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Introduction
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Scheduling is a mechanical process for laying out the various

activities of a certain project or program along a time scale
and in a proper sequence.

In other words, scheduling is the preparation of a time table or
an action plan which serves as a guide for the implementation

CHAPTER-FOUR

of the activities and computation of resources required at
different stages in time.
Every construction projects are time bounded.
Due to the above nature, based on the contract time, delays
Time control and monitoring

results to penalties while early completion might earn rewards

There may be many reasons both foreseeable and
unforeseeable, for non-completion of a project on the
intended completion time.

3 …Cont’d

The absence of a project time plan almost makes certain that
a project cannot be completed on schedule without incurring
extra costs.

A plan prepared well before the commencement of
construction project can be instrumental in:
 Formulating directions,
 Coordinating functions,
 Setting targets,
 Forecasting resources.
 Budgeting costs,
 Optimum utilization and orderly arrangements of resources,
 Control of cost and progress of executed work,
 Controlling performance and motivating people
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…Cont’d

Planning requires an intimate knowledge of construction
methods combined with the ability to visualize distinct work
elements and to establish their mutual interdependencies.

Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging
activity in the management and execution of construction
projects.

A good construction plan is the basis for developing the
budget and the schedule for works.

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…Cont’d Project schedule

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Construction planning consists of the following basic
steps
 Choice of technology and method of construction,
 Definition of work tasks,
 Creating logical relationship among individual tasks
 Estimation of the required resources and durations for
individual tasks, and

The approved Master schedule, called the schedule
baseline, is a component of the overall project plan.

It provides the basis for measuring and reporting
schedule performance.

In PPA, the general conditions of contract Clause 29-
32 has clear stipulation on project schedule(program),

Time Control (PPA) …Cont’d

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Clause 27.4

Clause 27.1
 The Engineer’s approval of the Program shall not alter the
 The Contractor shall submit the work program showing
Contractor’s obligations,
the general methods, arrangements, order, and timing
for all the activities in the Works within the time stated  The Contractor may revise the Program and submit it to the
in special condition of contract Engineer again at any time.

Clause 27.2  A revised Program shall show the effect of Variations and

 The work program shall be updated based on the Compensation Events.

progress of the work including any changes

Clause 27.3
 The contractor is responsible for updating the work program
within the time stated in SCC

Clause 28, Extension of the intended completion date

Clause 28.1
 The Engineer shall extend the Intended Completion Date if a
Compensation Event occurs or a Variation are issued

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…Cont’d
9 10

Clause 28.2
 The Engineer shall decide whether and by how much to
extend the Intended Completion Date within 21 days
after recipt of the time extention claim.
 If the Contractor has failed to give early warning of a
delay or has failed to cooperate in dealing with a
delay, the delay by this failure shall not be considered
in assessing the new Intended Completion Date.
…Cont’d
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Clause 30, (Delays ordered by the Engineer)

Clause 30.1
 The Engineer may instruct the Contractor to delay the start or
progress of any activity within the Works.

Clause 31, ( Management Meetings)

Clause 31.1
 Either the Engineer or the Contractor may require the other to
attend a Management meeting,

Clause 31.2
 The Engineer shall record the business of management meetings
and provide copies of the record to those attending the
meeting and to the Employer
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…Cont’d

Clause 29, (Acceleration)

Clause 29.1 and 29.2
 When the Employer wants the Contractor to finish before the
Intended Completion Date, the Engineer will obtain priced
proposals for achieving the necessary acceleration from the
Contractor
 If the Employer accepts these proposals,
1. the Intended Completion Date will be adjusted accordingly and
confirmed by both the Employer and the Contractor.
2. The new proposal will be incorporated in the Contract Price and it
will be treated as a Variation.
…Cont’d
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Clause 32, (Early Warning)

Clause 32.1
 The Contractor shall warn the Engineer at the earliest
opportunity of specific likely future events or circumstances that
may adversely affect the quality of the work, increase the
Contract Price or delay the execution of the Works.
 The Engineer may require the Contractor to provide an
estimate of the expected effect of the future event or
circumstance on the Contract Price and Completion Date

Clause 32.2
 The Contractor shall cooperate with the Engineer in making and
considering proposals for how the effect of such an event or
circumstance can be avoided or reduced by anyone involved in
the work.
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Construction work plan and review
Programme to be Submitted14.1(FIDIC 4th ed)
The Contractor shall, within the time stated in Part II of these
Conditions after the date of the Letter of Acceptance,
submit to the Engineer for his consent a programme, in such
form and detail as the Engineer shall reasonably prescribe,
for the execution of the Works. The Contractor shall,
whenever required by the Engineer, also provide in writing
for his information a general description of the
arrangements and methods which the Contractor proposes
to adopt for the execution of the Works.
Measurement of productivity and work
suspension on site
Rate of Progress 46.1
If for any reason, which does not entitle the
Contractor to an extension of time, the rate of
progress of the Works or any Section is at any time,
in the opinion of the Engineer, too slow to comply with
the Time for Completion, the Engineer shall so notify
the Contractor who shall thereupon take such steps as
are necessary, subject to the consent of the Engineer,
to expedite progress so as to comply with the Time
for Completion. The Contractor shall not be entitled to
any additional payment for taking such steps. ….
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Construction work plan and review
Revised Programme14.2
If at any time it should appear to the Engineer that the
actual progress of the Works does not conform to the
programme to which consent has been given under Sub-
Clause 14.1, the Contractor shall produce, at the request
of the Engineer, a revised programme showing the
modifications to such programme necessary to ensure
completion of the Works within the Time for Completion.
Measurement of productivity and work
suspension on site
….If, as a result of any notice given by the Engineer
under this Clause, the Contractor considers that it is
necessary to do any work at night or on locally
recognised days of rest, he shall be entitled to seek
the consent of the Engineer so to do. Provided that if
any steps, taken by the Contractor in meeting his
obligations under this Clause, involve the Employer in
additional supervision costs, such costs shall, after due
consultation with the Employer and the Contractor, be
determined by the Engineer and shall be recoverable
from the Contractor by the Employer, and may be
deducted by the Employer from any payment due or
to become due to the Contractor and the Engineer
shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to
the Employer.
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Measurement of productivity and work suspension on
site
Suspension of Work 40.1
The Contractor shall, on the instructions of the Engineer, suspend the progress
of he Works or any part thereof for such time and in such manner as the
Engineer may consider necessary and shall, during such suspension, properly
protect and secure the Works or such part thereof so far as is necessary
in the opinion of the Engineer. Unless such suspension is:
(a) otherwise provided for in the Contract,
(b) necessary by reason of some default of or breach of contract by the
Contractor or for which he is responsible,
(c) necessary by reason of climatic conditions on the Site, or
(d) necessary for the proper execution of the Works or for the safety of the
Works or any part thereof (save to the extent that such necessity arises
from any act or default by the Engineer or the Employer or from any of
the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4), Sub-Clause 40.2 shall apply.
Performance reports
 Status reporting_ describing where the project now stands
Progress reporting- describing what the project team has accomplished

 Forecasting- predicting future project status and progress.
 Performance reporting should generally provide information on scope,
schedule, cost, and quality.
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Performance reports

Performance reports provide information on
schedule performance such as which planned dates
have been met and which have not. It may also
alert the project team to issues which may cause
problems in the future.

Performance reporting involves collecting and
disseminating performance information in order to
provide stakeholders with information about how
resources are being used to achieve project
objectives.
Change requests

Change requisites may occur in many forms-oral or
written, direct or indirect, externally or internally
initiated, and legally mandated or optional.
Changes may require extending the schedule or
may allow accelerating it.
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Construction work progress recordings

Construction work progress recordings
and keeping dairies
and keeping dairies

Site records
 Delay in construction projects are very common specially in countries like Ethiopia.
Maintain work progress
 This demand the follow up of the activities over a prolonged time.
Maintain a log sheet of materials delivered/used
Therefore keeping accurate records plays a significant role, particularly when

there is a tendency for varying the work.

Maintain record of instructions, date given and to whom
 It is therefore become imperative to maintain accurate written site records, which
given
include;
Maintain record of variation orders given, date given
 Work progress and to whom given
 Material quality for quality control
 Weather data

Keep record of measurements, co-signed
 Working hours
Record details of works before covering up( ex.
 Any incidents Foundations)
 Material on sites

Keep record of tests and relevant material data
 Labor and equipment deployed
 Instructions issued (co-signed by all)

Construction work progress recordings Reports

and keeping dairies

The following items should also be a part of the construction
administration record keeping
 Field observations reports: follow-ups on all unresolved items
 Shop drawings, samples, product data, checklist of all required
submissions
 Submittals: checklist of all required submittals correspondence
 Payment requests, schedules of contract sum and time, change orders
 Change orders and construction change directives
 Drawings and revisions
 Specifications and revisions
 Status of requests for information's and requests for quotations
 Memos on delay caused by weather, strikes, unavailability of
materials, and other things.

The purpose of the inspector’s site visit is to become
“generally familiar” with the progress and quality of the
work and to determine if the work is being done in a manner
which will yield results consistent with the contract documents.

The supervisor is required to keep the owner informed of the
progress and quality of the work.

Most inspectors discharge this continuing obligations by
sending the owner a written report of each site visit with a
copy sent to the contractor.

The report should be a complete record of the proceedings
at the inspector’s job site visit and should include;

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Reports …Formats
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 Date
 Time, duration Site Diary
 Weather conditions
 Persons present
Progress report
 Percentage of work completed by trade

Schedule
 Work progress compared to schedule
 Work now being accomplished, work scheduled before next visit
 Questions raised by the contractor or owner
 Determinations made by the engineer
 Any questions or actions which remain pending for appropriate later
attention.