Gender roles in Society:

Gender roles are based on norms, or standards, created by society. In

American culture, masculine roles have traditionally been associated with
strength, aggression, and dominance, while feminine roles have traditionally been
associated with passivity, nurturing, and subordination.

Family:

“The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled
to protection by society and the state” - (Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article16).

Gender roles are defined by the socio-cultural norms of any society. In most of the
societies the family systems are based on the gender roles and it is the pre-designed
gender roles that help members of the family to run the family with bound
responsibilities. Any disturbance in the gender role aspect may affect the smooth
functioning of the easy-going of any family.

 But today, the modern life has very much changed the family structure and
the gender roles have been diverting from the traditional responsibilities and
path of performance. In fact, the gap between different genders has already
melted down, creating an all equal society and more equalized families.
Today, there are no monarchs in families and no bout-to-obey members in
families.
 All live together, taking decisions together, expressing opinions openly,
criticizing and encouraging mutually and yet being independent and
responsible. The society-defined gender roles may crash with the modern
roles of family members and many families experience the dilemma of the
crashing gender roles.
 Caste:

A caste system is a type of social structure which divides people on the basis
of inherited social status. Although many societies could be described in this way,
within a caste system, people are rigidly expected to marry and interact with
people of the same social class. India has a well known example of a caste system,
although various forms of caste systems can be found in many other cultures as
well.

In these kind of systems, not only women, but everyone has defined roles for
their group.

Women just happen to get the roles that contain much less freedom. Within
a lot of these systems, a woman’s job is to listen to and obey her father until she
gets married, and then she listens to and obeys her husband, and after a while she
might end up having to listen to and obey her son.

This is kind of unfair male dominance that dictates a woman’s life, when it
should be that it’s her life to live.

There may be caste systems in which the women are superior. In which case,
good for them, but then the issue would be that men are being discriminated
against.

That is a very possible issue in any country really; it’s just not as much of a
problem or as harsh. In caste systems men -and women- can be discriminated by
people in higher castes than them and though it would be perfectly normal, it
wouldn’t be quite right.

• CULTURE:

– Historically transmitted patterns of meanings embedded in symbols

through which knowledges that guide life are communicated,
developed, perpetuated, and transformed.

– Culture is a complex phenomenon, in terms of which people both

form and express their sense of identity. Although religion and culture
are two separate concepts, there is a great deal of over-lap between
them. Traditional cultural practices have often found their way into
 religious systems, while religious beliefs influence the cultural life of
communities.

Gender Roles:

 Traditionally in the Indian culture the gender roles are quite

specific and very traditional. The women are supposed to take care
of raising children and perform domestic works while the men
provide financially.
 The ideas of India’s traditional gender roles can be traced back to
the rules of Manu in 200B.C: “ by a young girl, by a young woman,
or even by an aged one, nothing must be done independently, even
in her own house". "In childhood a female must be subject to her
father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a
woman must never be independent."
 The institution of gender roles is actually started right after the
birth of boys and girls. While boys are showered in love and
affection and taught to be outgoing, receive better healthcare, and
are respected, girls are encouraged to be more introverted and be
homebodies.

• RELIGION:

– Religion is a system of faith and worship, which provides adherents

with meaning and purpose in their lives. It is one of the major
institutions in society, with almost every human civilization producing
a system of religious belief.

– Religions may or may not include a belief in a supreme being, but all
are concerned with the transcendent, the spiritual, and with aspects of
life beyond the physical world. Major religions, such as Buddhism,
Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism are practised throughout
the world, but there are also numerous minor religious groups, and
indigenous religions particular to specific regions.

– Gender Roles:

 Parenting
  Religion shapes gender roles and family roles in many ways.
Example: the Ten Commandments.

 Domestic Roles

 Religion shapes the division of labor in the home. In evangelical

households, wives spend more time on traditional women’s work.

 Role models

 Religion influences role models. For example, many Christian

colleges remind female students to not work outside the home, though
this is in conflict with their female professors working.

Media:

The media is a product of society and thus it reflects the values, ideas, attitudes,
culture and practices of any given society. Simultaneously, it influences and shapes
society.

Gender Roles:

The media is part of society, and like the rest of society, men have
historically dominated it. While women have made significant inroads into the
media in the past few decades, there are still very few women in decision-making
positions.

Women working in the media often encounter a difficult working

environment, with a lack of childcare facilities, pay inequalities between men and
women, and high levels of sexual harassment. Ultimately, these dynamics affect
and impact on how the media interprets and reflects on issues of the broader
society.

In Film:

Over time there has been a gradual transition in the role of the woman in
film. The fundamental role was that of a submissive housewife, but has been
subject to much variation since the women’s movement in the 1960’s. The role of
the man in cinema has long been established as the masculine hero, shown in a
more dominant and powerful light as the respected protagonist
Masculinity in advertising[edit]
In advertising, men are often portrayed in the following ways:[12]

 Alert and conscious of surroundings

 Standing upright
 Eyes open and looking around
 Bodies are controlled
 Mean expression on face
 Gripping things tightly with hands
 Hands in pockets
 Serious
 Physically active

Role of Feminine:

 Caressing an object
 Lying on the floor
 Sitting on a chair
 Eyes closed
 Not alert
 Confused
 Vulnerable
 Body contorted
 Dressed like a child
 Holding an object or a man for support
 Seductive
 Playful
 Careless

Popular culture:

 Popular culture refers to the aesthetic products created and sold by profit-

seeking firms operating in the global entertainment market. 
 Popular culture = popular(culture that is well-liked) +
culture(ichly symbolic, invested with meaning and significance.)
 The most common pop culture categories are: entertainment (movies, music, TV,
games), sports, news (as in people/places in news), politics, fashion/clothes,
technology, and slang.[1] Popular culture has a way of influencing an individual's
attitudes towards certain topics.
When males view gender stereotypes,they seem to have the following more specific effects: They want to
become muscular ("Media Awareness Network"). Sportcast networks transmit powerful ideas about
manliness and masculinity through the althletes, commentators, coaches, and reporters (Media Awareness
Network). In a survey of boys age 10-17, from the Media Awareness Network, the following results were
collected of what these boys see of men. Men are violent and angry. They are problem solvers and leaders
in the workplace. Lastly, the surveyed boys said they can see the difference between their friends and
media figures. A third have never seen men doing domestic chores. Men are't very vulnerable or
sensative. “

Law:

the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as

regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition
of penalties.

Roles:

The relationship between gender and the law is relevant to virtually all areas of law
including in particular criminal law, tort law, family law, employment law, and
human rights. Increasingly issues of gender are perceived as the concern of all,
reflecting broader debates in the law, including those of equality and sexuality.

Exploring the relationship between law and gender it takes gender as a core
concept and analytical tool and examines how law is conceptualized, organized,
articulated, and legitimated.

Reasons for gender inequality:

The most important causes of gender disparity such as poverty, illiteracy,

unemployment, social customs, belief and anti-female attitude are discussed here.

1. Poverty:
n India of the total 30 percent people who are below poverty line, 70 percent
are women. Women’s poverty in India is directly related to the absence of
economic opportunities and autonomy, lack of access to economic resources
including credit , land ownership and inheritance, lack of access to education and
support services and their minimal participation in the decision making process. 
Thus poverty stands at the root of gender discrimination in our patriarchal society
and this economic dependence on the male counterpart is itself a cause of gender
disparity.

2. Illiteracy:
Despite the notable efforts by the countries around the globe that have expanded
for the basic education , there are approximately 960 million illiterate adults of
whom two thirds are women .Educational backwardness of the girls has been the
resultant cause of gender discrimination.

The literacy rates for males increased from 56% in 1981 to nearly 76% in 2001.
The corresponding change in female literacy rate from 30 to 54%. On the whole
the decline on gender gap peaked in 1981 at 26.6% and was 21.7% in 2001 is less
impressive. The interstate variation in literacy rate for males was much lower in
comparison to females. At the state level female literacy rate varies from 35% in
Bihar to 88% in Kerala In states like Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jammu
and Kashmir and Rajasthan, the female literacy rate is below 50%.

3. Lack of Employment Facilities:

Women are not able to resolve the conflict between new economic and old
domestic roles. In both rural and urban India, women spend a large proportion of
time on unpaid home sustaining work. Women are not able to respond to new
opportunities and shift to new occupations because their mobility tends to be low
due to intra-house hold allocation of responsibilities.

4. Social Customs, Beliefs and Practices:

Women are not free from social customs, beliefs and practices. The traditional
patrilineal joint family system confines women’s roles mostly to the domestic
sphere, allocating them to a subordinate status, authority and power compared to
men. Men are perceived as the major providers and protectors of a family while
women are perceived as playing only a supportive role, attending to the hearth. 
5. Social Altitude:
Though many social activists and reformers carried their crusade against all social
odds to restore honour and dignity to women, attitudinal disparities still hunt our
rural masses. Despite pronounced social development and technological
advancement, women in our society still continue to be victims of exploitation,
superstition, illiteracy and social atrocities.

In the health and nutritional field, male members of family are supposed to take
fresh and nutritious food in comparison to women because either they are earning
members or head of the family or they are supposed to be more important than
female members. This type of social attitude is conducive to create the problem of
gender discrimination.

6. Lack of Awareness of Women:

Most of the women are unaware of their basic rights and capabilities. They even do
not have the understanding as to how the socio-economic and political forces affect
them. They accept all types of discriminatory practices that persist in our family
and society largely due to their ignorance and unawareness.
Computer Science is the academic discipline concerned with computing. The
intellectual processes of the discipline combinetheory, abstraction, and design.
Problems are solved in a distinctive manner, with an overall goal of identifying and
applying recurring conceptual principles. Although these intellectual processes
derive from other disciplines, a computer scientist’s perspective offers a unique
and important voice in a community of learning such as a liberal-arts college.

Nature:

the nature of Computer Science, we examine some of its main traits:

 Computer Science draws the “process of theory” from the field of
Mathematics
 Computer Science’s particular focus on the abstraction process resembles
that of the natural sciences, where theories are postulated from experimental
observations.
  In Computer Science, one designs to understand the principles and
possibilities of computing; designs of systems and programs employ
theoretical results and apply abstract notions, frameworks, and methods
 The subject areas of Computer Science have expanded throughout the
discipline’s history. For example, network-centered computing, graphics and
visual computing, and social and professional issues have emerged as
distinct subject areas in national curricular recommendations over the past
ten years. Among the long-term standard topics in Computer Science are
algorithms and complexity, characteristics of programming languages,
intelligent systems (artificial intelligence), and human-computer interaction.
 A number of broadly applicable concepts become apparent as a computer
scientist explores the nature of computing. For example,
an evolutionary approach to development that recognizes the reality of change
 and its implications offers considerable advantages in many computing
situations, such as the creation of abstract models, the production of software,
and the exploration of new technologies such as “the Web.” The Computing
Curriculum 1991 document proposed twelve such “recurring notions,”
principles of Computer Science that transcend particular computer systems and
technologies. Although few are unique to Computer Science, collectively they
help characterize the discipline.
Scope:
The highest and best job opportunities are for a computer science student. Because
today every field requires computer knowledge. 

It is the most high paying job and has numerous opportunities. A person can work
in designing, development, assembly, manufacture , maintainance etc.

Being a student from Computer Science background, you can a get job at high
packages in these top Companies:
Google
Yahoo
Hewlett-Packard 
International Business Machines (IBM) 
Toshiba Corporation 
Dell Inc
Canon Inc
Apple
ASUSTEK Computer Inc
Acer Inc
Lenovo Group Limited
SAIC
Sun Microsystem
TCS
Infosys
HCL
1. Software Developers: Software developers are professionals who are concerned
with facets of the software development process. 
2. Hardware Engineers: These professionals do research, design, develop, test,
and oversee the installation of computer hardware.
3. System Designer: Professionals involved in system designing, Logical &
Physical Designing wherein logical designing can be enumerated as the structure &
characteristics such as output, input, files, database & procedures, etc.
4. System Analyst: Computer engineers who work as systems analyst do research
about the existing problems and plan solutions of the problem.
5. Networking Engineers: Networking engineers are computer professionals
involved in designing, implementation, and troubleshooting of computer networks.
6. DBA: DBA or Database Administrator are the professionals who are bestowed
with the job to design, implement, maintain, and repair an organization's database.