amn a
1
n
= n
a
a ÷a = a
m n m–n a0 = 1
( a)
m m
–n 1 a n
= n
am = n
a = n
a
Examples:
(i) 5 –3 × 54 = 5 –3 + 4 = 51 = 5.
1
7 –4 × 7 –2 = 7 –4 + –2 = 7 –4 – 2 = 7–6 = .
76
(ii) 35 ÷ 3 –2 = 35 – –2 = 35 + 2 = 37.
1
9 –4 ÷ 96 = 9 –4 – 6 = 9–10 =
9 10
11 –3 ÷ 11 –5 = 11 –3 – –5 = 11 –3 + 5 = 112 = 121
1
(iii) (6 –3)4 = 6 –3 × 4 = 6 –12
= .
612
2
= 64 3 = ( 4) 2 = 16
2 1
3
(iv) 64
−2 1
(v) 125 3
= 2
since minus means turn upside down
3
125
1
= , since 3 on bottom of fraction is cube root, 3
125 = 5
52
1
=
25
Surds
A surd is a ‘nasty’ root – i.e. a root which is not rational.
3 1 1 5
Thus √64 = 8, �27 = 3 , √−243 = −3 are rational and not surds
5 3
and √5, √45, √−72 are irrational and are surds.
Simplifying surds
Example: To simplify 3
40 we notice that 40 = 8 × 5 = 23 × 5
⇒ 3
40 = 3
8×5 = 3
8 ×3 5 = 2×3 5.
2+3√5
Example: Rationalise the denominator of .
3−√5
2+3√5 2+3√5 3+√5
Solution: = ×
3−√5 3−√5 3+√5
6+3√5√5+ 9√5+2√5
= 2
32 −�√5�
21+11√5
= .
4
Solution: a) The coefficient of x2 is not +1, so we must take out a factor of –3 first,
and then go on to step b).
–3x2 – 24x + 5
= –3(x2 + 8x) + 5
b) = –3(x2 + 8x + 42 – 16) + 5
= –3(x + 4)2 + 48 + 5
= –3(x + 4)2 + 53
Notice the maximum value of –3x2 – 24x + 5 is +53 when x = –4,
since the maximum value of (x + 4)2 is 0
N.B. Do not divide through by x first: you will lose the root of x = 0.
⇒ x2 – 6x + 9 = 4 + 9
⇒ (x – 3)2 = 13
(x – 3) = ±√13 ⇒ x = 3 ± √13 = – 0⋅61 or 6⋅61 to 2 D.P.
so put y = 3x to give
y2 – 10y + 9 = 0
⇒ (y – 9)(y – 1) = 0
⇒ y = 9 or y = 1
⇒ 3x = 9 or 3x = 1
⇒ x = 2 or x = 0.
Quadratic graphs
x x
x
Note: When sketching the curve of a quadratic function you should always show the
value on the y-axis,
if you have factorised you should show the values where it meets the x-axis,
if you have completed the square you should give the co-ordinates of the vertex.
Simultaneous equations
Two linear equations
Example: Solve 3x – 2y = 4 I
4x + 7y = 15 II
Solution: Make the coefficients of x (or y) equal then add or subtract the equations to
eliminate x (or y).
4×I ⇒ 12x – 8y = 16
3 × II ⇒ 12x + 21y = 45 Subtracting
–29y = –29
⇒ y=1
Put y = 1 in I ⇒ 3x = 4 + 2y = 4 + 2 ⇒ x=2
Check in equation two: L.H.S. = 4 × 2 + 7 × 1 = 15 = R.H.S.
Answer : x = 2, y = 1
Find x (or y) from the linear equation and substitute in the quadratic equation.
Example: Solve x – 2y = 3 I
x2 – 2y2 – 3y = 5 II
Solution: From I x = 2y + 3
Substitute in II
⇒ (2y + 3)2 – 2y2 – 3y = 5
⇒ 4y2 + 12y + 9 – 2y2 – 3y = 5
⇒ 2y2 + 9y + 4 = 0 ⇒ (2y + 1)(y + 4) = 0
⇒ y = –½ or y = –4
⇒ x = 2 or x = –5 using I (do not use II unless you like doing extra work!)
Always sketch a graph and find where the curve meets the x-axis
Solution:
1
2
solving 3x – 5x – 2 = 0 x
⇒ (3x + 1)(x – 2) = 0 −1 −1 /3 1 2 3
⇒ x = –1/3 or 2 −1
−2
2
We want the part of the curve y = 3x – 5x – 2 which is
above or on the x-axis −3
⇒ x ≤ –1/3 or x ≥ 2 −4
Gradient
b2 − b1
Gradient of PQ is m=
a 2 − a1
Q (a2, b2)
Equation of a line
1
Example: Find the equation of the line through (4 2, 1) and perpendicular to the line
joining the points A (3, 7) and B (6, –5).
7−−5
Solution: Gradient of AB is 3−6
= −4
1
⇒ gradient of line perpendicular to AB is 4
, product of perpendicular gradients is –1
1 1
so we want the line through (4 2, 1) with gradient 4
.
1
Using y – y1 = m(x – x1) ⇒ y – 1 = ¼ (x – 42)
1
⇒ 4y – x = – 2 or 2x – 8y – 1 = 0.
terms.
∞
An infinite series has an infinite number of terms S∞ = ∑x .
i =1
i
Sn =
n
(2a + (n − 1)d ) , or Sn =
n
(a + l ) where l is the last term.
2 2
Example: Find the nth term and the sum of the first 100 terms of the arithmetic series with
3rd term 5 and 7th term 17.
Solution: x7 = x3 + 4d add d four times to get from the third term to the seventh
⇒ 17 = 5 + 4d ⇒ d=3
⇒ x1 = x3 – 2d ⇒ x1 = 5 – 6 = –1
⇒ nth term xn = a + (n – 1)d = –1 + (n – 1) × 3
100
and ⇒ S100 = 2
× (2 × (–1) + (100 – 1) × 3) = 14750.
14 C1 MAY 2016 SDB
5 Curve sketching
Standard graphs
4 y 4 y y
3 3 5
y=x y=−x
2 2 4
1 1 3
x x y=x²
2
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 −1 1
x
−2 −2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−3 −3 −1
−4 −4 −2
4 y 4 y y
5
3 y=x³ 3
y=1/x 4
2 2 y=1/x²
3
1 1
x x 2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 1
−1 −1 x
−2 −2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−3 −3
−2
−4 −4
y
4 y 4 y 5
y=(x−1)(x−2)(x−4) y=2
3 3 y=√x 4
2 2 3
1 1 2
x x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
x
−1 −1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−2 −2 −1
−3 −3 −2
−4 −4
y =3x2 is like y = x2 but steeper: similarly for y = 5x3 and y = 7/x, etc.
y=k(a−x)(x−b)(x−c)
x
a b c
x
a b c
y=k(x−a)(x−b)(x−c)
y=k(x−a)²(x−b)
a x
b a x
b
y=k(x−a)²(b−x)
y=k(x−a)³ y=k(a−x)³
x x
a a
y
(ii) If the graph of y = x2 + 3x is translated 5
5 y=x²+3x y=(x−5)²+3(x−5)
through � �, +5 in the x-direction, the 4
0 3
equation of the new graph is
2
y = (x – 5)2 + 3(x – 5).
1
x
5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
and, in general, the graph of y = f (x) after a −1
𝑎
translation of � � has equation y = f (x – a). −2
0
Example: y
6
5
The graph of y = (x – 3)2 + 2 is the graph of y = x2 y=x² y=(x−3)²+2
4
after a translation of �+3�
+2 3
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
(i) If the graph of y = f (x) is stretched by a factor of +2 in the y-direction then the new
equation is y = 2 × f (x).
Example: y
5
4
The graph of y = f (x) = x2 – 1 becomes 3
2
y = 2 f (x) = 2(x – 1) after a stretch of factor 2 in the y-direction 2 y=x²−1
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
In general y = x2 or y = f (x) becomes y = ax2 or y = af (x)
−2 y=2(x²−1)
after a stretch in the y-direction of factor a.
(ii) If the graph of y = f (x) is stretched by a factor of +2 in the x-direction then the new
𝑥
equation is y = 𝑓 �2�.
𝑥
We replace x by �2� everywhere in the formula for y.
Example:
4 y
In this example the graph of y=x³−4x
3
y = x3 – 4 x 2
1 𝑥
(iii) Note that to stretch by a factor of 2
in the x-direction we replace x by 1 = 2x so that
2
y = f (x) becomes y = f (2x)
1 4
has been stretched by a factor of 2
in the x-direction to
form a new graph with equation 3 y=0.5x²−x
2
𝑥
y = f (x) → y = 𝑓 � 1 � = f (2x) 1
2 x
𝑥
The new equation is formed by replacing x by 1 = 2x in the original equation.
2
4 y
2
Example: The image of y = f (x) = x + 2x – 1 after 3
reflection in the x-axis is y=x²+2x−1
2
y = f (x) → y = –f (x) 1
x
⇒ 2
y = –(x + 2x – 1)
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
⇒ y = –x2 – 2x + 1 −1
−2
y=−(x²+2x−1) −3
−4
Reflections in the y–axis
When reflecting in the y-axis
the y-coordinate for x = +3 becomes the y-coordinate for x = –3 and
the y-coordinate for x = –2 becomes the y-coordinate for x = +2.
Thus the equation of the new graph is found by replacing x by –x
⇒ the image of y = f (x) after reflection in the y–axis is y = f (–x).
y
Example: The image of y = f (x) = x2 + 2x – 1 3
y=x²+2x−1
after reflection in the x-axis is 2
y = f (x) → y = f (–x) 1
x
⇒ y = (–x)2 + 2(–x) – 1 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 y=(−x)²+2(−x)−1
⇒ y = x2 – 2x – 1
−2
𝑎
y = f (x) Translation through � � y = f (x – a) + b
𝑏
𝑥
y = f (x) Stretch with factor a in the x-direction. y = 𝑓 �𝑎�
𝑥
y = f (x) Enlargement with factor a centre (0, 0) y = 𝑎 × 𝑓 �𝑎�
y = f ( ax)
1
y = f (x) Stretch with factor in the x-direction.
𝑎
8 𝑑𝑦 −24
c) y= = 8 x −3 = 8 × (–3x –4) = 𝑥4
x 3 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
We first find the gradient when x = 2.
dy dy
y = 3x2 – 7x + 5 ⇒ = 6x – 7 and when x = 2, = 6 × 2 – 7 = 5.
dx dx
so the gradient when x = 2 is 5.
To find the equation of the line we need the y-coordinate of the point where x = 2.
When x = 2, y = 3 × 22 – 7 × 2 + 5 = 3.
⇒ the equation of the tangent is y – 3 = 5(x – 2) using y – y1 = m(x – x1)
⇒ y = 5x – 7
Example:
2
Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = x + 𝑥 at the point where x = 2.
Solution:
We first find the gradient of the tangent when x = 2.
𝑑𝑦 2
y = x + 2x –1 ⇒ = 1 – 2 x –2 = 1 – 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
2 1
⇒ when x = 2 gradient of the tangent is mT = 1 – 4 = 2.
1
If gradient of the normal is mN then mT × mN = –1 ⇒ 2
× mN = –1 ⇒ mN = –2
2
When x = 2, y = 2 + 2 = 3
⇒ y = –2x + 7.
Examples:
a) 4 4𝑥 −6
� 𝑑𝑥 = � 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 6 3
4 𝑥 −5 −4
= 3
× −5
+ 𝐶 = 15𝑥 5
+ 𝐶.
1
= x3 + 2 x2 – 2x + C.
c) 𝑥 9 + 5𝑥 2 𝑥 9 5𝑥 2
� 𝑑𝑥 = � + 5 𝑑𝑥 split up �irst
𝑥5 𝑥5 𝑥
= � 𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 𝑥 −2 𝑥5 5
= + 5 + 𝐶 = − + 𝐶.
5 −2 5 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
Example: Solve = 3x2 – 5, given that the curve passes through the point (2, 4).
𝑑𝑥
∫ 3x
3
Solution: y = 2
− 5 dx = x – 5x + C
y = 4 when x = 2
⇒ 4 = 23 – 5 × 2 + C ⇒ C=6
⇒ y = x3 – 5x + 6.
ax2 + bx + c = 0
⇒ ax2 + bx = –c
𝑏 𝑐
⇒ x2 + 𝑎
𝑥 = −𝑎 ÷ by a to make coefficient of x2 = +1
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏2 𝑐
⇒ x2 + 2𝑎 𝑥 + �2𝑎� = −𝑎 add (half coefficient of x)2 to both sides
4𝑎2
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
⇒ �𝑥 + 2𝑎� = 4𝑎2
complete square
𝑏 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 √𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑎 = ±� 4𝑎2
= ± square root, do not forget ±
2𝑎
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
⇒ x = .
2𝑎
⇒ QL = QN – PM = f (x + h) – f (x) x
M N
and PL = h. x x+h
increase in 𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝑄𝐿 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) – 𝑓 (𝑥)
The gradient of PQ = increase in 𝑥
= 𝛿𝑥
= 𝑃𝐿
= ℎ
As h → 0, Q gets closer and closer to P, and the gradient of PQ gets closer and closer to the
gradient of the curve at P.
Solution: f (x) = x3
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) – 𝑓 (𝑥)
f ′(x) = ℎ→0 ℎ
5
Example: Find, from first principles, the gradient of f (x) = 𝑥 .
5
Solution: f (x) = 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝛿𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) – 𝑓 (𝑥)
f ′(x) = � � =
𝛿𝑥 → 0 𝛿𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
5 5
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 5𝑥 − 5(𝑥+ℎ)
⇒ f ′(x) = ℎ→0
𝑥+ℎ 𝑥
= ℎ→0
ℎ ℎ𝑥(𝑥+ℎ)
−5
⇒ f ′(x) = 𝑥(𝑥+0)
putting h = 0 (which we can do after cancelling h)
−5 𝑑𝑦 −5
⇒ f ′(x) = 𝑥2
, or = 𝑥2 .
𝑑𝑥
General formulae
For any function f (x), the derivative is
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) – 𝑓 (𝑥)
f ′(x) = 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝛿𝑦
� � =
𝛿𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) – 𝑓 (𝑥−ℎ)
or f ′(x) = ℎ→0 2ℎ
The second formula comes from taking two points, Q and Q′, equally placed on either side
of P. Q′ has x-coord x − h, and Q has x-coord x + h.