Teachers are in need of the relearning, unlearning and learning knowledge and skills on the

curriculum. psychology and the pedagogy of the learners in the process of teaching and learning.
This is usually done by the in-service trainings that are provided by the schools or organizations
the educators are part of. In this study, the different models that are adopted in educational
research represent the different ways of looking at the research process. Two research models
were selected for the purpose of this study. The first one is the Lewin Action Research
Model(1946) and the McNiff Model (1988). These models actually consist of steps that are
parallel to each other.
According to Lewin(1946), he states that action research is something that is very important in
education as well as in other fields. This is important for social practice. Action research is a
procedural action that will solve problems. Actions of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting
are some of the processes that is included in this model. Even though action research is not as
scientific as the other kinds of research, the process is different because the process of
reconnaissance to identify the key features that form the activities of the process being studied.
There is a cycle of successive planning, acting, observing, and reflecting.

Source: Image.slidesharecdn.com. (2020). Retrieved 3 December 2020, from

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fundamentalappliedionresearch-140819110415-phpapp01/95/fundamental-
applied-and-action-research-18-638.jpg?cb=1408446315.

This framework allows the cycle to be a process of exploring and divulging into social
interactions rather than only getting data and information from deduction.
McNiff(2006) stated that action research is a family of practices of inquiry that aims to link or
connect practices and ideas for the improvement of human interactions. It is focused more on to
seek and create participative communities of inquiry that engages in investigation, question, and
engagement to answer and provide solutions on practical issues.

1. Amin, M., Rashid, R., & Mat Teh, K. (2019). INVESTIGATING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN
EMPLOYING ACTION RESEARCH FOR TEACHER TRAINING IN MALAYSIAN CONTEXT.
Files.eric.ed.gov. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1209945.pdf.
2. Image.slidesharecdn.com. (2020). Retrieved 3 December 2020, from
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fundamentalappliedionresearch-140819110415-
phpapp01/95/fundamental-applied-and-action-research-18-638.jpg?cb=1408446315
3. Khanna, S. (2015). Review: Jean McNiff & Jack Whitehead (2006). All You Need to Know About Action
Research. Qualitative-research.net. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from http://www.qualitative-
research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/302/663.