lliletiJd Loodbidiusl L PARTICLE Puyercs Pane No. TYPES: Of INTERACTION a PARAMETERS Ss CLASST FICATION g EXACT CONSERVATION LAWS q RELATINISTIC PROBLEMS \9 APPROKEMATE CONSER VATIN LAWS} al SYMMETRY 3\ QUARE MODEL ay UNTPICATION OF INTERACTIONS 44 NOCLEAR PUYSstCS BASIC PROPERTIES OF NUCLET 4b seme ot LIQUID PROP MODEL 66 SHELL MODEL 61 COLLECTIVE MOPEL 13 RADIORCTINITY 12 AMPRa DECAY &\ BETA DECAY gq Gamma DECAY g4 Prerrcte ACCELETOR q\ NUCLEAR REACTION Gama aePARTICLE PHYSICS —> Wres af Tniesadin: \Y Gravitakgnay Sueracton : Attadtve najure gong Range tWkeradion fe Range = 0% weakest Perce Tr nasure exchange Parsicies: graviton (shin =) pas iid mays=0; VEC C4 ha (cus|emu) Mao masa GY Yuclem > Bsufticad teraction for bare Physic, &% Elechomag nate (em) Interaction + — AtradWe and repulttve both — Long Range tnlevadion fe Range =e > exchange Partie: Photon 7 ° (masgzo, VEC, SPIN= ND — Strength t& measured by Fine shucture Corsten a -: io re m= Fe Ceos|emu) = ja5 — pebends on tre medium ang the velocity ¥ +ne pardicles . lb = — chavaclematte Hine = T= 6-1 Lec.3) Stang Tnkevachon: — Atradde ab nownas distances and becomes repuliive as vey sharp distances. — Finite Range thteradion. R416'Sin > Stmgett face tn nahue — exchange particle: metons (x?) Lnkedi, Myr = B05 Mev — Srenath= 9% M,o = Bu.CMev ngtn= B CCosjesu) ec) gal = wicleus Tteradwn constant, A = chavacetstte Sime: t= 2h 2 axisyio® Bxio® Ta 3 aec. “wear Tderaction: — Pintle Range: R16 LSS im — moitty Tnuolued th Particle dacaye > exchange ParKeles: Vedor Roos (w*, 2°) Mut = Sehev ; MAQRoer. (Spinel, Meo, vec) — choradriae Hine st a es ge Tog = tel? sec,@ Relalie — | choradenstic D °. Exchange © _Dieracion | Range | “pasitctes | SP _|_snengtn | Tine © J Pins: ‘d Shong | 155m te oO \ (he. Photon: ¥ | A> 15'S (Bees. Crravitd onal — Range: Qn K_ Mec \ + Se oe BN Feline Trhong < Tem< Tweak < Tgravitakonas. Guo}, A velafuiate Pastiéte frauels o length af GR wi fn ake bojere dacaying - The decay proces a tne Portike th dominated by which iwWeraclon : a> Skong = em cd Weak a gravikahonal distance 3x16? dheed 3X08 for Weak Peradion: T= WO wo. S = ae ane = = oleec © elec. 3Poramebers » \Y moss: DigRe CO-134) Mev leptons medium (>134 bub mp) Boryons — Rub Uiscouey Q T tran) Parxifde: [= NU | RA SO Fails tnis clonsificalion because all a the Propesties J T vegemble wit Sebhins. MS = 0.5 Meu myo = 124.5 Mev We = 938.3 Mev myer = qa MeV Mr = 4939-6 MeV mye = 4AT Mev Mat = \39-5 MeV My" = S4q Mev % Chase: oe <6 Parke exists Tn mulhiptere Singret » Win Poubler. KVP > pan Taplek . qt: 0 z ote. = membess Q MuUlhbid family Raye aTfesent charges and small masz diference.3 Spin: according to spin Parola ave gy Huo types © — Rosmfons: shin & Ug fnlergral rublible » $= Yai%lg—-- evamble: &, bn ,v, =e Be n> spin= V2 Ke! — spins 3/8 — Bosons: spin te tdegral mubible: $= OL R---~ g20: REP, Khe yes seater ov Pausdo vedo Se\t Photon > ever or Psusdo scaler cer groviton — tentox Particle. uw Paxity : frversion G space P4(R DH = EWI H Cigenyaduis = x1 ce TamteiTe. Pasty | ortitad. Partys (ays Twbinete Patty = a = fer Reno —\ — Fer Bosms Peay —5 Scaler (-Rigqls bo: ee Zz 894 Poon N psa) Paeudo vetles (KR "°, 1°) ae Per\ —» PsUelo Salley ty Pa-1 — vedo (us*, 2°) — Potty te nudiipiicative Tr nate_ CP 2 -l\—- newbino BLUPL OS 41 5 aninauhino Sy Gis Kime: Stable Portete: &,V1Y abe. unstable Paskickes, usWich dacs nea woraec | Kt ~ 16% sce Bn wes | ne neh sec a: at ~ skaec | Retonance Catt) ~0 sec. Poxkicles and Ankibartietes — > amkpasholer Raye 4ame mas AB and digerime. — > “hey May Rave oppaitle Pastty > zome. Sosons A ayt box opfaaite: Perntios A anit fermions, > They Rove ophosike magrahc moment and Hedicity . wuckese magna Hy = --41 dn | _ eR Ma = (4 Hy N° Um, — Some Parlicle, Rove same anipartictes, cates sel} confugae Pareles. 2g. Rwy Us, 4° ete.@ song @= 9 = wa. V % OPAE\ FIIMALY “Tapyprayuo Our & ° ee ah ¥ Qa) ovsprau OL, ee ou ma gh (2) ToL of pS US ajax} Fh =s mopsieay — (Hq) auiestreu orn. (HN) wom Pn) Quamau voepaya (= foes) BuOTOg 9=3) Om (3) UepaYe “THON OLAV), yoo ~ US Weed Pou — WUQNOAAV), ‘vanosay yan y we ‘Buea yred Rou — Bums yrs 4 op Rou tT _ NOTLWITISTSs 01DExad consesvahion lauss: '¥ enexgy conesvahon: A+R — > (4d R@st energy: mace mac mc? My D® Etta = © Fnad —> Bek K tA Kinoktc energy , and Tf target ia of rer fe ka=0 4 Fy a mA emg = Kerr 4 Fem o* Ky = (Keto) + (wremo) —Lingarmgy] Becay Reaction : A —> BLT (Rest) myo = Weatke) + Ung 4mm) c MCE Z Line) c® Peo Migter parte canlt dacay tno a Reauter Parhdet. example v7 N—> b+ 4 I Cllowtod > Pant etave not alldourrd Cieatin.2) Momentum Cmseruation : ALR 3 OP Beh ele UY“ 7 F Cxamble: @ Prp — brerpeP enesgy tw corsewed y Revlon 4 anit proton axe Producta ak Rest. Feo A PLO Te momentum i nok comenes. 3) Angular momentum: Ftae A 14 ovdital angular yrnomentum ts 0. example: aK aNLpK @n— bee S=Vg Ya Ya Np a= \,0 KET, —s nok aloud . © n— phd Sela Ya We Ve Tate 33g i 23, —> adored. alYY chasge amsewatim : fa any Readion erampe: Atabidity Y aleckun. Sy ebton rumber Consewahon: Dobten vuurnbers Raye been defined Repevabely For % generahara +i For OL Ve RE = 1 foe BR Vo he yA be Mut © others be scherabely TT ewer adn Gatervea fh tHe ol pe uta Dy any Readion. oO otnert. | kate: _ ® npr e4Ve le: 0 oO 1 -l |dlel=o aMlownd. @ Fain —> prre 4 ler | 0 o {| 0 [Alel=> lt: 0 0 o o | \due (40 Not aloud + @n — prey Ve tes 0 OO 1 4 [Ale #0 not aldoued6Y Baryon Number: (8) @ Mus be COeued to all tesador. Boayons = vurcleon + Hy pevons +1 Fox Baxyony B= Por anh baryons 8 otnera. Ramble. O 2°» Wav sole, Bt | o 0 \ABI40 MOF adlowad . @® = —+ kav Q.l 1 0 (del=0 addound. “ES Bonyon number conmreruaion exblatn akaidity oy Proton. Pro: tek va Conlidar Proton ‘Uh vot stable. ty Ft, eo p—>fk =, K ee. on Decay mode will be g the tybe! b— Way BF ae = P — etary ete. Bo 6 6 \pA\+o Not conserved Le Prokm tb skateOut! he & vals a the docay proce ® zt_4 paw 5 fmm Rave been esfimoled as 116 Mev and (lo Mev verpativdly. Extimale the maxes y Zt4 2? sat. at pee " © a Oz (RNa mas — FRc, rnaus) C \6 Mey = gece mpeg) a s cX_ (438 1135) Mev Mr Mee = \\8q Mev Sind larly - \toMey = ne — (434 4140) Mev Mer = WEI Mev, Owed consider the pores M4 pa tan The rniimum Kinalye energy gf noms (HW) tn the Canhe GJ MOA frame xequhed ud peoduc the pion (x) patra ah vest hey. So8- apply conseniation af enerey: Wh WO RTO Ky tmyteky amd 2 Karmic peg metKe=0 ak Rast. geen: © m_— \uomev a ce AK = Amec® Qmyct ¢ My, = 10S nee ky = (in -Mp) c& c = aaa Mev _ \os Mev ) ce oe a Ou3 consieey the ducay proce T— KH Ve in the weak Frame qy T - The MAKE T, KA He MBE Me Mx and 0 recbecively. AY The energy qa rb? xe cote een of Sm Suateh ag Qx mas @ targek- A= Com -mel c® = Cm- mx -0) c& KES —Ungom) A Mesme to) ax Mr KE = me -me a a Pe am | energy ay AT Ears KEY Rest maga energyCae Ss me ems x El aa meet arnt 2 a Ee = (mx Mr 5 ct & nT BY Find momentum af 1 ? Sette. 2 Aa Exe Ate mkt Sot%9-Quy Particle mas mj strfcks o basiiete mak Me, (arrest) Tn lob frame. TRL cotton Produces Leverak parvholes gy totalt mass ry. find the theeshold energy for te yeachon tr Lab bystem? S'S BR ——> CHOHEX-- -- Owes “tho recently - ditcovered Higgs boson at the Luc experiment Ray a dtcay mode ink o Roto and a 2 ban. Ig tne vetk Manes Y HRAqs boson are las wev[c® and oo oev{c® reihedively , and the decaying Higgs Favticle ts of wetk the energy Y dhe PRoton Wilt abpeximalely be dy 1S ev ay asia hey washey Zohev Sole Hifgga bokan —> 2-Boron + Phot My mM, my Q Enz URS — Rosny! Axles = 20-| (nev = 30 heyQub A loo Mev KP poxticve dacays as: ' ate “The MeaMUAed Yad oy KE Y one TT farKele & 686 Mey , thot af the other & Po.8 MeV, wile KE gy a7 TsrMev. Caemloe B value GY the clin 4 also find mom y Ht. tgiven: — Yaqx = (Uo Mev) Soi"g- er tte ae Qe Pinal Ke -iWiRod KE = (68-6 +£0.8 ATES)— 0d | ge tios, mas Anal. mass | (QUA My C®—m (Wty HER) C \AY-G = My — SKM Wet = SAF Mev Ou. consider the ellouting Procen Fruoluing free Pars-eles hh FOP aR W Pana Ui) pan a rtemae? pa ntet concn @ the following atelemana te TRUE ? > Prpcwrd Ui) follows all conservation lantoy Procers il) corsense Emyon wuinber , bub ufoteks ®@ energy momentum conseniation . Cy Procows Lili) Z not GMoudd by shemg Trkeradhon, uk & atloud ky weak Teradion. ay Procom Gv) Conserver Pongon rumber, fuk viola lebion wumber Conierualon. No Sot"'Q- ay WP hah — PALSE too Oo -\ -\ WWelto wb pn —> Gy = 4 ° leAl=d he May be CORRECT o Pen —> ATER — FALSE BL UA Oo o © lealeo pre — net B® \ Oo \ 0 B\=0 Ls @ -t o -l (o.y=0 > FALSE (e]Se ee — Relasvishe mas: m= Mo _ ym, Ji-vaic8 — Rolasviahe length. g = to [ve _ de a= ¥ — RoleSviste Himes 4 = bo a vale” = Energy - momentum Relation: cA ck mich Quo) The muon Flog mass los mev[c® and man Rfetine RA WA To Tre ver frame. Tre megn distance daversed by MUI a energy ac Mev [e2 vekxe decaying & ophrKtmalely: Od ayo Kin = BAAcm Of 64M ad LE Km sete, —-Dfakancn = Sheed K Hine me Mo 2 (ee. Wo {va Ick ce Ym eva fore se) q We -+ 4 ae ve B yu Para yeDetena = Axi x bx 154 = \8bom =\.&km p) Quah 4 tne Fas Me J an elemeley basset moving uth Apeed O.4¢ fr the labmalny Frame & spists, 4ren the Prober Fadl - Hijo hs So. ° Ae = Kye Lvl figs 966% Joost = ANGx 1084 A 7° meign ak werk decays flo tuto bAotons, ushuith move along the X-oxi. They are beth dolecky sfonullneous y after a Hime, rlo4 - Tn an thestial Prame mouling with a velocity V=0-6c fr the die a me a the PRotmt the time Tlervad nus Ane tuo dobediong th a ISA b Og soiNg- ours © toa da) ou Avie Ch ko ue es aie dee,a a- dg =&-C = 'Ssec A APPROXTMATE CONSERVATION Laws \) Taoatin, otgtnases Fron the charge fndapendowt Poperty gy nuctear forces. musplidly — Téosin Compment Téosbin: Ig -1,-Tt\,----2 Family | ransbin | compmen | examiple Stage ° o RW ekc. Doubler Ya Ma pn «ho ete. Triples Ay, ete, xo “OE, capapin & nok defined for pts beaune 4ney donlt Pel shog Tesachin . > Pollow laut YH addition dike angular momentum Iwerackion | comesalon gy I Sang emexample @ toi o 0 \otl 40 te 0 a 3 eee em iweradion ® Wp ae Ke . \ Or| = 1 We o Ya \otl=o0 \, ston oO . tt hy x z “i o -Ya \Dik\= 8 Shongeneid: (8-no.) — Delined Roy strange Fartictes (Kaos + Hyperons)) SHO Pox srange Particter | S20 Far olherk i FS aduiaye producd th Fairs | SS Proauud via aeong PWeradion bub dacay via weak Fnleradion (excapk £2 Mav dacay | Via ern treradion) example: Rap Stoang Rake Grelirnann — NisRiffma Parrnula : Q= ta [B48 | Bee Buxyon wuinbes & G charge af mut pick, Gey ShangenesPar Kehes \ Stranger Qo.) awh'parheles +0 t Koos (7°) +\ ch oped ge? © -\ b> that gy o/s Biches, t8 = uw -3 x S te consenued ML Ems Shong Meradion, stn weak Teachon — \es\=o (leptonic) SS \eSlel Cueriontc) a) Auber charge LY) We & (average change ap members Y a mudhplet) exampie: Fes nucleon Family. = A(42]-@ © fos Pion Faniily \e8 (24) -© y & comowed Tn, em 4 Sbang tnlerackan [DY| zo. weak Tweracton.Wy Parttyted @ QP) =0 tren P YeMaINs Constant. — Parity cmenied Th: em 4 Song frderachon . Physicad quailty otablacawans () momentum (P) Tnuarten: (C= 7¥B) vate te PIE) == Tnvortank -2 PUB)=B Wink: ep moaguahe Ptald favasfenk under Parity oberaon. example. Tha 3 PA Priel +) + ot GO aE Rot Qe-l COnsEWUed . —s Parity th mudlindicatirc fn nafure. Patty = ovbitad x Rnbsaic. = (Akx SabtrsPe =e AvQ Fos Bosous Fox Feaiony5) charge andugation: (chasge Pasty) ” — oberalfon fm volich Pasties are replaced by real onKhas ches. > zy the Prbokislty a veadon vemales some on appdying chowge conjugation operation then we_can say tak chorge conjugation Aymmeby Ox uste . t= Tt Wty We Roo Hy example : = eigen vals yc = tl Coorge Parity 6 the Reversal (t) or Time Rasity : HY the Poobabldity oy occurence a a radon ‘is same ater the time reveal obeatin tran we aay thas time erevesas oxisle exannple: ete — = 14r ut yar — etePhysical quanti ty Ofte QT ® Ofablacamen! Tnvartenk momerkuny vostent anguioy momentum! — yaytonk accoreroson Tavarter Elechic Fradd Tavavient rnagaitic Fed Vasent =r % comtewed Pat em and Shang TWeradion CR VRolakton fx Newlal Yaon dtcay : celkey = ky ce Ky =< -\ke Ut) Prob 0.9:/. Koy short Sired Kaen: dacay filo 4 Fons Ke 7 long Giked Kaon: decay fr 2 Pion. CPT Themem = (Exact Consesvation aut) according te tik Prenem: combired oferalbn of CPE T TH aOWOys cosemed tm al Prierading. Cet (LHS) = CPTCRHS) Ls adnuaye 3 OPaT oe mullplialiie fr nakee.Wesndion | at=0 =e pczo | ak-0 Steong <1 |e ow em |x lerlrle|le|u WEEK x m8 x x | x |X ee nuUckemn—rundlem , Nucleon -meton Tatesachin OCLUYA Ula Shong Tierachion. "SE, ry tha reaction , abgovblion or emitdion af PRotm taxes place then Te a EM Pnteracho. Decay gq abeange Poxheter uta weak fnt. Lexcopr 2a v4. eK —= ocauts Ufa Em) Quo The domfnank tnheradone underlying the following Proceser: AY Kk 4p —s Se Rt 8 went a Kye oo Zt_s pr are: O AyShomg BEM Cc) Weak ® Ay sheng B> wank © Weak © AyYwaKr BEM Cp Stearg ® Mvak BEM © weakSoD cy st 4 par @ t Shange Pavitie days via Wek tak, Kap zt ant tT. Yala th per a (5-0) oO,N oN shang Baa nt —s oak i 0 © \ia A _, nok a weak oles fnterachon (em, Stang) AY Shong Bpem|Shong c> weak al Gud A BHin Ya Porsfole A undergoes the dacay A> Beced where thik Roun thak BEC are abso aftr Ua Parker. tre compiele seb oY oMloudd vaduis oy the BPIN a the pavhcle Dik. © ob H% Ha-—- by 0,\ 7 2 ® 3,9 -— a hi Beean Ya Ya Ya oy)Sor stn A+ > BAC +O 0,1 (i /2 adlpusad . er bing = | Ya On 4 ae I~ o,,8 S/ not aflourad. aleiie option © Va %' 4a negracted . Spon “ostowss, 1) Ows the sadon toe 4) Me +? canner Proceed Uta ahong Interadion Peause jt wtoleba the comenaho ad angular momentum % olleckic chasge > baryon number 4) Laotfiin @No_ x Q 4 Sot"S. ye + > ay are ua I. 0 0 a \ ALO wo Te Tasbin B nok consesved RESONANCE PARTICLES + Retonance parheter Rave tneir produchon ond dacay dime QB owdew nuclear Diyetime. + traded methods ore belied Jn eitimale hoe mas and Oiekioe. Cross secon <— Rewmanct Peak is) fh \ \ energy (Efn) P%y: crois sedin va eneray grobh — mals Q Reonar Paxticle : Exerc a > De Rime gy Resonant fare: pens a® -83Out! The reak energy qy st brie % untortain @ with a measred width T ols Mev. what o mean Kpetimne gy at? Sot"9- pe ok AK prow & oe OT VS Kee Vey" ocz oF =2\ Visi - Bt = cays sed Aue: SYMMETRY SYMMETRY eg, Sula) , Ula) Speciat ¥ ‘ ordoy urd kavy — number af generalars af a aymmehy gaup =(nxn-1) €g- For SU). generaar= Axa-\ -@ sults) + genesakass 2x3-( Syrnmeby. 4 conzesuahon (uu : > comenahon laws are aociated with Borne aymmeby .example: ® — energy cmieualion assodabed wlth dime symmeby ay hace DE DIM —> momentum omaerualton astodaled with chravulational. Aymmeby OJ hace bp DX nk — Angular momentum caesation astocdased Wn Rotakmak symmeby af APact . DT DO ak Tyes qj unitory GrOUP: \y Stmplest_uniteny Group: Sut) Covsexponds to 0 hansjesrnason UsWidn adds a. ase Factor tog ussuobundion ay the Aaysiern, Ta “We os ConsoniaKims asko dated usith his banfeomahion: ehechsic Charge O) Lebken ruber CL) Roxyou number (8) Hyper chasge CY) 8) svi Symmmeby : Protons and nauwemn ase same fer along Salevadton bub dipperent for em Interackon. te DI=O — Foy ahorg fderadbo PLO —> For em twerachion. as = as =— Svigy symmeby t& violated by EM tWerackin Fee which thospin ts NOT conserved. 2 Suita) Symmeby « — generalization ay Su) Aymmebsy. — Particles Raving Adme a value are grouped Sogether Jv fam suber muibpieks.. Tt converts yeachon betwwin & comsened qaaniier, £0 catled £8 pots way calls Casafficaion . example! > © Reryon Ochate: ato \ky* forotes| T | a, | 2 | Yer P +\lz || A Va ‘ ®Pausdo Sealer meion ocala (1? ot) Parkicles | I \ yy & | Ss | Years 1 \ oO 6 Oo 7 \ o lo lo é 17 -\ 0 6 5 — et ly jue jo || Tt 1 ee fs a | 0 \ { ‘a -~fo | [| -1 Ke Ye Vuelo | | w lo lo \lololo Fig: Punto calor melon otal.® vetos Metons: tater) (sh 7) Paxctes | T |, | @® | s | NeBts i \ jo lole J \ o |\o 0 0 , -\ |0 do \o a \ & Vs lg \o \\ \ a =a | 0 \ \ ee -nlo | la ee Ya | \e|o fra | us? ° © 0 oe oO to lo fo joPR _ Baryon Sucoptel.QvARK MODEL — > Prbored bys theldmann 4 others — Hadron ( mows + Raryors) are made up Gf Quarks - — Povours Y quark. Usd, S, G46 Propes Hes ay Quack : spine Ya te Reamions Bosyon umber = \fB Guy) Potty = +1 Te even Sea. @ K>O oO a: & O20 Myr My a O-4GeV Te dowbtek TeYe 4 Be yy dla 6 ® @ @ © © ~My os) jes We tay =e SFO— > matter Gf Read wosld are mada Up gy 3 quarts te Ud S > Heouy quarks (cso,4) Played role ‘in conaituion & matter during the futoh Aege ¢ universe. — > anhiquartt ‘Rou — 2 obbosite quantum MWinbers. Hodvons Boo, S=\ O=t Axl, O=1,S=0 Ke ut be und. = Nolet Paultls Petacible. “mcapt cf coloured quart? - Red (R) , Blue(B) , aryeent) axe used Jo remove tne above VTolation colour + aw Golour = example: p= Un Udi , a equal combination af R,B,4= Colourters LEargon) colourten Lmesora) Up de de— Ouavk—Guarir tnderactio: ~ Quarks are combined Jy $e Fan Hadsumeg exchange Pasidle: Aduons FR. Proton Cras =0, Spin=t) Toked gens = exchange Parkiche im Ghue balls. Ceoloured Partidle) = Here, gtuon RB de dp | SxOnonged betwttn _ fu quarts Ue 4: B , — Flavour GY quark remala same only | Ug . | Up @lour Ww AX changed. Fi: Feynman aiogsarn > Quark cauinement : . . Auosks ave clurays Confined Udithin Vado TRey never found tn Pee ghwe. Thy th calhed quark confinement.EK 7 = Polenkigh befuutdn quarks: ® x5 distana blur fue quarks For Sarge vs NO)= XY fox amas: VO a Ply Evidences otouk Quarts: mo dhetk eltaance buF we have many tndhed: extdon@ which Auphosk Quark Rypothesis. \ Peep Trolastic acattertng oY alec» nis experiment f& abmilar fo Ruthertard alpra acatering exbextmenk - (2) Scattered dabe seuels Vigh energy thak thee are 3 beam Proton &cakte faside. oe @ Quark model exblain the magnehe moment a proton & newhon: te thenelfcally _exhaimentaD SOB ayromeby coasaifeatim a elements @ con be explaiad laf quavk model. Uy exbloda Vastour feature q War {aleractin prmcerga. sy Reackon cro Sahoo. Qe & (Ee o& = hartony) o(S& ef rntona) hrettmann WeRiiimna Pernula fn quartet: FRE Q= Mr blOrS+ctteb) Guo}, consider the fellouring roston ay the pastfoh docay wadth s Acta Kren) T (fone) ak y= TV Rp) . Tg the eHeda @ em 7 ke ee AR woak inkerachons che Teyteded , tren A ANd Rg Arle: a \Afa wb & O84 aw IAL \ Sole Decay utd % Se Hene R= Tat Tyr = = = = (T- =Ty+ Tae” ay =! et) & = — Tutt ty ow Tor = coe olGus Ina arsical modeh , a scaler tatin-0y ® eign comists Y Oo quasK and a anhquark bound by a polenkad wivl> ar vohere = 80 Mev fia’ and aztoo Mev gral. WY ‘ne MAMA « He Quast 4 aniiquark or negeaible, Ane was ay ke Melon Con be esha od appari malay « a» wi mev(& w ara mev(ce o> asa Mev a as Mev[c* SAG Por minimum value a 7 avwy gb aa b ABeret OB FT e via OO A Qoo~ & = Gooxb vu a + loo Ja = 200 fa Fes consenatton of enerdy e= vod wm c& = G00 JQ ma ea Mev “eQue The chasm quark t assigntd a cham © quarkum rWwmber c=\. Hout Should helimann MeRifima Parnula For ebechic charge be modified fos Pour PRaVOURE GY quaret? ad far} (Brs-c) ® Te+h(B-8t0 © Igrh (ers) & Tred (Basag soe. GeAlmann — WUnfma derouda Fr Quards. Oe Ty ek (BASecrk xb) Pax CaN gs Tardy Bro B — > Reackon coma seckon tor Quart: as “an — > Traniition Probability: AT 407 metons ae Acataed mae Arongey tr backioard diedion than fa the faword dhedcion.UNIFICATION of INTERACTIONS @ = Elechoweak tneowy: Abulslam and other daselobed a dhemy tv unily clecromagralie 4 weak interadTovu. — Sting They: a Brey which unify em, Sheng, weak & gravttalfonal TWeractons. unijcatton energy: energy ab whith undficasion occa. Blow this energy the fnteractions start Jo Soperale oul > Grand _uniffcaion Theny (00: deuetoped to unify 3 Rnterations } Shmg, EM 4 Weak Consequance_% Qt: 1S Panton Will He Ustable CT ee \pRorre) p —S MeAons+ hebtons a) no difteence bekulddn Loplns and quartet ok uniticahton enegy a> mae magnate roofer extate . Stondard Model: CAased on AOT) — Botn matter Pavtyeher 4 ynedfating (exchange) Pawitder axe Tn cludad.Blemenry Pariicles (by Standard modal) * @ — — Seprons to — — Auar ks \ 36 > OQums > @ — ede Boss (ust, 2°) » 3 — PRON soa — — Higge Rosa » 4 — To ®W,CERN announcid tat we Rave Conf timod ne oylstance @ Higgs Gown. Symbol. A? a? of Lue Sates) Mas: lab Hov[ct Tr to xo® gee. Oual pina correct daceating dYettme arrangement & : & Kn,p, a > pn, t,x o>) pan, FR, BF > fn ,p So%B- Pastel Oyetime Protos EE yeas., \ask newison o> sec © ® Aie® gee, at ~ 18% geeBAsTc PROPERTIES OF NUCLEL @ Nudes: A quantum aystem vakich i chawaclertsed ty disercle energy levels. , Wac®= 439.56 Mev tamu = 43s Mev mp c&= 938 a1 Mev My = 1-008 amu m= (my-mp)c®= 18d Mev | P= (0018 amu meck= 0.51 Mev Jengin : 1B m(odots) —5 18% tn (wid) energy: ev (abovns) —> Mev (nuctel) MOK Wmbex = Toad number & nudes Types af Nuctel : 'S. Laotobes: ay Loar’: ame mass (A) Diftezenk Prolons(z 3 3 es: aie ai uy Leomeosic: Same Newleopa(N) diterent 2)eb ee - > minor nude: Two nuctel are called mirar @ nuctel 7 the Proton number (2) and nowan number (N) are flerchargolve. eg. git a pel Bea 2224 acu? > hes > miner Nude Foye some radius bub trae mares are AfgRHy diferent —> Nuclear Radit : 9 bq (nuclear are), wo \ Fm (e9- Sar acostesirg) Wi (Mdm (nudeor Polentval Radfus) leg. 0 scaeatng) nuclear Radtus Farameter \ Corneawasive Radti » Bn es ° Re he > Muutenr mast pens: pe mak Zamp 4UA-ZIM Volume Sn 2 sind mp MAM & nudeus. de Mo 2 ARGA ~ _, tre dauity & tndapendent af Atco costa.— Nudear Prose deny: e suite toe, « SEEN doa ty mm Mars B nude = St glint = (ot Nudes VOT ET Rg we — Nucdear charge dition change. dist button %e nok UW4aorn Tatids WideUs , % vaste, with ditence - fo « \or al te Ala. haere” os \we aaou-os tm Foo AT YO —> Bleue quaavepde monents: measures dsborakuee From the spRewicod charge aixbuhvon. B20 G70 Ko dy = dydy ada a berty o () Sphorcal SZ lackvt) > chowtically = A ftactvty dav — Suarbum recharintty oblate a= — Nulear aptn: Fetat even even miei: =o Oyen odd oR Odd-eren NUT: UMPaed Nuclear decldg nuclear APin odd odd nuded: Rerudlank a Unpalred nWclegs,— Nucleox magnahe moment: Be hth =9gh+908 Fer — Proton Ug = 219 Any gc = SSP gaz' — Binding energy + energy required Jo sehevate nuckeons , Bes omed ma mad delet. BE = (zrmp LA-2my—2*) ca Binding energy per nuctern: BLA) a Parameter % used Uo measure the relative slasigity gy nuded. (8a) & Stantetty __fe (py 8.2 16 RG: Binding ene¥gy mee(Bye) %& motu Fa fe*? (8-8 Mev) = Fos magic numbers : N= BF, 80, 8 cp, ed P= &, &, 80, 28, So, 82, 126 reigUive lability t High | S cconstank, Refleds saturation Prberty gy nucle! Aa Ba (A-t) Pail average (Bin) = § Mev — — A fa nuclear Ptuen4 Puston : Bin) tes. — Bia) came Palle ay use ws moves fem Fe fo 0 vecaWe a} Long naiuse ay Coutoml -exces . — order of magnitude a B/A lO Mev Nuclear combativon and Stability : evapesuen oad-odd nuctet nuwel, > “ ‘ most Stabe. rnodovake least Atable Cibo (sa,ss) Y N Py gisiabtiily Region | r Wr Nee Sine Stabiiity cunue® —» Ty Nie volo t nor Proper then P-docay occurs. ~ Packing Frachon ().. go moss defhik bm yuadlegn R Reo maz B Bog [win2y= A Cras > Seberahon energy Pay last ruck » Seperakion energy t& the onergy requided Jo remove lat noukon or polo From O given nucleus - notaliona : Sp OrSp WS Seberaon energy Per last Neuen (Sn) » 8 oY “> Nese SyzQ= PrN My ol 3 berms gy mous Sac Oe Blz.A)—@ (2A) 3 tev Y BE 8Y Seperation energy pax last ferton (sp). AA A a + a — Vf +8 ad ty Spoa> (,M +1 -"] — teams oy mays, = BA} (z4, A) meg BE@ Quo The massen a Halo, nethon ond 9" are ren by \.o018, 0081 A 838.0508 amu reihedialy The BE gf et ts appooximalely equal bo. | a 1doMev \i\Soomev © lesomMev 4% foo Mev Spite. 238 w rn 2 Z=98, N= B3E-GA= Yb BES ZMp + (P-Z)Mq— MBA) = QQ(\.o018) 4 \UEU-008T) — 83K - OF08 = 1.921 amu Ah) (931% 431-6 Mev = \€o0.4. 5e6 MeV BE = lkoo Mev Be) Gua Re menn KE Y a nuckeon ina nucleus af Aalte uodighk A votes as AY where nN seg yup: = Px bb="K Ap= KE mem = WY \to Mey energy t& released by \to Mev energy G alaowbey 3bo Mey energy % relecied dy 360 Mev Onergy & abiovbed. Ser A —> B+E \&o 9 Ao energy Pefne coldizion: loxy = Io Mev energy sper callftfon: alaoxe] = logo Mev energy Releargy = (080-120 < 3b0Mev Cotculate s6peraRen energy fer task added nn Tn gel w pty (a given: arc 3.016 Amu, alls 4.0026 Qmu e Vww MP WSocot + MM 16-9849 amu mp = loomgamu ; otG. My, = |-0087 amu. ° A \Y Sn fo ae Y 3, yy _, vel Sn elle t+ o a 3 4 Sanz ale + - we = (B-ofb+ (0081-40086) amu i) 0.028) amu 0. O&K ANE atch WD \6 ‘ty sp tn Oo Nv Ne yl 8 ak ey ae gl tp Iv (b Sp= 3X Mp — go! = |\S-00 141.0018 16-99 44) amu = 0.134 xqaLe Mev “GERD Quah A proton ti accelerated to a RiGR energy E and ashok oF a NUChEUA of oxygen (,0") Ty osdty do Penebate the coulomb banter and yeath the surface Gy oKygen vunclens ,E mustbe akeast ® ay Sbimey wk Mev cy US Fev dy \to eV Q SOS Eperehation = E— vera URGY & Epo RR UGE gaat (dee aoe) Laxieex Uo? Eps BEUK LAU xis! Soule aN op BEM AIO meV \oy10 = 3-4 Mev Ep > 3-4 MeV © Qual “the radius Y Ge Nuctous, ts Mesied Jn be drufco tho radius ay eh Hows many nuckeons are ese Th he Nucleus. a> bh We ea ade sot$- Roe _ (Pie. Va Roe © fee) Aue = Rane. es Pex { “ \ & Be. = ax (as xe ote GlSEMI EMPERTCAL MASS FORMULA (SEMF) ® On Ay °° As. , Binding energy Pra given nickeus 2h. 2 83 ne te {ale ae “a7 = SZ 09 Gay |-O AV —s volume energy team? Ey= WA arnount @ energy required to arahesrn 0 Giquid dv ‘te Vabour stale. @ Lay & Mel A ~ a 8 —» Surfacr energy 10M: Ec = Oc ; sustace fed ecing Aimilay Jo surtacs fendion fm Aquide. Ss. = i dg \AMeV — Coudomb enegy ern. Ec= a apie lonin daffnok We Coulson ehulion blus- ne unifemly distkbuled Protons. 1 Oe ZA) a a x0) ee OS Mey a 2 © Epc Oy RBA Cut fo unequal > adynmnehy tesm: Ea = A : oo Based on Paul exclusion fsinctpie. & Preton) S 3 Ee 7 = -azy Cogs, \einaly— Patsing energy tem: Ep = Or] Aly captures the aed y 2bin Coubling pppdfcasion oy SEMP: 1 exktemalon @ okornic maxes: ges Zmprih -2) 1, — MLZ) Mays ZMp ALA — be & aatimaklon gf Wweleaw MaKe. atimalion Bes (emp cla-z)rm MAI | cs MR) = Zp & (AZ) My — BE ca 3) Q vodur af x —decoy: A ay = —,! Xt a, ©Oy = mlz,A)-m(2-8A-u)— miguy . Byy,d X-datars writ occur By Qvadus of P-decoy: ty Paacay Ce emistond : ® iN © > ot A 2 Oe 2 ZAN Be = wl2,ay— MIz4\) A) -Me . A yo: | Ye JM amepe emg nuclear MAKers A f vi nto i) pr ancay (et endaston): aX yh, oy Bet Ber %0 ; aM > oh eme — ndlear mare 2M > ac ame —> alot c maxes S) chaage Radius qy miteor vwulctel - A-2gcl For miner NUM 2 >Z6 ' Ke bm= (MPM) + Set] Arta = Ag Ze) & =a 2 98 beg = B te (22g) ak c (2x22) Ar) =A DE, = Oe AE Ls Cutombian energy Tyfercna Wn a oma aXl3 Mass Parabola and shaliGity of Trobara : By SEMF? MeyM= Zmp + (Az My —OVA 40g, a 22) A a + Qo — x § M2,A) = KARL ALLY arog — a urwe bekuwen MiZ,A) and z gta Porabala. t . (am 5 > moat stable lbobar: we ).=0 a@=Fay)o> when A odd S20 ® oR eyenz * odd \ Porotola . M\2yh) = KAA B24 a M cw. - most Stable tobar uth Kio on $e bottom ~ Je Paxalbole - 0 26 ze 5 other Kokay Altaina stability via Pdtay, odd A = “ar goonn| we get only by when AB een: Oddzeoddn > Seve | a3 even A < ™S evenzreenn: Ss et peoabeae MEAS LAL B24 YASS Mw —» Odd Odd. Ww even-even —_L__—_——_> L vert¥eat mass SHO) = 2o no. Porodolos = n0.q Arable UobberOBO, the atference fn dhe coulomb energy bekween ° a ° ° ane minor WUE Cr" and Mn" 60 Mev. Maguming Amok the wel Rave a Alhert cally ayrnmebic charge disbibution and tre oi abproviwately Lo Mev-gm the u 4a % yodius y the vn nude ad UAyte4n — & 4.Qndm Seg - 22 813 \meyv-trn oyiedmn ad Sy 10m 6 = & Bo Mer = SHG em be Fn) =e R ae > RaWanie® mo B Oud Ke BE a a AYR nucleus (za) tH Mey atren Wy the abpoxfmale fermula: a3 <\ a; BLA) UA - aot! -226 ay Nz) ushee NeA-z athe neukon number . The valus Y2 a the mar Akable obsx tora Glen # is. Q[a\-\ 813-1 a) Aly & A ef Nie ala) © 2S o4lt fe) o§ (ray) Sot". Por ynoit stable Bobar: DOs pB)=e0-0-4 5 Ail3 uy 2A + (BeBe) a) = 0 auf ie a + & (Ac a2) |= 0 aie. 4OZ _ _g0 - “2 (\- Teagee| z- = el Ze ale bil : | &) Om Ty tre BE gy a nucleus t given by: WA _aez® B= ayA-Ag He Orr oe A AG where Ay=lbMev, Ax = loMmev » Qeyro =aumev + Qs OIE MEV Hen Khe 2 des the mast ghable Pappar For o NUsleLL uth A=Alb & a be wa O84 aaa Seite 9B p= D0 Oyen - Ae eak aa, aes O Aue= = ao (SEH) 4 18 ARI g q7 tna 46gz qt yea % Z= WX3E _ gy.aq uo” 2s ey a Gen ah eg denote the conhibulion ay the Jurface energy Fer nuckeon in Mquid dap modek -The ralio. a 0) a3 wus OS: 3d (a) Gn SAE Suntech energy asa xls nude = A OSA Ec (Ap) -f | Sia” Cay = |) “=l&) &d Oms gy tre nucle? a moss vuumber A= 1S, the BE Colculate 2am the Diquid dsop modos ‘ts mayinun For ( USing AcsOT MEV, Any =88-6 MeV) 1a. les, Re as, co «fe » Wr Oye > (Sb SAS Re ayer azo Bo ayA ach —O, —Aayro (etait es Sn 26 5 )= 0-0 — Oc (82-0 8(A 4) a) oa 4 dyn ies se-—Ax01K2 | O al, AURA! S25 5, eas c is cas? RRR ane L=0 —W — WO, = -(04 “3% ge* (22 +9) —(o.a8+ run) 2 = —(0-\4+%) 22 GOWN Lg, tae S84 ZenLIQUID PROP_MODEL @ 5 BE Pox nudeon (& equivalent tr \denk FReab gy Vaporation 4 Siquid. . = Both Biguld dob and UCC owes Some dovsity. —> SEME Ray been obtained on the pasts of LOM, by treakng yucters Jr be ApResicall - oe Nuclear Pfasion by LOM: 7 neddhors (©). @-CO-ed— 8 © open catpaka dumbey, Cras Fiteton 8 poe ei3 2lzA) Eeka = [0-84 A — 0.0% aca Mev Metta: able Jo exblain BE, atomic masses and yurdleay Pission . Demexts: unable te exblain magic numbers , nude ain, magnaie Moment, Quadvulole moment ete. _, mont a the Psion pevceger are arynmnebtc. a Ke —> agymrnekiic, (iN. Ayn melsic, A — as energy Y bombarding neubon Thoenses, Pobabiity ay aymmebre Fission TncveasesCondon Pox symmebre +£ssion : (eshengo Fission. PH Row Oya nut. AZ AZ (OY mast stable Taolobe) Ropussiye Force x2 Atraciie Face * A Porameker z ust, dade Whaler Paxton OCCA Or NOt. SHELL MOPEL Ste MopeR > nucleons Raye Preadom a motion {wide rwdleous — Pwons and neukms Rove Poleniial Coverage Bold) creased due to mutual rieradion blu othes Wwcheors. —> explains Brat Lew magic numbers - wo (Pego,n=80) — Doubly magic nuke 6 inotobes (move stobidty) = is Cn", eae Hee, splitting & mae than atomic Aystern. EE —> SP,PPSBFPFP, hh 00. S RR, FP, ph, T, ----—apecalton of Shell motel: ® y Sin Pasty Redichon: a) For even- even WUEhel: For Qven-eren yuce) boty Pan are pahed and veautkand J this whe, Sn te zRx0. Seo Pektb a ave €Q- Pel of abe. by Gen-odd OR _oad-e1en 1dE vere, lagk Unpabed nucleon LL dadide the nucteay spin. eg 0 4 ei" pas 19 @> unbosiee . ney th 1b > Paked (x) ps3: sua)” \\Psj9)! is I= 3lg — faye ‘ (Gere) a Peeve. 3 ® pob Motale, a ina (sie) bug Ns) yyCY odd- odd nucle: @ Both unfahed pA n Play rwle fh daciding tno yucheas pin. Novtheiun Rule : Phat a. e odd! Pedorg Jet du thp thn . . SS even: T= \Vp-dnl Posty: Pe (ayer \o Ramble: sb a 3 . nes : (sys) bse) BP dye B , Snel PES: \\syay® Wbaja)” dpe, Ae2! SntSpatnakp= ZtS+itl =© (odd) pe (ay! = ave a> Magnekic Moment : giver achinkdkh cues Pay Pron 4 neukon. " a Ya ara B srl we For newhon.: & = (549.20) Hy Por 4oktly cose _, Poe I41- R88) 4, fy j=S-Ve case Proton He -\-U Wy Crs +e case Pa Mn =, Yan For Ala Cane Neuhon , B example: Find antl moments Q oO Pana Na © by shell mode. SotX9- \ ss Ususs U\psja) Upya) a ¥ 32Ve §= west = Ya X=1, Sea = \Qy : TaN =\.q, Ya - (ya)e\ = G8UN) . _ g pel: \Wsuig) Use)" bug)’ Vase)? 3=3g, X=, s-lg T= MtYe core He (54252) Hy = 218.092 ele3) Eleckic_quadwupole moment: a Re - (83-0) 2 (89+8 ) LL mean quae Radius 2 ed A a eke Re Hb AKI Qa 2 2) ba . \ bam = tom SrittakGn_g Shows model —> enable & exblatn: ty exdies sale 4Bin- varity vols ay -Rigker a? value a Quadwpole moment exactty + Partially explain magnake dipole moments. preaictes value = S/2) actuat value = (1a) a we aut, et au Ani Bit Wey Wiinodal. 93 = No: Qual. According Jo sheld model ine ground Atale af go vudeus Be oar euro 8) &@) soitg ,0 2 NET: Usiaj Ua)! bin)! if Ya te tale He SRY@ Oue® Foe Ane J ructeus (A=U1,Z=8) , the efhective magnakie moment is giren FY: Ray = && a? Mey = ame 8 whee g ts equal J: ay Wid OTL ep LAE 1B ° a . Sot"§- O° N=4 > (teyps* (hap) Wns Ud cp) JeSfg, L=8, Seg Sa Vella Cose for nenkon . He -\U Hn = OTHy OHS he eclectic quadrubole rament Yo Odd proton vusctous %& (54) x what E the vadus, fn ban, (8348) @ the quadrupole a y “he muicleus fa the Arelt modal? 0 0.04% b 0.083 © OM 450 Sol%e- 2 bewieys 2 s wht: Pete Usps (apy lias (dsp) TESR _ a fers Oey Q= Met canst evQ= UU K Pm @ Gz 0.044 X basn. {Al Note: ES caopin q| ruckeus. I $e) eg cafe [AY t= dteny= 4(6= Be °6 3 \ YS condiin by Posses_quadeufole moment: TY ia Couecttve MOPEL cove combtata qh number 4 nuclems equals the magic NUMbeY - Fister = ERor Eats + Prudear + * Lon Sheol model Rotalonal Specko . = ao) nudear th T& reskided usth Cuan Vadis usith even Partly. fe of, at ut ot, 8. & 2 Egt = be 5 Eg = Bok BT bh SasEat Egt fe theowkicas exberimentas. Fig. Rotakonad Specha by LOM = ® suyy— akGH) aL i Conrpugad distestion eam \fbratinad Sbecko. Gt at ot at GY GPolds us ut at pt G-tolds -kus a 1 Gusol tre Sarge boride energy diteence bekuwten p-ovbitots (Paye% Pus) Y ruschoua “bn & 3Mev. are energy diferent blus the stekes tn da (¢ orbtiad Ws as —IMey & 1Mev ocmev vo -< Mev Soy % dE = FR Estyb 2 Pay . oe= [AGW Stal) © % 4 Mev ace ) Fy 7 AE=? Ft Q 2 x = -\Mev ar 2 =. 3 DEX Fei he = = [ae- AG] = KA) eD Mev = inmev 6) ablemahe : \pyy- \eep = “a \dais — '@ja = & me! oa Mev lays — ees 7 B Gxt A Parmnanentty defamed even—even nucleus wth wet Rag votalional energy 4 Kev. The eneray a the next exdled Atele: aaiakev Pp) alokey oO &iSkev A> lk key Soi"g- g i “ est = =e QA+) = 93 kev qake.————— at Rs Brev a = o ——9 QLEfe = & aL 3 — ar (ayluat) = k ae = §0%% fev 6 > Alo kev O10 He Bat exdlai stale a the wotalonal gpechum q te wwdleus 0 Fas an energy WC KEY above fhe ground stale The enesy @ se@nd exGted sale (fn key) ob a@> (So wiko Cao ad bo Soihg- 2 yr ree. gr }O ot A Ear a a (ayay = USKeV us au Erev a Woo eyo - ut Sie ORS = Eee E kev =lokev [Al& Gun the FFs 2 energy levels og ah are thown: 11 Key ur Qty ——————__ S15 key o* —— Okev The excabled shin Parity and energy af the next level are giren by: a &*, Yoo Kev » bt, 300 kev cd Bt Yoo kev a> at, 300 Kev SAM- Pe ot, gt at, Te Esta cm A Ar) = Sts kev we SS arte hey a Eyt = aes guaye (SE =e ¥6¥T) kev = Yogs kev = Gore)RADTO ACTIVITY @ (tq03 , M.cante and P. curte ) Phenomenon of shontaneots disintegrahon , attendad with end sation ge em xadiahon. — Por Reavy nuchel: Nos eg. Ur,Ra ete. — Nuclear decays occurs 1 attain the sabsibity. Decay equation: Ny = Noe* As asicay Corstens: Hoty Oife: Wy = = avewage Oife : teh Natural Radioacye seater: TW NP Ac + * tT i Un (Uni) Wnray Lunes) ur gy ackvity: | ante = 31x id? diiegralonzec. Quo! yanich ane Gf the Pellowing ditntegraton sesies the -Reauy ebemews uit give SIR Oka dkable nuclens? ay Thorium serter by Nebturiunn seateg > Uronlum serter dy Achyium seater Sol®s- do’ Me: S04 = (gaxy ey) = Gini) NpGu Half Dif ef 0 vadiotuohhRe t Une! you. y © these are (0* rodloadive nuclei fr a cample today, the umber qf auch ruck tr the dample Uxte! yeaa ago dere. A> 1xIo> —dBH ASHIO>-- -S1Ayto?_—- WD AUKIC Sos. * Tyg s Wxto® years 3 number Y Wudlel =t0 number GY oly Sige. = axe! zlo axed No =No o* : _ 0-643 XUKIO wore No e we ° igs hy CeO ote No (AY oye joan xo? B) 003% vadfoacke emens X dtcouys Fo Y whith fa tener dacays to a Atable clement Z ~The dacay constant -Prom X Io 1 A jana that fom Yboz ts rg < Ty, do begin udith thee cae only No Akon of %, a shoxk times << Ya, os well as \Ag the number Y ators af 2 wtll be a> LAAnet® by AAR Nigh AUrrAs) 2 larry tne a) Urtg) Nok@ No_ a d SUE SY 28, z (able) Sek Ni Ny & N, ae number gy alons g X,Y A2 Aements , respectively. — Ak boo, Nx=No acigsiing Yo Nich vodioadive drarufaeroahon dN; = = HAN —O dn, ee ay dn, “e- AgNy —® Ager aoluing 0,@486 Nys ANe Cette ew] pela . res = Loa) - ~UrAgs) | = Ni Larry AE 2 Ades —© By eqn ® “ = Aa Lao] Janice J ag ay Nokdb & = gAdg Mo¥ WTypes cy Nucleax Decoy : ® VS AbRa Decay: ocuusd When roles Ss foo large. — Range gy xPaxsicle : | ook Range (e) ox (rE vohodity\s a — Range energy Rekation Eo= kwvy > Vvpxel® est <0" > lous Range ER x vg > medium Range e& “v7 Wigh Range — weiges—Nukol law : Retakimekip between i css and Range [mars Pigere | © |toga= Picgerd | Gi A> same Per all element Bo Differ Ror different element. — X-Parkicte “aa energy : RX x 7 + x £8 pintegralion energy = Final Ke-Trlal KE KegmadFor -Reauy rideus: buns Ky @ > wRay Specho: Parent: ( bs, sates EC ES ost Ste y-decy aris sbeckum Suggests thas nUcear energy levels ave dicele. —> haramous theory Y X-dlcay : Re explain x-ducay on the bass Y Quant mechanical kenneling. Stra, X-dacoy should not occur Chossicosly. teonamisston Probobtiity: [t= ee a Ya), another Ran oy Adiger Qogrs C4 OE sail ‘eal Qu, zg tr a Abmioneous . oo & sg ba = & (A) = 50 x aio =sahnv © R36 Note: “EE, velodity y <-Pasifde: ste a B> magyahic Fbsd y> rodius@ & Beka Decay: occas when Nip rolfo & Impope. = A ° ° decay: * D 1 Pdecay: OX V+ 24m & emisiin 2 & A 2400 BT decay « x at +2 4 & eniistion & pe A 5 nl Coptwe + » +e owt O= (tifa mays — Final mass) & 6 = Final energy — Trial energy Q = Pinot BE — fnitial Be — Femi theory Y B-daccuy» Based on Poult Hybothesit vohicn assumes: neukino emitted With B—Parhicle =o ; $= Ya Veo tion Pocbastdiity : w= a wate Wi = 9 ME 93 Feomt corutant Mip a makix oberator SH density gy Stales per uni volume Tronstatfon Prob blus Raye Peto PatdPp: g dest = op mee F(2)€5) (ma Sa~ em Q 2 = (2 ky eS > rts cy Fos & an a = A Egy -E Lata = Wma F) cute. -Puncion Uk) Ke & (Emax—Ep) expesimenkally curve bends . My #0 My = So-bO eV : s Ww Emaxy\& ushen EU a SY es) Vege Aw ea b> Sargentls law. mi = dog +S £09 Emax agtousd (2out Tyr) JO partido (Hig Tye) 2% EmaProbabtii ty Y allowsd Prob. & a ® hrantitvon = tos ranihon or = Comparttye Val} Ue. Pay = 0.693 To \miylt © Adouer Transition: (aX=0) Super allowed: wwcleon Changes tk atgn and remain ia same level. eg. Sg Sa 5 Pag Para Namal attowea: ruckern chang TH level eg. Pag —> Pla Sohectinn Rule. (No Partly change’) fromnmnow ~ Teor (14) feont (1) DL=0 DA=O DS=O bs=\ HT =D, x1 bT=0 4 — example: \H > “ue ore \ Souter Usysy! (isipy! fx Sola: Jco * glk)" TARY O5z0, Sa=0 few. pT Pip Cy peopasttnas ty dp dy poobortinal. tb dp 2g Sots duwy - _8 3 ft B= Fae MU (eves Pear dusty of Pedp oO 6 * Oud In the B-dacay brocors , the baniliin 2 3* & adlousd by: ay Resmi ® Gammnou Teller <> Both dy none Sot"S- at_43* no Pasty change d= V8, 3,4, 5 Fa Penn: d3<0 nok olllowtd. Fos Common Teller ps Sine abeckum: discrete energy levels. = Provides Prlermalion obour frien 4 Finak ain Ray (a?) — Range - go Mev — types qj Radian: Eleckte 4 magnele Order of Pole = at L5 oxbital angular momentum L. Oxdox a Pole Combonerk & Wipote) & (quédsupde) & (Odapole) > Leo: no Radiation, becaruo ay ansverse Nature Gl ern vwdONe. Goledkon Rube Por Rarity) + Db elekte . Tr- We g magnolic: “Ry ayKR ALD y ALE) ® Eleckic Dipole Magnalte Dipole os Elech¥c Quadsupole Mognae Ouadpole Eleckic ackabole & = Magwaltc. ockabole Mg A Elecbic &nd Lar E \ Fort odd Pole. = ~\ for Leven Magrake &nd Lar My. +\ fer Lodd Pole —\ Per Leven Aron v= Find allowed muthpoles tn the panto Rat be syed Sots- \+ i ee a L=U93 expected nuhbole: E,, My, Eg,Mg, Ea, Mg using Paty Aetedion Rule + Tis Ty Ky Rye-\ (E,,Mq, 3) adlowiel.Qua® he guound atake af are codes ie rp ata (L) worile the saat exdied aste fas TPgy The alechomagnaie radfafon emitted when the Widens mates a kankiton am tne svat exdted akale ko ground stake qare? a) ERALS wm M24 E3 > ER AMS ay mad M3 see oh aly 4 of LB — no Partly change DI= 8,3 ay mead Ex= o**, &) ME (att 33) ia PRRITCLE ACCELETOR Cy ctobron \ Beka ban “+ magnate Pied Gow. |> 08 Piola osdllasing ee ye MV . VQ . & — Radius: Y= "OT Le (2. } be xv%e — Req. te ae Revolution SKM ee ee + Helicod Path > chrathar Posh Seon ey es ey Bs trace. Wie = = = BUG _) F%ea Peq. cyciorm | Pixed Freq. Gehakmn cont ace. &s acc. &.—> energy Release tn! Pission = Q00 Mev Rurlm = a MeV . ae va newkon — Renckion cross sechon of <) ‘ai vetodty ar} Oo. q, = cmnditon ay Futon: Bere Uda ‘ . UReha auerage energy of thermal nethon = 0.085 eV — mean Se time g newkon = looo eC. Deubon + — — BE= (Baar + 0.0003) Mel — ground Stale = 38,430, Soorly Round a, by Moagashic momenk = 0.85135 Uy —> Smath +e Auddwubole Momenr 5 PStale: due bo non-Candval (lentes) Force — Polewial blu Pan: trYinkle square well. NUCLEAR REACTIONS — Elastic: no Doss GY enexay- ar XY —F*k+a ) Tnokose: Qoss q energy dud to cofdiifion atx —>x*4a0 5 x* xta de ® Roadfatire capture: Teddant harktle abssdal © ao ax + oN — gi + to Uy Photo ditintegralion: energel’e Photon absstad \ uy — wien Probeskies Q Nuclear Forces. —> Shovk Range — charge mdabendonk > Spin 4 velodty dapendgnk — Ros a Non -Cnhal Clemsor) Pow > Skongest Part (416m) 3 Saburaed by Auwounding nudes.