UNITY UNIVERSITY MASTERS OF BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATION

MANAGING INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

NAME………SALSAWIT ADEFERIS

ID NO…….0197/12

SUMMITED TO DR MESFIN ABEBE HAILE

Assignment 1

Mintzbergs The ten managerial roles are

1. Figurehead.

2. Leader.

3. Liaison.

4. Monitor.

5. Disseminator.

6. Spokesperson.

7. Entrepreneur.

8. Disturbance Handler.

9. Resource Allocator.

10. Negotiator.

Interpersonal Category

The managerial roles in this category involve providing information and ideas.

1. Figurehead – As a manager, you have social, ceremonial and legal responsibilities.
You're expected to be a source of inspiration. People look up to you as a person with
authority, and as a figurehead.
2. Leader – This is where you provide leadership for your team, your department or
perhaps your entire organization; and it's where you manage the performance and
responsibilities of everyone in the group.
3. Liaison – Managers must communicate with internal and external contacts. You need to
be able to network effectively on behalf of your organization.
Informational Category

The managerial roles in this category involve processing information.

4. Monitor – In this role, you regularly seek out information related to your organization
and industry, looking for relevant changes in the environment. You also monitor your team,
in terms of both their productivity, and their well-being.
5. Disseminator – This is where you communicate potentially useful information to your
colleagues and your team.
6. Spokesperson – Managers represent and speak for their organization. In this role, you're
responsible for transmitting information about your organization and its goals to the people
outside it.

Decisional Category

The managerial roles in this category involve using information.

7. Entrepreneur – As a manager, you create and control change within the organization.
This means solving problems, generating new ideas, and implementing them.
8. Disturbance Handler – When an organization or team hits an unexpected roadblock, it's
the manager who must take charge. You also need to help mediate disputes within it.
9. Resource Allocator – You'll also need to determine where organizational resources are
best applied. This involves allocating funding, as well as assigning staff and other
organizational resources.
10. Negotiator – You may be needed to take part in, and direct, important negotiations
within your team, department, or organization.
ASSIGENMENT 2

1,Roles and Responsibilities of System Analyst

Roles of System Analysts

A,Act as a middleman and an architect.

System analysts liaise between customers, IT persons, and stakeholders to develop

information systems capable of delivering business requirements. The integration of
technology into business requirements has to be futuristic. It means systems analysts
have to develop information systems that are easy to upgrade in the future if the need
arises. They have to design an information system architecture according to the user’s
requirements which acts as a blueprint for the programmers. For that, they need to
know exactly what users want and also have to build good relationships and rapport
with them to understand their requirements as well as convey correct and complete
information to the development team.

B,Agent of Change

System analysts are also known as an agent of change  since they use different
approaches to bring changes in the information system that can facilitate business
operations. The biggest hurdle for the role of system analysts is the skepticism of
people about accepting the change. So, they prefer users' participation for easy
exchange of information. When stakeholders, management, and clients are ready for
the technological changes, a final system is made.

C,Investigator and Monitor

In defining a problem or finding reasons for the failure in a system, system analysts
play a role of an investigator. They gather information to determine or investigate why
an existing system is not working well and is facing problems and what changes should
be implemented to solve these issues. After creating alternative solutions for problems,
system analysts monitor the information system regularly and take steps to avoid
increased costs,and the waste of resources and time.

D,Motivator and Sales Person

Effective user participation and training with proper motivation to use the system are
important factors to achieve system acceptance. Another important role that system
analysts  play is of a salesperson, which involves selling a system to the users. This
process takes place at each stage of system life cycle. To play the role of a motivator
and sales person, system analysts have to hold good communication, sales, and
persuasion skills.

Responsibilities of System Analysts:

A,Defining User Requirements

The basic and most important step for system analysts is to understand user’s
requirements clearly. To get the hang, they have to interview usersand prepare
questionnaires, observe the current system, and plan system configuration. This phase
is important to understand how the current system functions and what users want
from the new systems. Participation of users is needed so that their views related to
the system are taken into consideration to build the new one.

B,Prioritizing Requirements

Large systems do have various requirements which are not equal and are, therefore,
not possible for the team to implement all of them at the same time. Also, various
types of users in the organization have different types of information needs that cannot
be satisfied due to various constraints such as limited resources, budgetary
constraints, time sensitivity, feasibility, etc. Therefore, system analysts have to
prioritize users’ requirements using their social and analytical skills.

C,Gathering Data and Facts

System analysts act as researchers and gather various facts and data with the active
cooperation from the users of the system. They consult users from time to time to
obtain necessary information related to the system, and whether there is any last-
minute requirement. This process is important because analysts have to organize and
document information into functional specification to solve to develop a system.

D,Analyzing the Problem

After gathering data and facts, system analysts analyze various problems, their causes,
and effects on business operations. They analyze and identify the requirements to be
fulfilled through technological means. They remove unnecessary data, focus on the
important ones, and change or modify the working system accordingly to make it more
user-friendly.

E,Solving Problems

System analysts help IT users to solve information problems by using different

approaches in which one good source of solutions is to take suggestions from others.
With this approach, analysts develop and evaluate a set of possible alternative
solutions and then compare and choose the best one to implement. They have to
compare the alternative solutions on the basis of cost, benefits, risk factors, etc. and
decide the best with management's help.

F,Drawing Specifications

System analysts are responsible for drawing precise and clear specifications for
programmers and managers to understand easily. That includes text, documents, and
flow charts for visual understanding of computer programmers. These are presented in
a detailed form as they lay the foundations for optimal functioning of the system.

G,Designing and Evaluating Systems

At last, when the analysts are done with the preparation of the system's specifications,
they design and implement the system along with the development team so that the
management’s goal is achieved. With the knowledge of advanced programming tools,
they act as an architect and develop new systems. After the system is developed, they
test the performance and recommend necessary modifications.

2, Role and responsible of Designers

Role of designer
 The job of the designer when creating new products is to clearly relay the benefits of a
product to the layman and lead them to a proper understanding. There are also cases
where a supervisor makes a judgment without the presence of the designer, and this
is part of the difficulty of the profession.

Despite putting in thousands of hours into one project, most are sure to end in failure.
Nevertheless, in order to create an impact on the world, it is necessary to continue on.
The designer, even when not actually designing, must be continually sharpening their
insight so that they may regularly contribute fresh ideas.

In that sense, our work can’t be clocked in the normal way. But there are many things
only a designer is capable of bringing about and that thought alone is truly exciting.

responsible of designer
 make sure the client is aware of the client duties under CDM 2015 before
starting any design work
 when preparing or modifying designs:
o take account of any pre-construction information provided by the client (and
principal designer, if one is involved)
o eliminate foreseeable health and safety risks to anyone affected by the project (if
possible)
o take steps to reduce or control any risks that cannot be eliminated
 provide design information to:
o the principle designer (if involved), for inclusion in the pre-construction
information and the health and safety file
o the client and principal contractor (or the contractor for single contractor projects)
to help them comply with their duties, such as ensuring a construction phase plan is
prepared
 communicate, cooperate and coordinate with:
o any other designers (including the principal designer) so that all designs are
compatible and ensure health and safety, both during the project and beyond
o all contractors (including the principal contractor), to take account of their
knowledge and experience of building designs
3,ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF DEVELOPER
Role of a Developer
Developers work in computer manufacturing companies or for software publishers. They
are responsible for the design, testing and maintenance of software programs for
computer operating systems or applications, such as word processing or database
management systems. Developers may create software programs customized for a
specific organization, or software that is suitable for a wide variety of consumers or
business users.
Responsibilities

The specific role of developers varies from company to company. They may be part of a
team that includes analysts, programmers and project managers, or they may take on
all the roles required to develop software programs. Jupitermedia Corp. notes that the
key responsibilities of a developer are to understand the problem that the software is
supposed to solve, design a solution, and develop and test it before releasing it to
customers.

Analysis

Before they begin detailed design, developers work with users to obtain a full
understanding of the software’s requirements. They analyze users’ needs and
recommend new software programs or upgrades to existing programs. In larger teams,
developers may collaborate with business or systems analysts who carry out the
detailed investigation into software requirements.
Design

Developers translate the functional requirements of the software into a specification for
detailed design. They may provide instructions that enable computer programmers to
create the code for the software or they may write the code themselves. If they are
instructing programmers, developers must have a detailed understanding of code so
that they can evaluate the work of other team members.
Testing

Software testing is a critical part of the development process. Developers test programs
to ensure that they meet the requirements of the specification and that they are free of
errors, known as bugs. Developers test the programs by entering data and trying out all
program functions. They may also ask users to try test versions of programs to ensure
that they are easy to use.
Documentation

Developers prepare detailed documentation for software programs. Documentation

provides a description of the functions and operation of the software that team members
can refer to if they need to modify or upgrade the program. Documentation also
provides the basis for operating instructions, guides for users, training programs and
marketing guides.

Project Management

Software development is a complex process that is broken into a number of stages.

Developers collaborate with other members of the team to ensure that programs are
completed on time and within budget. They establish schedules and monitor progress
against key dates. Developers may also monitor costs against project budgets and
prepare reports for team leaders.

4, roles and responsibilities of a Tester

Roles and Responsibilities of a Tester are as follows. In the test planning and preparation
phases of the testing, testers should review and contribute to test plans, as well as analyzing,
reviewing and assessing requirements and design specifications.

They may be involved in or even be the primary people identifying test conditions and creating
test designs, test cases, test procedure specifications and test data, and may automate or help
to automate the tests.

They often set up the test environments or assist system administration and network
management staff in doing so.As test execution begins, the number of testers often increases,
starting with the work required to implement tests in the test environment.Testers execute and
log the tests, evaluate the results and document problems found.
They monitor the testing and the test environment, often using tools for this task, and often
gather performance metrics.Throughout the software testing life cycle, they review each
other’s work, including test specifications, defect reports and test results.

5,Stakeholder Roles and Responsibilities

Stakeholders are the people or groups that are in any way affected by the new product or service.
Since the organization will rely on various stakeholders prior to developing a project plan (where
roles and responsibilities are typically defined), it is important to understand the roles and
responsibilities early in the process.

As you develop the project plan, you will determine the specific roles and responsibilities for
stakeholders and team members in your project, which may vary from those identified below due
to project size, scope, complexity, and the organizational structure of the agency/institution.

Customers and Users

The customers (or “users” of the product the project seeks to produce) comprise the business
units that identified the need for the product or service the project will develop. Customers can
be from any level of an organization, from executive director/president to entry-level clerk. Since
it is frequently not feasible for all the customers to be directly involved in the project, the
following roles are leveraged:

 Customer representatives are members of the customer community who are identified
and made available to the project for their subject matter expertise (sometimes called
subject matter experts, or SMEs). Their responsibility is to accurately represent their
business units’ needs to the project team, and to validate the deliverables that describe
the product or service that the project will produce. Customer representatives are also
expected to bring back to the customer community the information about the project.
Toward the end of the project, customer representatives will test the product or service
the project is developing, using and evaluating it while providing feedback to the project
team.
 Customer decision-makers are those members of the customer community who have
been designated to make project decisions on behalf of major business units that will
use, or will be affected by, the product or service the project will deliver. Customer
decision-makers are members of the POM responsible for achieving consensus of their
business unit on project issues and outputs, and communicating it to the project team.
They attend project meetings as requested by the project manager, review and approve
 process deliverables, and provide subject matter expertise to the project team. On some
projects, they may also serve as customer representatives.

Project Sponsor

The project sponsor has a demonstrable interest in the outcome of the project and is responsible
for securing spending authority and resources for the project. Ideally, the project sponsor should
have full authority to make all decisions necessary to assure completion of the project, including
decisions to increase the project scope and budget.

The project sponsor initiates the project proposal process, champions the project in the
performing organization, and is the ultimate decision-maker for the project. The project sponsor
provides support for the project manager, approves major deliverables, and signs off on
approvals to proceed to each succeeding project phase. The project sponsor may elect to delegate
any of the above responsibilities to other personnel either on or outside the project team.

Executive Steering Committee

Depending on the size of the project, there may be an executive steering committee (ESC). In
ND, any information technology project with a budget at or exceeding $250,000 must have an
ESC (over $500,000 beginning Aug.1, 2013). In these instances the project sponsor’s authorities
listed above are shared by a team of five committee members. Projects with budgets under
$250,000 (under $500,000 beginning Aug. 1, 2013) are not required to have an ESC.

Large Project Office (LPO)

The LPO is a role within the ITD PMO that provides oversight and reporting of all information
technology projects with budgets at or exceeding $250,000 ($500,000 beginning Aug. 1, 2013),
as designated by NDCC 54-35-15.2, NDCC 54-59-05.7 & .8 and NDCC 54-59-23 and in
accordance with STD009-05. (N.B.: The 63rd legislative assembly will be considering a bill
draft to raise the threshold for what constitutes a large project to $500,000.

Performing Organization

The performing organization management (POM) includes all members of the organization’s
management team that may exert influence on project team members or be affected by and
involved in the development and implementation of the product that is produced as a result of the
project activities.

Project Management Office (PMO)

A project management office is a centralized entity that seeks to manage projects in a
coordinated fashion. PMO responsibilities may include providing project management support
functions, establishing project management methodologies, mentoring, monitoring compliance
with standards and policies, managing shared resources, and providing project management staff
for projects. An agency may have its own PMO. Alternately, ITD has a PMO that provides
project management services.

Project Manager

The project manager is the person who is responsible for ensuring that the project team
completes the project. The project manager develops the project plan with the team and monitors
the team’s performance of project activities. It is also the responsibility of the project manager to
secure acceptance and approval of deliverables from the project sponsor/ESC and stakeholders.

Project Team

The project team is the group that is responsible for planning and executing the project. It
consists of a project manager and a variable number of project team members who are brought in
to work on their activities as defined in the project schedule.

 Project team members are responsible for executing tasks and producing deliverables as
outlined in the project plan and directed by the project manager, at whatever level of
effort or participation has been defined for them. On larger projects, some project team
members may serve as project team leaders
 Project team leaders, sometimes called business leads, technical team leads, or
functional managers, have the same responsibilities as team members, but also assist
the project manager in providing leadership for, and managing the team’s performance
of, various activities.

External Stakeholders 

 Vendors are contracted to provide additional products or services the project will
require and may be members of the project team.
 Consumers include all the people that will use the product or service that the project is
developing. Consumers internal to the performing organizations may also be Customers.
 Additional stakeholders “external” to the project that may have an interest or influence
over your efforts (don’t forget to think about these):
 o Other state agencies
o Legislative committees
o Technology or business user groups

6,ROLE AND RESPONSIBLITIES OF MANAGER

Responsibilities of a Manager
1. Daily Operations: The primary role of a manager is to ensure the daily functioning of a
department or group of employees.
2. Staffing: Most employers expect their managers to interview, hire, and train new
employees.
3. Set Goals: A manager articulates both short and long-term goals to ensure a company’s
longevity.
4. Liaising: Although a manager typically oversees a group of employees, managers also
effectively communicate with their bosses and convey the necessary information to the
various company parties.
5. Administration: Managers complete administrative work and correspond with other
departments.
6. Delegation: Effective managers have confidence in their employees and delegate tasks
according to the department’s needs.
7. Motivate: As a leader, a manager motivates staff and creates an environment where
employees thrive.
8. Enforcing Policy: Managers enforce company policy to cultivate an environment that
makes employees hold one another accountable for their actions.
9. Training: If new technologies or systems are introduced to business, employers turn to
managers to train employees.
10. Evaluation: To encourage satisfactory work, managers evaluate data and employee
performance.
Top 10 Roles of a manager in an organization

1. FIGUREHEAD ROLE OF MANAGER

Managers perform the duties of a ceremonial and symbolic in nature such as welcoming
official visitors, signing legal documents etc as head of the organization or strategic
business unitor department.
Duties of interpersonal roles include routine, involving little serious communication and
less important decisions. However, they are important for the smooth functioning of an
organization or department.

2. LEADERSHIP ROLE OF MANAGER

All managers have a leadership role. The manager, as in charge of the organization /
department, coordinates the work of others and leads his subordinates.
This role includes hiring, training, motivating and disciplining employees. Formal
authority and functional authority provides greater potential power to exercise and get
the things done.
3. LIAISON ROLE OF MANAGER

As the leader of the organization or unit, the manager has to perform the functions of
motivation, communication, encouraging team spirit and the like. Further, he has to
coordinate the activities of all his subordinates, which involves the activity of liaison.

This role also requires the manager to interact with other managers outside the
organization to secure favours and information. In this role, the manager represents his
organization in all matters of formality.

4. MONITOR ROLE OF MANAGER

As a result of the network of contacts, the manager gets the information by scanning his
environment, subordinates, peers and superiors.

The manager seeks and receives information concerning internal and external events so
as to gain understanding of the organization and its environment. Typically this is done
through reading magazines and talking with others to learn the changes in the public’s
tastes, what competitors may be planning, and the like.

Managers, mostly collect information in verbal form often as gossip, hearsay,

speculation and through grapevine channels.

5. DISSEMINATOR ROLE OF MANAGER

Manager disseminates the information, he collects from different sources and through
various means. He passes some of the privileged information directly to his
subordinates, peers and superiors who otherwise have no access to it. This information
is gathered by him from The manager will play an important role in disseminating the
information to his subordinates, when they don’t have contact with one another.

6. SPOKESMAN ROLE OF MANAGER

Managers also perform a spokesperson role when they represent the organization to
outsiders. Manager is required to speak on behalf of the organization and transmit
information on organization’s plan, policies and actions.

The manager has to keep his superior informed of every development in his unit, who in
turn inform the insiders and outsiders. Directors and shareholders must be informed
about the financial performance, customers must be informed about the new product
developments, quality maintenance, government officials about implementation of law
etc.
7. ENTREPRENEURIAL ROLE OF MANAGER

As an entrepreneur, the manager is a creator and innovator. He initiates and oversee

new products that will improve their organization’s performance.

He seeks to improve his department, adapt to the changing environmental factors. The
manager would like to have new ideas, initiates new projects and initiates the
developmental projects.

8. DISTURBANCE HANDLER ROLE OF MANAGER

As a disturbance handler, managers take corrective action to response to previously

unforeseen problems. Disturbance handler role presents the manager as the
involuntarily responding to pressures. Pressures of the situation are severe and highly
demand the attention of the manager and as such the manager cannot ignore the
situation.

For example, worker strike, declining sales, bankruptcy of a major customer etc. The
manager should have enough time in handling disturbance carefully, skilfully and
effectively.

9.RESOURCE ALLOCATOR ROLE OF MANAGER

The most important resource that a manager allocates to his subordinates is his time. As
a resource allocator, managers are responsible for allocating human, physical and
monetary resources. Accordingly, setting up of a time schedule for the completion of an
operation or approval of expenditure on a particular project, etc., are the functions
which the managers perform in the role of a resource allocator.

The manager should have an open-door policy and allow the subordinates to express
their opinions and share their experiences. This process helps both the manager and his
subordinates in making effective decisions. In addition, the manager should empower
his subordinates by delegating his authority and power.

10. NEGOTIATOR ROLE OF MANAGER

In this tole, the manager represents the organization in bargaining and negotiations
with outsiders and insiders, in order to gain advantages for his own unit. He negotiates
with the subordinates for improved commitment and loyalty, with the peers for
cooperation, coordination and integration, with workers and their unions regarding
conditions of employment, commitment, productivity, with the government about
providing facilities for business expansion etc.

These negotiations are integral part of the manager’s job for only he has authority to
commit organizational resources and has nerve centre of information.

his environments and from his own equals in the organization.

7,ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SUPERVISOR

responsibilities of a supervisor

1. Managing workflow

One of a supervisor’s most important responsibilities is managing a team. Often,

supervisors create and oversee their team’s workflow, or the tasks required to complete
a job. Supervisors must define goals,communicate objectives and monitor team
performance.

2. Training new hires

When a new employee joins the team, their supervisor should help them understand
their role and support them during their transition. This might include providing
workplace orientation and explaining company policies or job duties. The supervisor
may manage all onboarding activities, or they may work with the human resources
department to make sure the new hire receives the guidance and information they need.

3. Creating and managing team schedules

In some cases, organizations have set hours for their entire workforce, and supervisors
won’t need to adjust them. However, when team members work in shifts, supervisors
are usually responsible for creating schedules.

For example, if you are a supervisor of restaurant waitstaff, you will want to make sure
you have an appropriate number of servers scheduled for each shift. This usually
means scheduling more people during the busiest time of day and balancing shifts so
that the staff does not feel overworked. Managing employee schedules also means
being flexible and prepared when employees need to make changes, such as
requesting a day off, calling in sick or handling a family emergency.

4. Reporting to HR and senior management

As a supervisor, you’ll often be responsible for reporting team and individual

performance to human resources and senior management. You may need to evaluate
each member of your team and record employee punctuality, performance on goals,
professionalism, disciplinary issues, adherence to company policies and more. You may
also be required to develop and administer performance improvement plans.

5. Evaluating performance and providing feedback

Supervisors are often tasked with developing or executing employee feedback and
recognition programs. This responsibility might include setting employee and team
goals and choosing appropriate rewards for achievements. For example, if a
salesperson exceeds their monthly quota, they may be eligible for a bonus. This time
should also be used to provide both positive and constructive feedback.

6. Identifying and applying career advancement opportunities

Because supervisors work closely with employees, they often help decide who is
eligible for promotions. In some cases, supervisors may directly award promotions.
However, even when supervisors don’t have the authority to directly promote
employees, senior management professionals often consult supervisors during the
promotion process.

7. Helping to resolve employee issues and disputes

When employees are unhappy with their workplace experience, they may approach
their supervisor before speaking with HR. Supervisors must use active listening skills to
understand employee complaints and to work with them to reach a solution.

If an employee complains that another employee or member of management has

violated company policies, the supervisor will likely need to report the issue to HR for an
investigation. In the case of minor disagreements between employees, supervisors may
act as mediators and help the two parties come to a resolution.

Role of SUPERVISORS
A,Mentoring and Training of Employees

Supervisors can often work as mentors to employees, especially those with years of
experience in the field. One big challenge you’ll face as a superior is in always serving
as a positive role model for your team. Stay far away from a “Do as I say, not as I do”
mentality, and make sure you always set a good example through your daily actions.

Training is also an important part of any supervisor’s day-to-day activities. This is

especially important when you hire someone new to the team. Having documented
step-by-step processes can help you quickly onboard new employees and answer any
questions they have as they do their work.
B,Managing Conflict among Team Members

Ideally, team members will always get along, but, unfortunately, that probably won’t
happen. As a manager, it’s your responsibility to handle these conflicts gracefully. It’s
usually best to pull all involved team members aside and work with them in private to
come to a resolution.

But what happens when that conflict is with you? When that happens, it’s important to
put personal feelings aside and handle the situation as an objective professional. If
possible, get someone from human resources involved, especially if the conflict relates
to your own management style.
C,Disseminating Information within the Organization

Many businesses use a top-down organizational structure, which means decisions are
made at the top and passed down. You’ll be somewhere in that chain. No matter which
organizational type you’re in, though, you’ll likely find that top management likes to meet
to discuss things, then have supervisors pass the information to lower-tier employees.

As a supervisor, it’s your responsibility to keep an open line of communication with your
employees. If you know something that will affect them, you need to schedule a meeting
or send an email to share it. It can be easy to put this off and eventually forget, but
employees will eventually get wind of the information and feel resentful that they aren’t
in the loop.
D,Set Goals and Measure Outcomes

At the heart of any business is the work its employees do on a daily basis. As a
supervisor, it’s your role to set goals for your team and monitor performance. If there’s a
bigger project, you’ll be tasked with making sure you’re hitting all your milestones and
staying on track to meet your deadline.

In some cases, you’ll find that one team member may be working harder than another,
at which point you’ll have to take action. As a manager, you can try to motivate each
employee by setting individual goals and following up, but if the lazy behavior continues,
 you may have to consider disciplinary action. Document every conversation and visible
signs of slacking, and keep it on file for later reference.

8,Role and responsibilities of Domain

role: 

Dataminr's Domain Experts are an essential component of our company's success -

ensuring the alerts we send to our clients are of the best possible quality and making
Dataminr's AI platform more advanced. As a Domain Expert, you will monitor and
analyze our data feeds and annotate, label and edit signals in real time. You will be an
integral part of our algorithm training process and our advanced realtime human-AI
feedback loop that integrates key knowledge domains into our AI models. As a Domain
Expert, you will also play a key role in defining new factors to improve our alerts, data
source coverage, machine learning and AI models. Please note that this role requires
rotational weekend work as well as projects and meetings outside of business hours. 

Responsibilities:

 Monitor and analyze our data feeds and the quality of our signals

 Annotate complex breaking news events

 Provide expertise on a particular subject matter to improve our AI models

 Ability to make real-time decisions with incomplete data

 Collaborate and communicate in a team-centric environment on daily priorities

 Identify any software issues to elevate to our product and engineering teams

9,role and responsible of end user

Role of End User
The end user is the term used for those people who actually use a product, often on a
constant or regular basis, as part of their own job. End users are 'hands on' customers
who work directly with various products and tools in order to deliver on the business
goals of their own organization. Because they work so closely with the product, the end
user is considered to be one of the best sources of information regarding how well a
product actually functions and how much value it provides.
One of the key values that end users provide is that they typically do not have prior
knowledge about any of the assumptions that go into creating a product and often
encounter defects or flaws not previously recognized by the development team. As end
users are often looking for innovative ways to solve problems using existing software
and tools, they also have a good understanding of enhancements that can be made to
increase the overall value of the products they are using.
There are a few functional roles on a development team that can approximate that of
the end user. Product owners who are intended to be the voice of the customer are
often the aggregators of end user feedback. While this feedback loop gives the product
owner valuable insight into the end user experience, product owners are often focused
on expanding future deliveries and sales and not on existing products. Similarly,
documentation, user experience, and quality assurance staff will all occasionally
function in a limited end user role. However, these team members can only serve as
proxies for a true user, as they do not typically use the software in a real-world scenario
on a regular basis, as the end user does.

Responsibilities of End User

A knowledgeable end user will be conscientious in their use of the product. By this we
mean that the user should try to use the software or tool in a manner that does not
purposefully cause it to break. If problems do arise, then the end user should take time
to fully explore any documentation resources that are available, in order to try and
resolve the issue prior to reporting it as a defect.
If the user is running into problems that they cannot solve on their own or with the help
of other knowledgeable users, they should take advantage of any customer support
functions that are provided along with the product. Typically these contacts will be in the
form of online knowledge bases, chat, phone calls or emails made directly to customer
support representatives. Prior to making such contact the end user should organize all
the information they have regarding their issue, taking care to make note of any specific
circumstances that make their use of the software unique. Contacts with customer
support will typically be logged into a database that the provider of the product can mine
in order to gather useful information on the use of their product.

ASSIGNMENT 3

1, importance of Computer Networking

File Sharing

Computers connected to a network can share files and documents with each other. Personal
computers connected to a business network can choose which files and folders are available to
share on the network.

Printers

Computers can print pages to another computer with a printer on the network. Additionally,
printers can be connected using a print server, which allows direct printing from all computers.
Sharing Media

Sharing media between computers is easy when connected to a network. Like file sharing,
computers can stream musing, videos and movies from one computer to the next.

Media Center Server

A media center server can store your entire entertainment library on a centralized hub to give
quick access to your media from every computer on your network.

Video Games

Console and PC gamers benefit from networking also. You can easily set up multiplayer death
matches and even host your own game server.

2, What is Broadband?

Broadband Internet service truly is the most used form of Internet access because of its
high access speeds; it is offered in four different forms, DSL (or Digital Subscriber Line),
also fiber-optic, cable, and satellite. The old dial-up connection is the only non-
broadband internet service available, and even though it is cheaper, most Internet users
are moving towards the faster broadband Internet connection.

DSL

The DSL (or Digital Subscriber Line) internet service makes its connection by utilizing
unused telephone wires that cause no interruption to your telephone service. The speed
you experience with a DSL connection varies with your distance from the switching
station. Your speed will be slower the further away you are and faster the closer you are
to the switching station and this may be a deciding factor when you attempt to select
between a DSL line and a cable connection.

Cable

The broadband cable connection is provided by the local cable TV provider. Here the
cable Internet connection speed varies with the number of users on the service at a
specific point in time. Given a specific geographical area, users of the broadband cable
service share the connection bandwidth which slows the speed the more users are on
the system. This will occur at the peak times for example late in the evenings after the
work day is over when many people will be accessing the Internet. Somewhat
misleadingly, often the cable company would estimate connection speeds that are
based on the thinking that you are using the service. But that is clearly not the case.

Fiber-Optic
The newest broadband service is fiber-optic, which is the fastest Internet connection
thus far. However, this type of Internet service is still in its infancy as its service areas
are quite limited and because the laying down of the fiber-optic cable takes a while to
complete. Wherever it is available, the cost not only competes with that of DSL and
cable, but it provides a much faster connection than both of those services.

Satellite

The last and slowest broadband service is provided by satellite. Although this is a good
replacement for dial-up for those people living in remote rural areas, the installation
costs are quite high, but the ongoing monthly charges are competitive to both cable and
DSL.

There are many advantages to the DSL and cable broadband service. It provides
greater bandwidth than other Internet access forms, and that makes it easier for the
computer user to multitask with several applications performing in the background while
you surf the web. It is possible for you to surf the web while listening to audio.

The networking of computers in the home is made easier with a broadband connection,
by either using wireless or wired modems.

The cost of broadband service is higher annually than the cheaper dial-up version by
$100 to $500, but given the advantages and ease of a broadband connection, it is well
worth the cost.

A broadband connection allows you to play many popular computer games that rely on
a fast Internet connection.

Broadband connection, unlike the old dial-up internet connection, will not engage your
phone line when in use. In fact, having a broadband connection makes it possible for
you to obtain an Internet phone service so you will no longer need the traditional phone
line at all.

Another great benefit of a broadband connection is that you are constantly connected to
the Internet. You are quickly able to connect with your work's intranet and email in a
matter of seconds.

Many people considering between these broadband Internet service options generally
narrow the search to the most popular services which are DSL and cable. A good
approach when researching your options would be to ask those in the area you are
considering, which service they are using and how it is working for them.

Even though cable broadband Internet service offers a speedy internet connection, this
fast speed will not be realized if the connection itself cannot be relied on. For example,
the cable connection you receive depends on the shared bandwidth, the number of
users on the system at any time, and the latency on the network.
The bandwidth is just one factor that determines the Internet connection's speed. It is a
measure of the quantity of data that enters the network over a period of time, and is
measured in bps, or bits per second. The greater the data flow, the better the network
Internet connection. In broadband connections the supported data rates are generally
300 Kbps and higher, as opposed to the old dial-up maximum of 53Kbps.

Latency is another factor that affects the cable Internet connection's speed. Latency
refers to delays incurred in the network data processing. A network is described as low
latency if it experiences only small delay times, and high latency if it suffers with long
delays. When the latency becomes excessive, data transmission causes a bottleneck
that prevents addition data from coming through and this effectively reduces cable's
Internet connection bandwidth. So even though the cable bandwidth of your Internet
connection is set, its effectiveness can be reduced by bottlenecks of data and a high
number of users on the system .

Again, with a broadband DSL connection, the connection speed of the Internet can be
severely reduced by the distance a subscriber is located from the switching station. The
further away the subscriber is from the switching station, the slower the Internet
connection.

Once installed, a broadband connection is always on. The connection is maintained with
the use of a cable or DSL modem. These connect the computer to the cable outlet on
the wall, in the case of the cable internet connection; or the DSL modem to the phone
line. Only when these connections become unplugged, will the Internet connection be
lost.

Unlike the old dial-up service, you will not be dialing a specific phone number to gain
access to the Internet. With a broadband service, access to the Internet is given by
simply double clicking your Internet browser icon of choice (this is usually on your
desktop - Internet Explorer, Firefox, Netscape etc.); your default web page will open and
you can immediately start surfing the web. The whole process should take no more than
about 10 to 15 seconds, depending on the computer's speed itself and baring any
issues of slowness.

3,local area network (LAN)

A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and peripheral devices that share a
common communications line or wireless link to a server within a distinct geographic
area. A local area network may serve as few as two or three users in a home-office or
several hundred users in a corporation’s central office. Home owners and information
technology (IT) administrators set up LANs so that network nodes can share resources
such as printers or network storage.
 LAN networking requires cables, switches, routers and other components that let users
connect to internal servers, websites and other LANs that belong to the same wide area
network (WAN). Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two primary ways to enable LAN
connections. Ethernet is a specification that enables computers to communicate with
each other. Wi-Fi uses radio waves to connect computers to the LAN.

Other LAN technologies, including Token Ring, fiber distributed data interface

(FIDDI and ARCNET lost favor as Ethernet and Wi-Fi speeds increased and
connectivity costs decreased.

4, MAN
MAN may refer to any of the following:

1. Short for metropolitan area network, MAN is a

network that is utilized across multiple buildings. A
MAN is much larger than the standard LAN local area
network), but is not as large as a WAN(wide area
network). A MAN is commonly used in school
campuses and large companies with multiple
buildings.

2. Short for Manual, man is a Unix and Linux

command to display the manual of a command.
For example, at the Linux prompt typing "man
ls" would display the manual for the ls command.

5,Wide area network

A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network that extends over a large
geographical area for the primary purpose of computer networking. Wide area networks
are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.
Business, as well as education and government entities use wide area networks to relay
data to staff, students, clients, buyers and suppliers from various locations across the
world. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry
out its daily function regardless of location. The Internet may be considered a WAN.
Similar types of networks are personal area networks (PANs), local area
networks (LANs), campus area networks(CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs)
which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area,
respectively.

6,What is the difference between intranet and extranet?

What is an intranet?
The prefix intra means within or inside. Therefore, an intranet is the company's digital
workspace that centralizes and streamlines every person, document, tool, conversation,
and project within your company.

The major difference from an extranet, however, is that an intranet is used internally.
While an extranet allows businesses to communicate with clients and vendors, an
intranet allows employees and colleagues to work together in a virtual space — no
outside parties are involved.

Businesses use intranets for a variety of reasons ... because like extranets, a company
intranet streamlines daily activity, organizes people and data, improves internal
communications, and increases employee engagement. They also solve many challenges
for remote teams and large organizations by connecting staff with colleagues,
information, and projects – no matter where they are.

Strong intranet software is packed with features that improve three main areas within
your business: communication, collaboration, and connectivity. When you prioritize all
three, your staff will work better, smarter, and happier. Let's take a look at how these
features work.

The benefits of implementing an intranet.

There are many reasons why it might be beneficial for your business to implement an
intranet.

1. Improved internal communication.

Fluid conversation spurs creativity and productivity. Instant messenger,
notifications, and spaces are specific intranet features that streamline
communication across your entire company.

2. Let's say you're in a meeting and your CEO has a question that a team member
who is not present has the answer to... or maybe you need a document but don't
have time to stop at your colleague's desk before a conference call. With instant
messenger, you can ask your colleague(s) instantly and directly without an
email going unnoticed. You can even drag-and-drop files and create group
threads.

Accessing and dispersing department information is also just as important.

With Spaces, departments and internal groups have their own livable homes
 within your intranet. Everything imperative to that space – team members,
documents, articles, news, etc. – exists within one dedicated area in your
intranet and are shared directly with its members. Users receive alerts whenever
a space moderator shares information – another method of communicating
without sending emails that could get lost, unread, or take up unnecessary
space.

3. Efficient project management and workflow systems.

Have you ever managed a project but had a difficult time tracking your team's
progress? It's no secret... how your staff executes projects will affect your
company's overall success. An intranet will assist your employees and managers
with every stage of a project through organized and easy-to-use features. If a
director wants to assign a project, for example, he or she can alert team
members within seconds. Every aspect of the project will be recorded in a task
management tool and trackable through an activity stream.

4. Team members can comment in discussion forums, digital workspaces, and

files. So long are the days of confusion for team players and leaders.

5. Centralized information that connects members.

The intranet becomes the ultimate knowledge base where your entire staff
receives company-wide announcements, asks general questions in Q&A forums,
or accesses internal documents. By dispersing knowledge, you nurture success
for every employee. You also align staff with your company's goals and people.

What is an extranet?

If an intranet is the digital workplace for internal communications, an extranet is the

digital platform for external communications.

Think of it this way:

"Extra" refers to any contact or activity outside of your business, such as clients, vendors,
and suppliers.

Therefore, an extranet is a private network where these individuals (clients, vendors,

suppliers, partners, etc.) can communicate with you and your employees in a
closed digital workspace. Extranets serve an extremely important role, as they allow for
private communication, collaboration, knowledge sharing, document sharing, and data
transfer between organizations.

An extranet supports a variety of needs. Large volumes of data can be exchanged

between parties via extranets, for example, thus facilitating easy collaboration.
These collaboration tools are particularly useful for companies that need to brainstorm
or communicate frequently with clients and customers. It saves hours of time in
comparison to email and telephone. Extranets also monitor and fix potential bugs or
issues that can occur with a company's products or services — almost like built-in quality
control.

The benefits of implementing an extranet.

There are many reasons why it might be beneficial for your business to implement an
extranet.

1. Streamlines repetitive business processes.

Let's say you order from a particular vendor on a regular basis using email or
phone as a conduit. With a well-designed extranet, all of your ordering can take
place via your secured private network in a virtual space. Interactions with vendors
occur in real-time, and you can store invoices, along with other pertinent
information, in one place. This makes referring back to prior purchases easier.
Storing everything in one virtual space not only saves time, but accelerates B2B
interactions.

2. Increases customer satisfaction.

One of the key benefits of an extranet is the accessibility 24/7 for you and your
clients to work together. 

Clients and customers can upload documents, ask questions, or approve

designs/concepts around the clock, thus breaking down the barriers often caused
by rigid work schedules.

3. Highly secure when properly designed.

In some industries (medical, insurance, etc.), security is of the utmost importance
and a breach could be disastrous. In many ways, email and other tools often used
to transfer documents lack the security to avoid potential breaches. When an
extranet is well-designed, these concerns are no longer an issue.

Compare & Contrast: Intranet vs. Extranet

Similarities Differences

Central Repository Web Accessibility

Intranets and extranets both allow Intranets are typically only accessible within a company
businesses to store and share critical through in-house servers. By comparison, extranets
group calendars, documents, and work through external collaboration and are accessible
projects in a central location. via a secure web-based connection.

Collaboration Tool Technical Structure

Both intranets and extranets allow for
improved collaboration among
employees, distributed workforces,
customers, and partners — thus
allowing for increased productivity.
With an intranet, a system admin assigns and manages
the rights and permissions of persons to access the
company’s in-house server controls. Comparatively,
extranet access (or a customer portal) is generally
restricted to external users and enabled through a VPN.