THE ENERGY OF LIFE Chemical structure of ATP

ENERGY – the power to do work that produces light,

heat, or motion or the due or electricity used for
power.

Two main forms of energy

1. Kinetic energy – in motion
2. Potential energy – rest/stored

Main sources of energy

Animals (Heterotrophs): food
Energy is stored in the chemical bonds between
Plants (Autotrophs): sun
phosphate groups.
Sugar
Oxygen ENZYMES
HIGH CHEMICAL ENERGY - Protein in nature
Organic Compounds - Catalyst in living organisms
light - Regulating the rate at which chemical
(from light)
reactions proceed without itself being
altered in the process
Mechanical A. Active Site – part of the molecule that has
just the right shape and functional groups
Plants Animals bind to one of the reacting molecule
Heat B. Substance-reacting molecule or substrate

Water
Carbon dioxide
LOW CHEMICAL ENERGY
Inorganic Compounds
(some energy are used)

*plants convert energy into various forms as they

produce food during photosynthesis
Types of enzymes
NETWORKS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
METABOLISM
- Catabolism and anabolism
- Whole range of biochemical processes that
occur in living organisms
- Converting food into energy
OXIDATION-REDUCTION
- Involves transfer of electrons between two
species
- Redox reaction
- Electron transport Chain (ETC)
OXIDATION REDUCTION
Losing electrons Gaining electrons
OXIDIZED REDUCED  Lipase – breaks down lipids into fatty acids
Becoming more Becoming more and glycerol
positive negative  Protease - breaks down proteins into amino
acids
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – product of ETC
through Redox TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
- Energy-carrying molecule - Accommodate the needs of the cell in the
- Captures chemical energy obtained from form of ions, nutrients, and other molecules
breakdown of food molecules and releasing - May occur with or without the use of ATP
it to fuel other cellular processes
Structure and components of the plasma - Water should pass in a semi-permeable
membrane membrane
- Greater to lower concentration
- Shown in 3 types of solution

COMPONENT FUNCTION
Phospholipid Main fabric
Cholesterol Dampens
effects of Cytolysis Plasmolysis
temperature
Integral proteins -Embedded Transport
in the 4. Plasmolysis
substances
membrane - Contraction of cell protoplasm due to loss of
-for large water during osmosis
molecules
Peripheral proteins *found in the Cell recognition
surface
Carbohydrates -cell
recognition
-for effective
interaction in
the aqueous
environment
Factors affecting Diffusion
*Phospholipid bilayer – structure of the plasma
membrane Extent of the
concentration gradient
Types of cellular transportation Mass of the molecules
1. Passive transport diffusing
- Greater to lower concentration Temperature
2. Active transport
- Uses channel proteins Solvent density
- Lower to greater concentration
Solubility
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
- Energy-independent mechanism Surface Area of the
- Basis of movement: CONCENTRATION plasma membrane
GRADIENT (high to low) Thickness of the plasma
Types membrane
1. Simple diffusion Distance travelled
- Only the cell membrane id required
- DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM: end of diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- Transmembrane protein/ integral/ - Moves against the concentration gradient
channel protein is required as carriers of - Carrier-protein assists the transport
some molecules and ions
- Molecules are quite big Vesicular or Bulk Transport
3. Osmosis - Used for transport of huge quantities of
- This transport is used for water molecules molecules
only. A. Endocytosis
- Into the cell
1. Phagocytosis (food eating)
- Engulfing and ingestion by a phagocyte to
form a phagosome (food vacuole)
-

2. Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

- Taking in fluid together with its contents into
the cell
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- Relies upon the interaction of the
substances that tries to enter the cell with
the cell receptors
- Usual mechanism that is used by hormones,
viruses, etc. that tries to enter the body

B. Exocytosis
- Moving out of the cell