UPSC Mathematics optional PDe 2019 Solution

Q5a) . Form a p d e of family of surfaces given by following expression

𝜓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2 , 𝑦 2 − 2𝑧𝑥) = 0

Given that : 𝜓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2 , 𝑦 2 − 2𝑧𝑥) = 0

𝜓(𝑢 , 𝑣) = 0 ……(1) where 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2 ; 𝑣 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑧𝑥

Differentiating Equation (1) partially w.r.t x

𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧
( .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑧 . 𝜕𝑥) + 𝜕𝑣 (𝜕𝑥 . 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑧 . 𝜕𝑥) = 0 ………..(2)

Differentiating Equation (1) partially w.r.t y

𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧
( .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧 . 𝜕𝑦) + 𝜕𝑣 (𝜕𝑦 . 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 . 𝜕𝑦) = 0 ……………(3)

𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
(2𝑥 + 4𝑧𝑝) = − 𝜕𝑣 (−2𝑧 − 2𝑝𝑥) …………….(4)
𝜕𝑢

𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
(2𝑦 + 4𝑧𝑞) = − 𝜕𝑣 (2𝑦 − 2𝑞𝑥) ………………(5)
𝜕𝑢

Divide equation 4 by 5 we get,

𝑥+2𝑝𝑧 𝑧+𝑝𝑥
𝑦+2𝑞𝑧
= 𝑞𝑥−𝑦 hence 𝑝𝑥(𝑦 + 2𝑧) + 𝑞(2𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 ) = −𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑧) is the pde.

Q6a) Solve the first order quasi linear partial differential equation by method of characteristics
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + (𝑢 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 in

𝑥 > 0, − ∞ < 𝑦 < ∞ with 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑦 on 𝑥 = 1 [15 marks]

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Let 𝑝 = 𝜕𝑥 , 𝑞 = 𝜕𝑦

𝑓( 𝑥 , 𝑦, 𝑢, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 𝑥𝑝 + (𝑢 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑞 − (𝑥 + 2𝑦) …….(1)

Choosing 𝑥0 (𝑠) = 𝑠 0 = 1 ; 𝑦0 (𝑠) = 𝑠 ; 𝑢0 (𝑠) = 𝑠 + 1

𝑢0 ′ (𝑠) = 𝑝0 𝑥0 ′ (𝑠) + 𝑞0 𝑦0 ′ (𝑠)

1 = 𝑝0 (0) + 𝑞0 (1) ; 𝑞0 = 1

𝑥0 𝑝0 + (𝑢0 − 𝑥0 − 𝑦0 )𝑞0 − (𝑥0 + 2𝑦0 ) = 0 ; 𝑝0 = 2𝑠 + 1

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑓𝑝 = 𝑥 ….(2) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑓𝑞 = 𝑢 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 ……(3)
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑓𝑥 − 𝑝𝑓𝑢 ……….(4) 𝑑𝑡
= −𝑓𝑦 − 𝑞𝑓𝑢 …………(5)
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑝𝑓𝑝 + 𝑞𝑓𝑞 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞(𝑢 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑥 ;∫ 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ; 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑡 ; At 𝑡 = 𝑡0 = 0 ;𝑥0 = 𝑐1 𝑒 0 ; 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑(𝑦+𝑢)
+ = 𝑦+𝑢 ;∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ; 𝑦 + 𝑢 = 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑦0 + 𝑢0 = 𝑐2 𝑒 0 ;𝑡 = 𝑡0 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑦+𝑢
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 + 𝑢 = (2𝑠 + 1)𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑢 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 ; 𝑑𝑡 = (2𝑠 + 1)𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 2𝑠𝑒 3𝑡 2𝑠 𝑡 𝑠
𝑑𝑡
+ 2𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑦 = 3
+𝑘 ;𝑦 = 3
𝑒 + 3 𝑒 −2𝑡

𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑦 + 𝑢 = (2𝑠 + 1)𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑦 + 𝑢 = (2𝑠 + 1)𝑥

𝑠
𝑦 = 3 (2𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 ) ………(6)
𝑦+𝑢 𝑦+𝑢−𝑥
2𝑠 + 1 = 𝑥
;𝑠 = 2𝑥
Put value of s in equation (6)
𝑦+𝑢−𝑥 1 𝑦+𝑢−𝑥
𝑦= (2𝑥 + 𝑥2 ) ; 𝑦 = (2𝑥 3 + 1)
6𝑥 6𝑥 3

4𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 𝑢 + 2𝑥 4 − 𝑦 − 𝑢 + 𝑥 = 0
Q7c) Reduce the following second order PDE to canonical form & find the general solution
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
− 2𝑥 + 𝑥2 = + 12𝑥 [20 marks]
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦

Solution : 𝑟 − 2𝑥𝑠 + 𝑥 2 𝑡 = 𝑞 + 12𝑥 …….(1)

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Where 𝑟 = 𝜕𝑥 2 ; 𝑠 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 ; 𝑡 = 𝜕𝑦2 ; 𝑝 = 𝜕𝑥 ; 𝑞 = 𝜕𝑦

𝑅𝑟 + 𝑆𝑠 + 𝑇𝑡 + 𝑓(𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑢 , 𝑝, 𝑞) = 0 ; 𝑅 = 1 , 𝑆 = −2𝑥 , 𝑇 = 𝑥 2

𝑆 2 − 4𝑅𝑇 = 0 So it is parabolic . 𝜆 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝜆2 + 𝑆𝜆 + 𝑇 = 0

(𝜆 − 𝑥)2 = 0 ; 𝜆 = 𝑥 , 𝑥 . Characteristic equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
+𝜆 = 0; +𝑥 = 0 ;𝑦+ =𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑥2
Choose 𝑚 = 𝑦 + 2
; 𝑛 = 𝑥 such that m , n are independent function

𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑚
𝜕(𝑚 , 𝑛) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= || | = |𝑥 1
| = −1 ≠ 0
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑛 | 1 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑢
𝑝 = 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑥 𝜕𝑚 + 𝜕𝑛 ; 𝑞 = 𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑚

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
𝑟 = 𝜕𝑥 2 = 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 𝜕𝑚) + 𝜕𝑥 (𝜕𝑛)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛
= +𝑥[ ( ) + ( ) ]+[ ( ) + ( ) ]
𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑟= + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 +
𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑚2 𝜕𝑚𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑛2

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑡 = 𝜕𝑦2 = 𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑚 (𝜕𝑚) 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑛 (𝜕𝑚) 𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑚2

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑠 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑚 (𝜕𝑚) 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑛 (𝜕𝑚) 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑥 𝜕𝑚2 + 𝜕𝑚𝜕𝑛

Putting the values the equation reduces to

𝜕2 𝑢
𝜕𝑛2
= 12𝑥 , where 𝑛 = 𝑥

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 2
= 12𝑥 ; 𝜕𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 + 𝑓(𝑚) ; 𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 𝑓(𝑚) + 𝑔(𝑚)

𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑦 + 2
) + 𝑔 (𝑦 + 2
)