1.

a)
Astropecten articulatus

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION

DOMAIN Eukarya
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Echinodermata
CLASS Asteroidea
ORDER Paxillosida
FAMILY Astropectinidae
GENUS Astropecten
SPECIES Astropecten articulatus

1
 Helix aspersa

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION

DOMAIN Eukarya
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Mollusca
CLASS Gastropoda
ORDER Stylommatophora
FAMILY Helicidae
GENUS Helix
SPECIES Helix aspersa

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 Taenia saginata

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION

DOMAIN Eukarya
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Platyhelminthes
CLASS Cestoda
ORDER Cyclophyllidea
FAMILY Taeniidea
GENUS Taenia
SPECIES Taenia saginata

3
 Physalia physalis

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION

DOMAIN Eukarya
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Cnidaria
CLASS Hydrozoa
ORDER Siphonophorae
FAMILY Physaliidae
GENUS Physalia
SPECIES Physalia physalis

4
 Calypte anna

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION

DOMAIN Eukarya
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Aves
ORDER Apodiformes
FAMILY Trochilidae
GENUS Calypte
SPECIES Calypte anna

5
1. b)

The ability to regenerate amputated limbs and lost body parts is the
Astropecten articulatus's most striking adaptation to its dangerous marine
environment. Astropecten articulatus can regrow almost their entire bodies
from just a part of a severed arm. Astropecten articulatus have no brains to be
injured in an attack.

Astropecten articulatus have tough, bony, calcified skin that protects

them from predators. Astropecten articulatus have bright colors to scare off or
confuse attackers. Instead of blood, Astropecten articulatus have a seawater
vascular system that circulates nutrients and powers their tube feet, allowing
them to move about their environment and for feeding. Astropecten
articulatus produce and expel huge amounts of eggs and sperm into the
water giving them a better chance of survival.

The spiny skin’s colors act as camouflage to help Astropecten articulatus

blend into its environment. Astropecten articulatus have developed special
digestive system adapted to the food sources found in their particular
environment.They have dual stomach, called the cardiac stomach and the
pyloric stomach.The stomach is externalized through their mouths to
enveloped and digest their prey.Digestion is then completed in the pyloric
stomach. This characteristic allows Astropecten articulatus to eat animals
much larger than their mouths around their habitat.

6
 Helix aspersa known as garden snails, has some unique characteristic to
adapt to their habitat. Helix aspersa's shells protect them from predators the
shell patterns serve as camouflage and shell thickness preserves moisture.

Helix aspersa have two large tentacles with eyes at the end of them for
vision and two small tactile tentacles used to feel around their habitat for food,
shelter and spawning grounds. Helix aspersa are hermaphroditic which can
change sex if necessary to procreate. In addition to their ability to change sex,
some snails can self-fertilize and reproduce asexually.

Helix aspersa have a mucus-laden, muscular foot that flexes and

contracts allowing for movement in land habitats, with the mucus layer
preventing injury and friction along surfaces. Helix aspersa have rash tongue,
known as radula, lined with tiny, rough teeth to grasp and sand food particles,
mainly vegetation, down for consumption and digestion.

Helix aspersa has a mantle covering visceral mass. It’s function is to

secrete shell by secreting calcium carbonate to harden the shell so that it’s
body is protected by the shell. Visceral mass of Helix aspersa will undergo
torsion during development, which eliminates the number of places vulnerable
to the attack of predators but introduces a serious fouling problem.

7
 Taenia saginata is known as beef tapeworm has its own unique
characteristic to adapt their environment. Taenia saginata are thin and
flattened and have a very large surface area for absorption of nutrients by
diffusion. They have a huge reproductive potential and release lots of eggs
because the chances of the parasite finding another host is very small and
many eggs will die.

The flat shape of Taenia saginata allows it to survive without a circulation

system. Taenia saginata are hermaphrodites and have both male and female
sexual reproductive organs. They reproduce sexually with other tapeworms.
After mating, both Taenia saginata can lay fertilized eggs. They can also
reproduce asexually by fertilizing their own eggs. Then it release the fertilized
eggs, or zygotes, into the water, where they hatch. Taenia saginata can
survive in water because it has photonephrida which assist in removing
excess water from the organism in hypotonic environment.

Taenia saginata have hooks on their sucker that allow them to securely
attach to their hosts. Since Taenia saginata are eating the food the host has
digested, they do not have the digestive and nervous system development
necessary for them to be free-living . Taenia saginata has a body which is
covered with teguments which is able to produce chemical and a protective
cuticle which neutralize and protect them from digestive juice from the host.

8
 Physalia physalis have tentacles for defense and feeding. It has
cnidocytes on tentacles which consists stinging structure, nematocysts.
Cnidocytes act as discharge mechanism and prey detection. Its nematocysts
contain stinging thread which can penetrate the body wall of prey. Physalia
physalis often sting their prey in order to quickly stun it and keep it from
escaping. This can make feeding much easier for Physalia physalis.

Physalia physalis do not have brains. Instead, they sport a network of

nerves, which run throughout their entire body. These nerves can help
Physalia physalis sense things in all directions. They can sense predators
and food. Physalia physalis have a digestive system that uses a special lining
to absorb nutrients. No respiratory system is necessary, as gases can diffuse
through the thin membranes of Physalia physalis.

Physalia physalis have developed a few ways in which to propel

themselves through the water. Because Physalia physalis bodies are made
up of about 90 percent water, floating is very natural.Physalia physalis use
muscles in their main body to swim. These muscles, which ring the entire bell
shape, move up and down, undulating, to create movement.

9
 Calypte anna or Hummingbirds have a long, narrow beak that allows
them to reach the nectar from brightly colored, tubular flowers. They also feed
on insects and have a flexible lower beak that allows them to grab insects from
the air during flight.

Calypte anna have an excellent memory and can recall any feeding
source they have used in the past.Calypte anna have the largest brain in
proportion to body size. Calypte anna’s eyes are located on the sides of the
head and are very large in comparison to the size of the bird. This allow
Calypte anna to see infront and to both sides simultaneosly so that it is not
easy to attack by predators.

Female Calypte anna are born with two ovaries; however, soon after
birth the right ovary disappears. This helps make the bird lighter for flight. If an
egg is fertilized, the female will lay the egg in a nest; unfertilized eggs are
reabsorbed into the body. Male Calypte anna produce sperm in the testes, but
do not have a penis. Reproductive organs in both males and females shrink
during non-breeding months to decrease the female's weight during flight and
migration.

Its hollow bones make the skeleton lighter for flying and allow more
oxygen to be absorbed from the air into the blood for that extra energy it
needs.Unlike other birds, Calypte anna can fly both forward and backward and
change direction quickly. Its shoulder joint allows the wing to rotate up to 180
degrees, allowing for the fast and precise movements.

10
1.c)
Class: Asteroidea Species: Echinaster sepositus

Class : Gastropoda Species: Lymnaea stagnalis

______________________________________________________________

11
Class: Cestoda Species: Anoplocephala perfoliata

______________________________________________________________

Class: Hydrozoa Species: Craspedacusta sowerbii

12
Class: Aves Species: Opisthocomus hoazin

13
1.d)

PORIFERA

CNIDARIA

PLATYHELMINTHES

NEMATODA

ANNELIDA

ARTHROPODA
MOLLUSCA
ECHINODERMATA

CHORDATA
LEVEL Parazoa Eumetazoa (true tissues)
OF
ORGANI-
ZATION

GERM No Diplo- Triploblastic

LAYERS germ blas-
layers tic

BODY Asymmetry Radial- Bilateral symmetry

SYMME- sym-
TRY metry

BODY Acoe- Coelomates

CAVITY lo-
mate Pseudo
-coelom
-ate

14
BODY Not segmented Me Se Seg
SEGMEN -ta- g- -me
-TATION me m- nte-
-tri- en- d
c- ted
se
g-
me
-n-
ted

15
REFERENCES

Campbell,N.B,Reese,J.B,Urry. Wasserman (2018). Biology (11th Ed). Pearson,

The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company. lnc (738-749) (Unit5:The
Diversity of life)

Maureen Malone. Hummingbird adaptations (6 December 2019). Retrieved

from http://animals.mom.me/hummingbird-adaptations-6227.html

Kurlansky, M. 2004. Physalia physalis. Animal Diversity Web (25 February

2004) Retrieved from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts
/information/Physalia_physalis.html

Lawrence,E.(2016). Henderson’s Dictionary of Biological Terms (16th Ed.),

Prentice Hall

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