CLASS 9

BIOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT 8
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

GIST OF THE LESSON

❖ Animal cell- nucleus is at CENTRE of the cell.

❖ Plant cell- nucleus is near the PERIPHERY of the cell.

❖ Nucleus comprises the following structures:-

• Nuclear envelope with nuclear pores.
• Nucleoplasm
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin network

❖ Nucleus plays a central role in cellular reproduction, the process by

which a single cell divides and forms two new cells.

❖ One or more spherical bodies called nucleoli are seen in the

nucleoplasm. It makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal
RNA, also called rRNA. Ribosomes make proteins.

❖ When a cell is ready for division, the chromatin network condenses

(thickens) to form CHROMOSOMES.

❖ Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins.

❖ Chromosomes have GENES on them, which are the HEREDITARY UNITS,

i.e, functional segments of DNA.
❖ Chromosomes help in transmission of hereditary characters from
parents to the next generation.

❖ Genes are functional units of heredity as they are made of DNA. The
chromosome is made of DNA containing many genes.
❖ DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, which appears as a double helical
structure.

❖ Every gene comprises a particular set of instructions or a particular

function or protein coding. Speaking in usual terms, genes are
responsible for heredity.

❖ Genes come in pairs in the same way as the chromosomes. Each parent
of a human being carries two copies of their genes and each parent
passes one copy of each gene to their child. This is the reason why the
child has many characteristics of both the parents like hair colour, eye
colour etc.

❖ Functions of Genes:
• Genes control the functions of DNA and RNA.

• Genes consist of a particular set of instructions or specific functions.

For example, globin gene was instructed to produce haemoglobin.
Haemoglobin is a protein that helps to carry oxygen in the blood.

❖ Pro =primitive or primary; karyote/karyon=nucleus.

Prokaryotes have no nuclear envelope, the genetic material as nucleoid
is present in cytoplasm.
❖ In prokaryotes, membrane- bound organelles are absent.

❖ Cyanobacteria and bacteria are the examples of prokaryotic organisms.

❖ Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus and nuclear membrane.

❖ Eukaryotes have membrane bound cell organelles.

❖ The body is constantly producing new cells from old cells by the process
of cell division.

❖ There are mainly 4 reasons for cell division :

a) For replacement of cells
b) For repair of damaged tissues
c) For growth
d) For reproduction.

❖ There are two types of cell division: MITOSIS and MEIOSIS.

❖ MEIOSIS occurs only in the reproductive organs.

❖ Meiosis results in the production of 4 haploid daughter cells with half

the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

❖ MITOSIS occurs in somatic (body) cells. A single parent cells divides into
2 daughter cells. DNA replication occurs during mitosis to form 2
daughter cells with same chromosome number as the parent cell
(diploid).

❖ Mitosis has 4 stages - Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

❖ Prior to the above stages, the cell prepares itself for the division during
Interphase (non-dividing phase ) of the cell.
 ❖ The mitosis phase starts with nuclear division [KARYOKINESIS] and ends
with division of cytoplasm[CYTOKINESIS].

ASSIGNMENT 8
1.Give a single term for:
a)The undefined nuclear region of prokaryotes without a nuclear membrane.
b)Functional units of heredity.
2.Rod -shaped structures present in the nucleus,visible during cell division are
called _____________________.
3.Cytokinesis:division of cytoplasm::_______________:division of nucleus.
4.Which of the following is a prokaryotic organism?
a)Amoeba b)Paramoecium
c)blue green algae d)yeast
5.Chromosomes are made up of _______________ and ________________.
6.Name the ground substance of the nucleus.
7.Which of the following is not true in case of meiosis?
a)Meiosis occurs only in the reproductive organs.
b)Meiosis is essential for growth of an organism.
c)Meiosis is essential for gamete formation.
d)None of the above.
8.State the function of nucleolus.
9.Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis with respect to the chromosome
number in daughter cells.
10.Name the stages of mitosis.
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DATE OF ASSIGNMENT: 27.06.2020

DUE DATE: 04.07.2020