Project report (Synopsis)

on

Design of Multi-Storey Tree Building

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

Degree in

Civil Engineering

By

Abhishek Chaudhary (1306400002)

Abhishek Kumar Gond (1306400003)

Ankur Singh (1306400015)

Bhupender Singh (1306400028)

Mukesh Kumar Singh (1306400059)

Name of Guide

Dr. V.K. Gupta

Civil Engineering

Hindustan College of Science and Technology, Farah, Mathura.

DR. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW,

UTTAR PRADESH
 INTRODUCTION

The purpose for taking in this project is to design a whole building rest on single column looking
like a tree and how the different components are designed as per IS 456:2000 are given below in
detailed-

 Design of the Foundation:

The type of foundation suitable for this multi- storey building is adopted based on the soil
bearing capacity value determined by standard penetration test & plate load test and it is
designed by using standards of Indian codes and others.

To provide symmetry in building we are to provide mat footing in the structure to transmit the
load to the soil below coming from whole building.

 Design of the Column:

One of the important task in this is design of Column because only mono column is assumed.
The Column is designed by taking required dimensions as suggested by IS 456:2000.

As the whole load coming from the building is to be beared by only one column , so we will try
to use the enlarged size of column.

 Design of Beam:

The desired specifications of the beams are assumed according to Code Provisions and the
checks are made according to that.

 Design of the Slab:

The required slab is assumed and it is designed with required specifications. The walls are
construct in English bond .The specifications are lintel for various works .The limit state of
design is adopted for designing all the RCC members.

 Design of staircase:

Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different floors of a
building. Since a stair is often the only means of communication between the various floors of a
building, the location of the stair requires good and careful consideration.

IS code used is IS456:1978 for designing of the staircase.

 History of the project

 In India the implementation of this type of project is done by L&T Constructions in Chennai.

 The building is named as ECC Administration building.

 This is an usually shaper five storey building that was completed in two stages.

 The owner who also happened to be the contractor preferred use of precast concrete to the
maximum extent possible.

 Typical floor is a two way grid with precast concrete waffles and cast in-situ concrete.

 The external façade including the mullions were in precast concrete.

 The five storey building is supported by pre-stressed hollow inverted pyramid support.

 The first three storeys were completed & occupied in 1983.

 Additional two storeys were completed in 1990.


 Objective of the project

 The aim of the project is to analyze and design of multi-storey building resting on the single
column by using different code provisions.

 Main focus is to obtain an architectural design of a regular residential multistory building.

 Carrying out a complete analysis and design of the main structural elements of a multi-storey
building including slabs, columns, shear walls and foundations.

 The design of column, wind resisting system, and type of foundations will be determined taking
into consideration the architectural drawings.

 To learn the designing of column & beam using STAAD.Pro.

 The building plans are included for 3,5& 10 storeys & comparative results will be analyzed.
 Limitations

 In this project we study the number of floor which is favorable for this tree building project ,
Analyzing which we would be able to decide the exact limitation about the number of storeys
which it can withstand.

 The soil structure below the earth surface near at the site should be of high bearing capacity to
bear the load coming upon the footing.

 Water table below surface should not be very near to the surface , which also reduces the soil
bearing capacity because it may cause immediate settlement of the footing with whole
structure.

 The building would not sustain in the high seismic areas because it may create high amplitude
vibration which may cause failure of building.
 Literature Review

A multi-storey building must resist the combined effects of horizontal and vertical loads; it is
composed of foundations, frameworks and floor slabs.

The framework comprises columns and beams together with horizontal and vertical bracings,
which stabilize the building by resisting horizontal actions (wind and seismic loads).

Floor slabs are supported by beams so that their vertical loads are transmitted to the columns.
They are made of reinforced concrete or composite slabs using profiled steel sheets.

Structure materials

The principal modern building materials are masonry, concrete (mass, reinforced and pre-
stressed), structural steel and timber. All materials listed have particular advantages in given
situations, and construction of a particular building type can be in various materials, e.g. a multi-
storey building can be loadbearing masonry, concrete shear wall or frame or steel frame. One
duty of the designer is to find the best solution which takes account of all requirements
economic, aesthetic and utilitarian.

The principal uses, types of construction and advantages of the main structural materials are as
follows:

Masonry

Load bearing walls or columns in compression and walls taking in plane or transverse loads.
Construction is very durable, fire resistant and aesthetically pleasing. Building height is
moderate, say to 20 stories.

Concrete

Framed or shear wall construction in reinforced concrete is very durable and fire resistant and is
used for the tallest buildings. Concrete, reinforced or prestressed, is used for floor construction in
all buildings, and concrete foundations are required for all buildings.

Structural steel

Load bearing frames in buildings, where the main advantages are strength and speed of erection.
Steel requires protection from corrosion and fire.

Structural steels are alloys of iron, with carefully controlled amounts of carbon and various other
metals such as manganese, chromium, aluminum, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium and copper.
The carbon content is less than 0.25%, manganese less than 1.5% and the other elements are in
trace amounts. The alloying elements control grain size and hence steel properties, giving high
strengths, increased ductility and fracture toughness. The inclusion of copper gives the corrosion
resistant steel Corten. High-carbon steel is used to manufacture hard drawn wires for cables and
tendons.
Stability of Tall Buildings:

David Gustafsson & Joseph Hehir Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Master’s Thesis 2005:12 Division of Structural Engineering Concrete Structures Chalmers
University of Technology Goteborg, Sweden 2005 David Gustafsson mentioned about the
methods used for stability calculations of columns, solid shear walls, pierced shear walls,
coupled and uncoupled components, cores, single storey structures and multi-storey structures
and examined. The examination performed in order to ascertain advantages for different
stabilizing components and systems. Analyses are made for deflection and buckling
combining bending and shear for columns, solid shear walls and pierced shear walls.
Calculation methods for single and multi storey structures concerning deflection and buckling
due to translation, rotation or a combination of the two are analyzed and the results are
compared with finite element analyses results.

Structural Stability:

Eric M. Lui Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University,

Syracuse, NY 13244- 1240 USA Eric Lui defines stability is a field of mechanics that studies
the behavior of structures under compression. When a structure is subjected to a sufficiently
high compressive force or stress, it will have a tendency to lose its stiffness, experience a
noticeably change in geometry, and becomes unstable. When instability occurs, the structure
loses its capacity to carry the applied loads and is incapable of maintaining a stable
equilibrium configuration. Examples of structural instability include: buckling of a column
under a compressive axial force, lateral torsional buckling (LTB) of a beam under a transverse
load, sideways buckling of an unbraced frame under a set of concentric column forces,
buckling of a plate under a set of in-plane forces, and buckling of a shell under longitudinal or
axial stress, etc. 2.2.3 Stab.
 Methodology

The method we are design the entire structure is limit state method.

LIMITE STATE OF DESIGN:

Limit states are the acceptable limits for the safety and serviceability requirements of the
structure before failure occurs. The design of structures by this method will thus ensure that
they will not reach limit states and will not become unfit for the use for which they are
intended. It is worth mentioning that structures will not just fail or collapse by violating
(exceeding) the limit states. Failure, therefore, implies that clearly defined limit states of
structural usefulness has been exceeded.

The stresses are obtained from design loads and compared with design strength.
In this method, it follows linear strain relationship but not linear stress relationship (one of
major difference between the two methods of design).
The ultimate stresses of materials itself are used as allowable stresses.
The material capabilities are not under estimated as much as they are in working stress
method. Partial safety factors are used in limit state method.

Design of MAT Foundation:

A foundation system in which essentially the entire building is placed on a large continuous
footing.

Usually large concrete slab supporting many columns.

Commonly used as foundation for silos, chimneys, large machinery.

It is a flat concrete slab, heavily reinforced with steel, which carries the downward loads of
the individual columns or walls.

Mat Foundation often considered to be used when dealing with the following conditions:

 The spread footings cover over 50% of the foundation area because of large column
loads.

 The soil is soft with a low bearing capacity.

 Hydrostatic uplift resistance is needed etc.

 To Design Mat Foundation:

1. Determine the capacity of the foundation

2. Determine the settlement of foundation

3. Determine the differential settlement

4. Determine the stress distribution beneath the foundation

5. Design the structural component of the mat foundation using the stress distribution.

Settlement of foundation:

 Use of a larger foundation to produce lower soil contact pressures.

 Displaced volume of soil (flotation effect); theoretically if the weight of excavation

equals the combined weight of the structure and mat, the system "floats" in the soil mass
and no settlement occurs.

 Bridging effects attributable to

 Mat rigidity.

 Contribution of superstructure rigidity to the mat.

By IS Code – 2950 (Part-1)

Differential Settlement of Mat Foundations: (American Concrete Institute Committee 336,
1988)

ah 3
' '
(
E I b =E I F+ ∑ I b + ∑
12
'
)

E I b  flexural rigidity of the Superstructure and Mat

 EI   flexural rigidity of the framed members at right angles to B
b

  E ah /12   flexural rigidity of shear walls

3

a  shear wall thickness

h  shear wall height
E I F  flexural rigidity of the mat foundation

If K r  0.5, then mat can be treated as rigid i.e. ( d /  )  0

If K r  0.5, then ( d /  )  0.1
If K r  0, then ( d /  )  0.35(square mats) and ( d /  )  0.5(long mats)
Mat Foundation (Picture):
 DESIGN OF COLUMNS

• After obtaining (i) Vertical load, (ii) Moments due to horizontal loads on either axis &

(iii) Moments due to vertical loads on either axis, acting on each column, at all floor levels

of the building,

• Columns are designed by charts of SP-16 (Design Aids).

• Design of each column is carried out from the top of foundation to the roof, varying the

amount of steel reinforcement for suitable groups for ease in design. Slenderness effects in

each storey are also considered for each column group.

A compression member, the effective length > three times the least lateral dimension.

Short and Slender Compression Members

When both slenderness ratios leff./D and ley/b are <12

• Column is a short column

• If more than 12, then it is long or slender column.

• Slender Columns are designed for Additional Moments as per Clause 39.7 of IS456

Effective height of column:-

• For effective column height refer table 28 (Annexure E) of IS:456-2000.

Design Of Columns – Important Considerations

(ii) Unsupported Length –

In beam-slab construction, it is the clear distance between the floor & under side of shallower
beam framing into columns in each direction at next higher floor level.

(iii) Slenderness limits for columns –

The unsupported length between end restraints shall not exceed 60 times the least lateral
dimension of a column.

(iv) Minimum Eccentricity – All columns shall be designed for emin ≥ l/500+ D/30 ≥ 20 mm

Where l= Unsupported length of column in mm. D= Lateral dimension of column in the

direction under consideration in mm.
Design Of Columns – Design Approach

• The design of column is complex as it is subjected to axial loads & moments which may very
independently.

Column design requires –

– Determination of the cross sectional dimension.

– The area of longitudinal steel & its distribution.

– Transverse steel.

• The maximum axial load & moments acting along the length of column are considered for
design of the column section.

• The transverse reinforcement is provided to impart effective lateral support against buckling to
every longitudinal bar.

Design Of Columns – Reinforcement Provisions as per IS:456-

A. Longitudinal reinforcement

• Area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8% nor more than 6% of cross
sectional area of the column.

• However maximum area of steel should not exceed 4% to avoid practical difficulties in placing
& compacting concrete.

• In pedestals, in which the longitudinal reinf. is not taken into account in strength calculations,
nominal reinforcement should be not be less than 0.15% of cross sectional area.

• Minimum diameter of longitudinal Column’s Reinforcement Provisions as per IS:456

A. Longitudinal reinforcement

• Spacing between bars < 300mm along periphery of column

• The minimum number of bars shall be four in rectangular columns & six in circular columns.
Transverse reinforcement (STIRRUPS)

• Diameter of lateral ties should not be less than 1/4th of diameter of the

largest longitudinal bar & in no case should be less than 6 mm.

• Spacing of lateral ties should not > least of the following:-

–Least lateral dimension of the column.

–16 times the smallest diameter of longitudinal bars to be tied.

–300 mm longitudinal bar should be 12 mm.

 Design of slab
TYPES OF SLABS

Based on Ratio of long span to short span –

• One way slab – Long span (ly)/Short span (lx ) > 2

• Two way slab – Long span (ly)/Short span (lx ) < 2

Based on Edge Conditions

• Simply supported

• Restrained – Edge Conditions of supporting edge

• Cantilever

• The design of floor slab is carried out as per – Clause 24.4 & Clause 37.1.2 & Annexure D of
IS : 456-2000 .

The Bending moment coefficients are taken from Table- 26 or Table – 27 of BIS code

depending on support conditions.

• Bending moment is calculated & reinforcement steel is obtained from charts given in SP-16.

Clause 22.2 Effective Span

– • Effective Span of slab or beam to be considered in design is based on support condition
simply supported, continuous, cantilever etc. & width of support.

• For RCC frame construction, generally center to center distance is considered.

EFFECTIVE DEPTH Clause 23.0

• Effective depth of beam or slab =distance between centroid of area of tension reinforcement

& maximum comp. fiber.

• Excluding thickness of finishing material not placed monolithically with member and the
thickness of any concrete provided to allow for wear.
Clause 23.2 CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
The deflection shall generally be limited to following:

• Final deflection < span/250 (Due to all loads & measured from as-cast level of supports of
floors, roofs and all other horizontal members.)

• Final deflection < span/350 or 20mm whichever is less (Including effects of temperature, creep
& shrinkage occurring after erection of partitions & application of finishes.).Clause 23.2

CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
• For beams, vertical deflection limits may generally be assumed to be satisfied provided that
span/depth ratio are not greater then the value obtained as below –

(a) Basic values of span/effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m:

 Cantilever 7
 Simply supported 20
 Continuous 26

Clause 23.2 CONTROL OF DEFLECTION

• For spans >10m, values in (a) may be multiplied by 10/span in meters,

Modification Factors are applied –

• Based on area & type of steel for tension reinforcement (As per Fig. 4 of IS456)

• Based on area of compression reinforcement (As per Fig. 5 of IS456)

• For flanged beams (As per Fig. 6 of IS456)

Clause 24.1 SLABS –Control of Deflection

• The provisions of 23.2 for beams apply to slabs also.

• For slabs spanning in two directions shorter of the two spans to be used for span/effective depth
ratios.

• For two-way slabs of shorter spans ( ≤3.5 m) with mild steel reinforcement, span/depth ratios
given below may generally be assumed to satisfy vertical deflection limits for loading class up to
3 kN/m

 Simply supported slabs 35

 Continuous slabs 40

For HYSD bars grade Fe 415 & Fe500, values given above to be multiplied by 0.8.

26.5.2 Requirement of Reinforcement – SLABS

26.5.2.1 Minimum reinforcement

• Mild steel reinforcement in either direction in slabs ≥ 0.15 % of total cross sectional area.

• For high strength deformed bars ≥ 0.12 % of total (Fe415/Fe500 bars) cross sectional area.

26.5.2.2 Maximum diameter

• The diameter of reinforcing bars < 1/8th of total thickness of slab

Requirement of Reinforcement – SLABS

26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars

 The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement bars ≤ 3d or 300 mm

 The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against shrinkage
and temperature ≤ 5d or 300 mm whichever is smaller.

Steps for Design of Slabs:

• Step 1: Selection of preliminary depth of slab

• Step 2: Calculate design loads, bending moments

• Step 3: Determination/checking of the effective and total depths of slabs

• Step 4: Determination of areas of steel

• Step 5: Selection of diameter & spacing of reinforcing bars

 Design of beam

Tension reinforcement
a) Minimum reinforcement - As = 0.85 bd fy

where

AS =minimum area of tension reinforcement

b =breadth of beam or the breadth of the web

d =effective depth of T-beam

fy =characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm2 &

b) Maximum reinforcement - The maximum area of tension reinforcement not to exceed 0.04 bD
Compression reinforcement
• The maximum area of compression reinforcement not to exceed 0.04 bD

• Side face reinforcement

•Where depth of web in a beam >750 mm, side face reinf is to be provided along the two faces.

•The total area of such reinf. should not < 0.1 percent of web area

•It shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not > 300 mm or web thickness
whichever is less.

•Also to be provided in beams having torsion & with width or depth >450mm

Minimum shear reinforcement (Clause 26.5.1.6)

• Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that:

 Asv = 0.4
 bsv 0.87fy

Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement (Clause 26.5.1.5)

• The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along axis of member shall be < 0.75 d
for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45 degrees.

• In no case shall the spacing to be >300 mm.

Steps for Design of beams–

• Step 1: Selection of preliminary cross sectional dimension of beam

• Step 2: Calculate design loads, bending moments & shear force

• Step 3: Determination/checking of the effective and total depths of beam/ Revise if necessary.

• Step 4: Determination of areas of steel for flexure

• Step 5: Determination of shear reinforcement

• Step 6: Detailing as per IS 456 & IS 13920 provisions

 Stairs
 Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different floors
of a building. Since a stair is often the only means of communication between the various
floors of a building, the location of the stair requires good and careful consideration.

In a residential house,staircase may be provided near the main entrance.

In a public building, the stairs must be from the main entrance itself and located centrally, to
provide quick accessibility to the principal apartments.

All staircases should be adequately lighted and properly ventilated.

Various types of Staircases

 Straight stairs
 Dog-legged stairs
 Open newel stair

Geometrical stair

RCC Dog-legged Staircase design

In this type of staircase, the succeeding flights rise in opposite directions. The two flights in plan
are not separated by a well. A landing is provided corresponding to the level at which the
direction of the flight changes.

Procedure for Dog-legged Staircase design

Based on the direction along which a stair slab span, the stairs maybe classified into the
following two types.

 Stairs spanning horizontally

 Stairs spanning vertically
 Stairs spanning horizontally

These stairs are supported at each side by walls. Stringer beams or at one side by wall or at the
other side by a beam.
Loads
Dead load of a step = ½ x T x R x 25

Dead load of waist slab = b x t x 25

Live load = LL (KN/m2)

Floor finish = assume 0.5 KN/m

Stairs spanning Longitudinally

In this, stairs spanning longitudinally, the beam is supported ay top and at the bottom of flights.

Loads
Self weight of a step = 1 x R/2 x 25

Self weight of waist slab = 1 x t x 25

Self weight of plan = 1 x t x 25[(R2 + T2)/T]

Live load = LL (KN/m2)

Floor finish = assume 0.5 KN/m

For the efficient design of an RCC stair, we have to first analyse the various loads that are going
to be imposed on the stair.

The load calculations will help us determine, how much strength is required to carry the load.
The strength bearing capacity of a staircase is determined on the amount of steel and concrete
used.

The ratio of steel to concrete has to be as per standards. Steel in the staircase will take the tension
imposed on it and the concrete takes up the compression.
 EXPECTED RESULT (BENEFIT)

 The space below the structure may be utilized for other purposes like greenery, parking
etc.

 The complexity of column work will reduce.

 The project cost is economical.

 Building appearance is quiet exquisite.

 It is suitable for the lower rise of buildings.

 Best suited for the areas where large area is not available, the space below building may
be used as roadways for light vehicles also.