.

DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

Colleges of Business and Economics

Department of Economics

THE ROLE OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN ECONOMIC

ACTIVITY (in case of Debremarkos Town)

PREPARED BY;
NAME IDiNO
1. Habtamu Nigus--------------------------------BER/356/10
2 .Yibeltal leweyehu---------------------------- BER/019/12
3. Tsigereda Abebay------------------------- -----BER/388/10
4.Mestawot Wolde---------------------------- ---BER/377/10
ADVISOR: Tsegaw Debremarkos, Ethiopia

CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
Empowerment refers to the equitable representation of women in decision-making structures,
both formal and informal, and their voice in the formulation of policies affecting their societies.
Women empowerment is a process which enables women to meet both their practical and
strategic needs and increases women’s political power, consciousness about them and strength
women’s self confidence (Khan, 2006; and Maso and Smith, 2003). Women play a critical role
in driving economic development throughout the world. Despite the important role women
played in driving economic development, women’s livings in poor countries are likely to bear a
disproportionate burden in economic crisis. According to the United Nation Development
Program (UNDP, 2016) women make up a majority of world poor.
According to united nation, (UN, 2017) and central statistical authority estimates the total
populations of Ethiopia are 107.53 million of which 50.07% percent were females. When we see
the age character of women, greater than fifteen and less than fifteen years old are 58% and 42%
respectively. Women have played great role in each and every development aspects of the
economy; their empowerment is not equally valued with due to different socio-culture religious
financial and legal barriers prevailing in the country. As a result the country’s total output will be
undervalued and women do not get what they should get in turn for their empowerment in
different economic activities and show how their participation has significant impact in the
economy. Despite the fast growing economy, Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in
the world. Women farmers perform up to 75 percent of farm labor, representing 70 percent of
household food production in Ethiopia.
In the current situation women empowerment in economic activities have a greater effect on the
town. However, in the Debre markos town there are around 132,361 of total population. Out of
this the total numbers of female and male are 70,714&61,647 respectively. From the given total
number of female 1428 were engaged in different economic activities in order to change their
own life. To empower the women in economic activities for economic development, one have to
lead women how to promote their standard of living and how to adopt the saving system.
Women empowerment in economic activities are play a great role in economic, social and
political activities in the town.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Empirical evidence shows that women’s play a critical role in social, cultural, political and
economic activities. It is believed that women’s have different role that is reproductive role,
productive role and participation in economic activity and they are home managers too. In
addition to this women’s empowerment in economic activity can help to reduce poverty, wage
difference, reduce income in equality, reduce unemployment by creating job opportunities,
reducing fertility rate promote social welfare and economic development as a whole (Federal
women affairs bureau, 2016). Ethiopian women (especially women in rural areas) traditionally
suffered from socio-cultural and traditional economic discrimination and have had less
opportunity for personal growth, education and employment. Even civil code affirmed the
women and in inferior position and such rights as ownership of property and inheritance varied
from one ethnic group to another. It must be noted that the micro and small scale enterprise
sector is the back bone of Ethiopian economy in terms of its potential for economic growth,
employment and wealth creation. Land reform did not change their subordinate status which base
on traditional deep rooted values and belief. An improvement in economic condition would
improve the standard of living of women but real change would require transformation attitude
of government and men regarding woman. The empowerment of women has recently become a
significant area of discussion with respect to development and economics. In general
empowering women in economic activity is an instrument that under the right conditions fit the
need of a broad range of population, especially the poorest.
The study is new, there is no previous study based on this title in the study area . The most
important problems motivating or standing for study about this title will try to find the solution
for this problem. Those are ; financial problem, social problem, rule and regulation problem and
others that hinders the empowerment of women in economic activity in order to reduce poverty,
promote growth, food self-sufficient, help future generation, promote sustainable development,
and other by increasing educating mothers, facilitating credit, promote income generating
activity in study area. By knowing these women empowering in economic activity is the main
source of economic development in the town administration and individual household members.
To solve this problems the the researcher will be conduct to answer the basic question from
point of view.

1.3. Research question

1. What are the factors that affect the empowerment of women’s in economic activities in
Debremarkos town?
2. What are the roles of women empowerment in economic activity at household and
community level in the study area ?
3. What are the roles of government in empowering women in economic activity in the study
area ?

1.4. Objective of the Study

1.4.1 General objectives of the study
The general objective of the study is to examine the role of women’s empowerment in economic
activity in case of Debremarkos town.

1.4.2. Specific Objectives of the study

1. To examine the factors that affects the empowerment of women in economic activity in the
study area
2. To assess the role of women’s empowerment in economic activity at household and
community level in the study area.
3. To assess the role of government in encouraging women’s empowerment in economic
activity in the study area.

. 1.5. Significance of the Study

This study will be conduct and design to give an overall view about the role of women
empowerment in economic activity in the study area . It also helps to investigate the impact of
women’s participation in economic activity and bringing empowerment of women in economic
development . Furthermore the study will expect to help the planners and policy makers in
designing their policy towards the area of women’s empowerment in economic activity . Also
the study used as a reference for further study. The finding of the study will also be immense
benefit to social workers in evaluating and quantifying of the role of women empowerment to
wards growth and development of the study area.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The scope of this study has been limited to the role of women empowerment in economic
activity in Debremarkos town. The study also examines the activities under taken by current
government to empower women in economic activities.

1.7 limitaion of the study

1.8. Organization of the proposal

CHAPTER TWO

INTRODUCTION

These chapter discribe about the theoretical and empirical literature review of the study of the
role of women empowerment in economic activity .under theoretical literature review,women
empowerment: definition and terminology,the ways to empowerment ,women in
economy,women in economic growth, the role of micro credit for women empowerment, and the
empirical literature review such as women empowerment in economic activity,

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Theoretical Literature Review
2.1.1. Women empowerment: Definition and Terminology
Women empowerment consists of greater access to knowledge and resources, greater anatomy in
decision-making to enable them to have greater ability to plan their lives, or to have greater
control over the circumstances that influence their lives and free from shocks imposed on them
by custom, belief and practice. Women empowerment means the participation of women in
household decision making process and contribution to the family income. ( Hossain and Jaim,
2011; and Yusuf, 2010).The economic empowerment means greater
access to financial resources inside and outside the household. It is also linked with reducing
vulnerability of poor women in crisis situation like famine, food crisis, riots, death and accidents
in the family. Economic empowerment gives the women the power to retain income and use it at
their own discretion. ( Suguna, 2006 ).
Women are increasing seen as an important part of the international development agenda.
Empowering women and promoting gender equality are enshrined as global development
objectives within the Millennium Development Goals. ( MDGs ) agreed to in 2008. Despite the
empowerment of women widely being vie used as a “good thing”, the question of how
development interventions can contribute to making progress along the long and winding road of
female empowerment, and so enable women to make more choices about their own lives, is a
contentions and debated area. Recent evidence on women empowerment at global level profits
study on global patterns of inequality between men and women in 2004/2005. As criteria for
measurement, WEF (2005) has chosen five (5) important dimensions of female empowerment
and opportunity for examination namely: economic participation, political empowerment,
educational attainment; health and well-being with respect to the first dimension, their presence
in the work force in quantitative terms is important not only for lowering the disproportionate
levels of poverty among women, but also as an important step toward raising household income
and encouraging economic development in countries as a whole.
According to UNIFEW (2017), economic participation concerns not only the actual numbers of
women participating in the labor force, but also their remuneration on an equal basis.
Worldwide, outside of the agricultural sector, in both developed and developing countries
women are still averaging slightly less than 78% of the wages given to men for the same work, a
gap which refuses to close in even most developed countries. In measuring economic
employment (in female labor force aged 15-24) as a percentage of male unemployment (in male
labor force aged 15-24), ratio of estimated female to male earned income; female economic
activity rate as percentage of male economic activity rate; and wage equality between women
and men for similar work. Based on these indicators, in general the economic participation rates
are higher in more developed countries than in less developed countries (ones). This result
supports the nation that a full participation of women in economic development is important not
only for the development itself, but also for increasing in average income per capita and hence
for poverty reduction. Economic opportunity concerns the quality of workers. This is a particular
serious problem, not only in less developed countries, but also obviously in developed countries,
where women may gain employment with relative ease, but where their employment is either
concentrated in poorly paid or as stated in WEF (2012), as unskilled job “ghettos” (area of town
inhabited by minority) characterized by their absence of upward mobility and opportunity.

2.1.2. The way to empowerment

2.1.2.1. Practical versus Strategic Needs

On the one hand, for some, poverty and unempowerment go hand-in-hand. As income poverty
goes down, so do women become more empower development interventions which focus on
“practical gender needs” including women’s income and material asset, will therefore lead both
to reduce poverty and to increase female empowerment. Micro credit and women’s savings
groups are examples of interventions which, through a focus on practical gender needs, aim both
to reduce income poverty and contribute to women’s empowerment cities of this view, on the
other hand, argue that such an approach fails to address the root cause of the disempowerment,
notably women’s unequal position in society relative to men. It burdens women with additional
responsibility; they are already responsible for running the household, and this increasingly has
to be combined with income generating activities. Rather than development working for women,
women are working for development. Instead, it is advocated that development agencies focus
on “strategic gender needs”, including removing institutional discrimination and claiming rights
from the state. These are normally achieved via collective action and bottom-up struggles.
Development activities facilitate the achievement of strategic gender needs through uniting
women, raising their awareness, and encouraging their mobilization so they receive what they
are entitled to and begin to overturn the unequal structures within society (The united nation
university, 2012).

2.1.2.2. The Formal Sector Vs Informal Sector

According to the study done by ministry of labor and social affairs (2017) the number of men
employed both in public and private sector where employment opportunity are limited, was
about 82% of total labor force where women constitute only 71%. Related source of information
show that among those workers who have been employed the number of women’s are much
lower. This is a good indicator of urgency and seriousness of the situation of Ethiopian women.
Every large number of women especially youth, illiterate females headed engaged in informal
sector such as selling Tela and Tej and working as maid servant of prostitution, even though this
activities failing under the informed sectors are undocumented, they lack witness to be measure
condition of Ethiopian women live in. (office of prime minister, 2016)

2.1.2.3. Household Activity of Women

The emphasis in the study of societies has shifted in the past fourteen years. Early writing
revolved around women’s traditional role and centered on their position in family in primitive
societies men’s and women’s roles were considered essentially complementarly. During the
2013’s the academic literature moved away from studying women from in their family toward
examining their activities outside the domestic economy and investigating their pace in economic
relation. Moreover, scholars has deals with issue of women at different time on the different
matters, some of them highlighted the equality and others in equality of men and women
contribution to the economy of the nation. This gives the opportunity in the roles, status and all
round problems attach to women, although society behaved in support of means we are in the
decade of women in which their role in utility function. This sort of thinking has strong
interference on the planners and policy analysis who offer assume that there is harmony within
the household. However, there is a counter argument that conflict may exist within the model.
For example the cooperative conflict model of the household. It has been argued that this model
applied not only to developing countries but also to advanced countries. (Debremarkos, 1991)

2.1.3. Women in Economy

All over the world the significance of women enter into work place over the past three decades
was produced transformation in organization of frame less society and urban life women in
economic activities have always participated in local economy. In Africa for example 85% of the
food and Asia 60% and in Latin America 40% in many case women only produce but also
market it which gives them a well developed knowledge of local market and customer. This is
small example of the importance of women’s contribution especially in developing countries not
only the labor force but also their role has significant for family income (ILO, 2017).For instance
in Africa all tasks related to family support is the responsibility of women due to cultural and
traditional aspects of the women presence has been the question of survival of her family.
Women especially poor families must divide their time between work productive role and family
reproductive role and balancing all demands. Time is valuable for the woman has their livelihood
depend largely on dear ability to fulfill multiple demands of household and market (Boserup,
1970).Currently the increasing empowerment of women’s in business and increasing access to
exporting market will act as a catalyst for economic growth, although some employment
opportunity has been created for women as a result of globalization of the economy. There are
also trends that exacerbated inequality between women and men. Globalization includes
economic integration that creates pressure on the employment intuition of women to adjust to
new circumstance and to find new resource of employment as patterns of trade.

2.1.4. Women in Economic Growth

Throughout developing world women’s are vital economic player representing large percentage
work force in order reduce poverty than ever before. Over 800 millions women’s are
economically active in the world wide under taking critical role in industry, agriculture,
manufacture and service as a producer, trade and owners and operators of micro and small scale
enterprise. Limited access to physical and financial reserves, in sufficient market knowledge,
lack of skill and absence of labor saving technology, serious constraints to the ability of women
effectively participated in economic growth systematic exclusion of individuals from resource,
public service productive activities based on gender discrimination and economic capacity to
growth and to rise over living standard supporting project and planning that expand women
economic opportunity in good development practice will yield economic growth from household
and the economic promoting of full empowerment of women and men in economic development
and great understanding of gender based constraints to women participation of economic
activities are central role for economic growth and poverty reduction. ( USAID, 2015)

2.1.5. The Role of Micro-credit for Women empowerment

One institution that has had a major impact on relaxing credit constraints for the poor in general
and for poor women in practical or has been micro credit. Micro credit programs, by providing
small loans mainly for non-agricultural micro enterprise activities have had a significant positive
effect on household incomes and assets, child schooling, child and maternal health, and the
empowerment of female borrowers. (Little field, 2013).Consequently, micro credit programs are
found widely around the developing world and are considered to be an important cost effective
instrument for helping the poor transforms their economic circumstances by enabling them to
pursue more lucrative livelihood opportunities. Three important features have made micro credit
accessible to poor households; first, micro credit programs typically replace the standard
collateral requirement with innovative contracting arrangements which provide strong incentive
for loan repayment. These arrangements include group lending with joint liability and individual
progressive lending ( Armendarizde Aghion and Murdoch 2003). Second, micro credit programs
have greatly simplied and stream lined loan application, decision, and disbursement processes.
Third, micro credit programs frequently couple the provision of credit with micro enterprise
development and management training services. (World Bank, 2015) these three features are
probably especially beneficial to women as they tend to be less educated, lack appropriate forms
of collateral, and have less work experience, among other things.

2.1.6 empower women and achieve gender equality

A number of studies have shown that sustainable development is impossible without women's
empowerment and gender equality. Consequently, it is asserted that gender equality is both a
human rights issue and a precondition for, and indicator of, sustainable development (Alvarez
and Lopez, 2013). It is also affirmed that gender disparity is prevalent across the cultures of the
world and that without serious steps to tackle it, sustainable development cannot be achieved.
Furthermore, UN rightly outlined that to create a just and sustainable world and to enhance
women’s role in sustaining their families and communities, achieving gender equality is
paramount. On the other hand, if gender equality is not maintained, it will retard the country's
development. In line with this idea, stevens (2010) ,interestingly underlines that “an increasing
number of studies indicate that gender inequalities are extracting high economic costs and
leading to social inequities and environmental degradation around the world.”
Therefore, one can understand from such explanations that without the equal inclusion of women
in all areas of development initiatives, all the above-mentioned components of sustainable
development cannot be achieved. However, gender inequalities across economic, social and
environmental dimensions remain widespread and persistent (UN Women,2014); Ethiopia's case
is also very much apparent. Being cognizant of the negative effects of the prevailing gender
disparity, the Ministry of agriculture and Rural Development(2014), affirmed that “any
development initiative has to engage and ensure that both men and women contribute and benefit
equally from it.” The researcher, being firmly convinced by this assumption, further argues that
women should be empowered and equally allowed to contribute to and benefit from all
dimensions of development so as to bring about sustainability.
Therefore, in this paper, women's empowerment and gender equality are discussed as a means to
bring about sustainable development in the country. In his analysis, the researcher goes beyond
those three pillars of sustainable development mentioned above, due to the conviction that more
issues can be considered for the attainment of sustainable development. The argument of Bossel
(1999) ,corroborates the assertion that “sustainable development of human society has
environmental, material, ecological, social, economic, legal, cultural, political and psychological
dimensions that require attention”. Hence, for greater emphasis and detail, the paper also
discusses political development/good governance and human rights protection separately, even if
these are, in one way or another, included among the three pillars of sustainable development.
The reason stems from the fact that they play equally important and interrelated roles with those
three key pillars. In addition, the paper reveals the fact that all the issues/areas discussed require
the prevalence of gender equality in order to result in a sustainable development. One should
keep in mind that all the points raised are very much interrelated and interdependent and that
they reinforce each other

2.2. Empirical Literature Review

2.2.1. Women Empowerment in economic activity
International community has joined hands with all the developing and under developed countries
to empower women. Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) was endorsed by the world
community in the year 2000. The third of these goals is related to women empowerment to
promote gender equality and empower women. One the important questions regarding women’s
empowerment is whether poverty reduction is the only way to empower women in the
development context. Women’s participation in economic activities can lead to decrease in
incident of domestic violence or increase their access to information and mobility but at the same
time, it can also mean the exploitation of their labor by men who assert and enjoy complete
control over women’s earning. Women’s economic empowerment is a prerequisite for
sustainable development and pro-poor growth. Achieving women’s economic empowerment
requires sound public policies, a long-term commitment and gender-specific perspectives must
be integrated at the design stage of policy and programming. Women must have more equitable
access to assets and services; infrastructure programmers should be designed to be benefiting the
poor, both men and women, and employment opportunities must be improved while increasing
recognition of women’s unpaid work. Women empowerment is one important element of the
improvement of intuition and its impact on economic growth and poverty reduction, which has
been a subject of considerable interest in recent years. It is being widely acknowledged now that
was apart from the standard factors of capital, labor and technology, and other determinant
factors, institution may matter substantially in determining the growth path and the outcome of
development. (North, 2013).
In Sub Saharan Africa a pattern of separation of men and women a spheres of economic
activity,where as Asia men and women tundra there to take different in single cultivation
process. In Africa house hold it is the women’s job to provide food . Food production is done by
women alone,with the exception of men participation the stage of clear the land from bus, men
hunted ,the gradual encroachment of population on land cultivation necessary,they took change
of land clearance and preparation .But these tasks were not time consuming,allowing means
labor to use a mining for non food production (Susan Joeks, 1987)
The condition of Ethiopian women ,about 88 percent of Ethiopian;s live in the rural areas
because of the rudimentary of the methods of production used in the rural areas ,nearly 85
percent of women’s labor and animal husbundary activities in which traditional techniques of
production as applied . Even though, the division of labor differs from place to place depending
on the climatic condition women participate in all types of agricultural work,including
weeding ,ranking, harvesting and preparing and trasing field and trais bins. For instance women
in nomadic society are enliste with the responsibility of enacting mobile next place of stay,in
addition of cattle raising and herding with respect to house work,rural women have to grind
gran,fetch water, gather fire wood,prepare food and raise children and sweat out for abaout 13
to17 hours a day .Although rural women’s share of division of labour is for more tire some and
moree time consuming than that of men,it is derogatorily referred to “women work”and it is not
valued .Rural women are also been barred from access to productive assets such as ownership
and control of property, since their contribution contnued to be (office of prime minister,1993)
The success of collective action for gaining access to resources and markets often depends on the
effectiveness of institutions in serving their constituencies. The decisions that household make
on how to allocate resources and generate income often depend not only on the households
resources but also on the local institutional environment. According to some estimates, women
represent 70 percent of the world’s poor. They are often paid less than men for their work, with
the average wage gap( in 2009 )being 17 percent.
Women face persistent discrimination changes taking a huge toll on their livelihoods. The
current financial crisis is likely to affect women particularly severally. In developing countries
where women work in export-led factories or in countries migrant women works are the
backbone of the service industries, women’s jobs have taken the greatest hit. Women particular
livings in rural area of our country the increased economic and social restructuring of the world
has also had strong effect on gendered subjectivities, roles and responsibilities. Especially
women living in rural area have limited access to information, education and health facilities and
employment opportunities. Although there is an evidence that women’s access to economic
participation does play a role to enhance their empowerment, there are certain other factors also
to be considered and the same with our study area.
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of the Study Area
The study will conduct in the East Gojjam zone, in Debremarkos town, which is located in
Amhara regional state. It is located in the north western part of Ethiopia. The town is 295kms
NW of the capital, Addis Ababa and 265kms SE of Bahir Dar, the capital of Amhara National
Regional State. According to in 2012 the total population of Debre markos town is 132,361.
Among these population 61,647 are male, while 70,714 are female. The calculated sex ratio of
the town is 46.5:53.5 male to female, indicating slightly higher number of females than males.
The coordinates of the town is 10°20′N latitude and 37°43′E longitude with an average altitude
of 2446m above sea level. It has conducive weather condition with 1380mm average annual
rainfall and 18°c average annual temperature . The University is found in the area endowed
with potenitial resource. The distribution of the population Based on the 2007 national census
conducted by the Cnteral Statistical Agency of Ethiopia ( CSA, 2007), in 2012 Debre Markos the
majority of the residents, 97.03%, practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, while 1.7% of the
population said they were M and, 1.1% were Protestant, respectively. The largest ethnic group of
the town was reported to be the Amhara (97.12%) while the rest including Tigrayan, Oromo
(0.67%) and others comprising less than 3% of the population.

3.2. Data Types and Method of Data Collection

3.2.1. The source and nature of data
To investigate this study data will be obtain through both primary and secondary data sources.
The primary data will gather by using structured questionnaires and interviews. The nature of
primary data will take qualitatively from individual person. secondary data source will obitan
from books, news paper, internet and annual reports from the organization.

3.2.2 Data collection method

To collect the required information, the researcher will employ two different types of data
gathering tools. These were structured questionnaires, and interview. Interview will
arrange and conduct with organization team to gather sufficient information.
3.3. Sample Size and Techniques
3. 3. 1 Sampling technique
In this study, researchers will used probability sampling method from a simple random sample
.Simple random sample are used set of a statistical population in which each member of the sub
set has an equal probability of being chosen. The Study will be apply simple random sampling
method for reason such as homogeneous population characterstics Time, Cost and energy,
census for all clients was impossible and to minimize subjective and personal bias. Hence
sampling techniques has been employed to select sample population.

3.3.2 Sample size

The method was relatively accurate in collection of data according to the objective of the study.
Since it is difficult to collect the necessary data from the whole population that engaged in
economic activity in the Debremarkos town. The total numbers of empowered women in the
town are 1428 . Due to this the researcher uses 93 respondents as a sample size, which are full
representative of the total population obtained based on the following Formula provide by
Yamane (1967) in order to determine the required sample.
 The total number of empowered women is (1428) with 10% is the level of significance
then the sample sizes is
n=N/1+N (e) 2
Where n=desired sample
N=Target number population

e = level of significance

N=1428

To take a 10, degree level of significance =0.1

1428/1+1428(0.12)
1428/1+1428(0.01)
1428/1+14.28
1428/15.28
n=93.45

N=1428 e=0.1 n=93

3.4. Method of Data Analysis and Presentation
In order to achieve the objective of the study, descriptive method will use to describe and
interpret the role of women empowerment in economic activity depending on the type and nature
of data gather from the structured questionnaires. For the analysis of data which will be collect
from primary data sources are first edit, classify, and organize into homogeneous classes based
on their common characteristics. After data pass through this processing mechanism, then it will
analyze by using descriptive such as tabulation, percentages, and pie chart to attempt the role of
women empowerment in economic activity.

3.5 Work and Budget plan

3.5.1 Time Budget

The study will be conduct with the total of eight months from title selection of the month November
and submission through various advisor consultants up to the month of presentation the study
finding .

FINANCIAL PLAN
NO
ITEM QUANTITY UNIT PRICE TOTAL COST
PERSONAL COST
Researcher 4 20 80
Transport 4 5 20
Secretary
MATERIAL COST
Paper 3 dozen 50 150
Pen 3 10 30
Pencil 1 5 5
Binder 3 20 60
Other/miscellaneous cost
Total 345
 TIME BUDGET
NO ACTIVITY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
1 Topic selection x
2 Literature search x
3 Proposal writing x
4 Data collection x x
5 Data analysis x
6 Research writing x x
7 Presentation x

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