Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Resource Person - Dr. Muhammad Wasif (Asst. Professor)

A Assignment # 2
Subject Code ME-310 Instructions
Date of Issue Week 3 1. Assignment should be on A4 size papers.
Date of submission Week 5 2. Submit your assignments to the CR, who is
Number of Questions 07 responsible to submit it on due date.
3. Assignment will not be accepted after due date.
Assignment Marks 04
4. Complete this form and affix it as the front page of
your assignment.

B Student’s Information
Name of Student Muhammad Suleman Safdar
Mughal
Discipline (check one)  IM  EM  QM

Roll Number 18071

Batch 2018

C Exception of Originality
1. Your submissions must be your own original work.
2. Material paraphrased or taken from a printed or e-source must be cited at the last page
of report.
3. No part of this report or assignment submitted for this course can be submitted for any
other course.
4. In this submission, the work of other past or present students cannot be consulted,
used, copied, paraphrased or relied upon in any manner.
5. Your submissions cannot be edited or revised by any other student.

I certify that I have read the requirements set out on this form, and that I am aware of these
requirements. I certify that all the work I will submit for this course will comply with these
requirements.

Signature of student Suleman

13 - 12 - 2020

NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
Question # 1
Arrange the following tool materials according to their hardness, toughness and wear resistance
(three different tables) in descending order; carbon steel, titanium carbide, single crystal
diamond, titanium carbide, high speed steel, cermets, tungsten carbide, ceramics, polycrystalline
diamond, cubic boron nitride, cast alloy.

Answer # 1

S. NO Hardness S. NO Toughness
1 Single Crystal Diamond 1 Carbon Steel
2 Poly Crystal Diamond 2 High Speed Steel
3 Cubic Boron Nitride 3 Cast Alloys
4 Ceramics 4 Titanium Carbide
5 Cermets 5 Tungsten Carbide
6 Tungsten Carbide 6 Cermets
7 Titanium Carbide 7 Ceramics
8 Cast Alloys 8 Cubic Boron Nitride
9 High Speed Steel 9 Poly Crystal Diamond
10 Carbon Steel 10 Single Crystal Diamond

S. NO Wear Resistance
1 Single Crystal Diamond
2 Poly Crystal Diamond
3 Cubic Boron Nitride
4 Ceramics
5 Cermets
6 Tungsten Carbide
7 Titanium Carbide
8 Cast Alloys
9 High Speed Steel
10 Carbon Steel
Question # 2
Using the graph between temperature and the hardness of the cutting tools, recommend the tool
material based on these properties, for the workpiece having the following properties.

Workpiece Workpiece Tool

Temperature(oC) Hardness Material
(HRA)
500 87
700 75
700 85
450 82
300 70
200 82
100 82

Answer # 2

Workpiece Workpiece Tool Material

o
Temperature ( C) Hardness (HRA)
500 87 Carbide
700 75 Cast Alloys
700 85 Carbide
450 82 HSS
300 70 Carbon Steel
200 82 Cast Alloys
100 82 Carbon Steel
Question # 3
Enlist top five tool materials according to the following properties; compressive strength, shear
resistance, impact resistance, wear resistance.

Answer # 3

Compressive Strength: Shear Resistance :

1. Carbides 1. High speed steel
2. High speed steel 2. carbides
3. Ceramics 3. cermet
4. Cast cobalt 4. cubic boron nitride
5. Cubic boron nitride 5. diamond

Impact Resistance: Wear Resistance:

1. Diamond 1. Carbon and alloy
2. Cubic Boron Nitride steels
3. Ceramics 2. High speed steel
4. Cast cobalt Alloys 3. Cast cobalt alloys
5. High Speed steel 4. Ceramics
5. Cubic boron nitride

Question # 4
Provide at least 5 tool applications of following tool materials, other than provided in the lecture
slides; High speed steel, High Carbon steel, Cast Iron, Invar, carbides, cermets.

Answer # 4

Applications:-

High Speed Steel:-

 Single-Point Cutting Tools
 Broach insert
 Tap
 Reamers
 Saw blades

High Carbon Steel:-

 Laminated Springs
 Screw Drivers
 Cable Wire
 Dies
 Car Bumpers
 Scriber
 V Block.

Cast Iron:-
 Pump impellers
 Washers
 Crankshaft and Camshaft
 Gear Boxes
 Nozzles
 surface gauge.

Invar:-
  Clock Pendulums
 Invar tapes
 Seismic creep gauges
 Go – No-go gauge.
 Large aerostructure molds
 Valves in Engine

Carbides:-
 Tool bits
 Surgical Instrument
 Bur remover tool
 Rotating ball in the tips of ballpoints pen
 Tunnel Boring Machines
 Roughing and shaping

Cermets:-
 Machining on Cutting Tools
 Nuclear Reactor Application
 Better Surface Finish
 Tooling for making cans.
 Saw teeth

Question # 5
Identify mold materials that could be used for injection molding molds, and discuss why it is selected.
What would be the typical mechanical properties for an injection mold?

Answer # 5

Injection molding is the most commonly used manufacturing process for the
fabrication of plastic parts.

Materials of Mold: -
 Berrylium-copper alloy steel
 Hardened steel
 Aluminium
 Stainless steel

Why It Is Selected?

Pre-hardened steel molds are less wear-resistant and are used for lower volume requirements or
larger components.
Stainless Steels are preferred for the manufacturing of injection molds. The high chromium
content allows stell to be highly polished and prevents deterioration of cavity From heat and
corrosion.

Mechanical Properties:-
The mechanical properties to be considered while making an injection mold are as follows:

 hardness
 Toughness
 Chemically inert
 Wear resistance
 Fatigue resistance
 Poisson’s Ratio
 Stiffness

Injection molding process requires the use of an injection molding machine, raw
plastic material, and a mold.

Question # 6
Which materials are used to make jigs and fixtures and state why they are considered?
Answer # 6

A jig is a work-holding device that holds, supports, and locates the workpiece and guides
the one or more tools to perform a specific operation.
The fixture is a tool which holds the workpiece with the machine bed precisely at the
desired location and allows it to reduce nonproductive loading unloading and fixing time of
the workpiece.
Material:-
 Carbon Steel
 High Tensile Steel
 Nylons & Fibres
 Mild Steel
 Oli Hardening Non-Shrinking Tool Steels
 Die Steel
 Cast Iron
Reason For their Consideration:-
Carbon Steel:- Most suitable for workpieces like woodworking tools and hand tools
such as files and chisels. It can be hardened to serve as locators and bushings.

High Tensile Steel:- Most suitable for fasteners as well as high-stress machines such as
ram presses.

Nylons & Fibres:- Most suitable for use in soft linings for lever presses/clamps to
prevent dents to workpieces under high-pressure forces.

Mild Steel:- Most suitable for most jigs applications as it is the most economical and
most widely used material in jigs and fixtures.

Oil Hardening Non-Shrinking Tool Steels:- Most suitable for engraving tools and
intricate pressing jigs.

Die Steels:- Applied in the fabrication of jigs and fixtures that are used in high
temperature work processes which include extrusion, forging, and casting processes.

Cast Irons:- Most suitable for milling fixtures, machine slides and guide ways, as they
can withstand extreme vibrations.

Phosphor bronze:- is used in the making of jigs and fixtures for processes that involve
making of interchangeable nuts in clamping systems like vices.

Question # 7
Compare D2, H13, T2, M3 tool steels in detail, regarding the composition, physical property, and
mechanical property.

Answer # 7

Tool Steels Composition Physical Properties Mechanical

Elements Contents(%) Properties
D2 C 1.40-1.60 7.7 x 1000 Poisson’s 0.27-0.30
Density Ratio
Mn 0.60 kg/m3
Si 0.60 Melting 1421°C Modulus 190-210 GPa
Co 1.00 Point Of Elasticity
Thermal
Cr 11.00-13.00 Specific gravity 7.7
Mo 0.70-1.20 10.4x10⁶/⁰C
V 1.10 Expansion
Hardness 62
P 0.03
Rockwell(c) 
Ni 0.30
Tensile 1736 MPa
Cu 0.25 Strength
S 0.03

H13 Cr 4.75-5.50 Density 7.80 g/cm3 Poisson’s 0.27-0.30

Mo 1.10-1.75 (@20°C/68°F) Ratio
Si 0.80-1.20 Melting 1427°C Modulus of 215 GPa
V 0.80-1.20 Point Elasticity
C 0.32-0.45 Specific gravity 7.75 Thermal
Ni 0.3 10.4x10⁶/⁰C
Cu 0.25 Expansion
Mn 0.2-0.5 Reduction of 50.00%
Area
P 0.03
Tensile 1200 - 1590
S 0.03
Strength MPa

T2 Fe 91.55 Density 7.86 g/cm3 Modulus of 207

Cr 5.25 Melting 1500°C Elasticity GPa
Mo 1.1 Point Hardness 60-62
C 1 Rockwell(c) 
Mn 0.85 Coefficient of thermal
V 0.25 expansion 10.6x10-⁶
m/m⁰C

M3 Fe Balance Density 8.16 g/cm3 Poisson’s 0.27-0.30

C 1.15-1.25 Melting 1432°C Ratio
Mn 0.15-0.40 Point Modulus 190-210 GPa
Si 0.20-0.45 Of Elasticity
Hardness 65-66
 Cr 3.75-4.50 Rockwell(c) 
Ni 0.3 Izod impact 32.5-42 J
Mo 4.75-6.50 unnotched
W 5.00-6.75
V 2.75-3.75
Cu 0.25
P 0.03
S 0.03

References:-
https://www.slideshare.net/YatinkumarPatel1/different-cutting-material-and-tools-
with-comparision
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6214
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9107
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
https://www.mecholic.com/2016/02/different-types-of-cutting-tools-materials-and-
their-properties.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/high-carbon-steels
https://www.slideshare.net/usamatahir66/cast-iron-amp-its-structure

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