12

GENERAL PHYSICS
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Periodic Motion, Simple Harmonic
Motion, Damped and Driven
oscillation
Quarter 2- Week 3

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Science – Grade 12
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Periodic Motion, Simple Harmonic Motion, Damped and Driven
oscillation
Quarter 2- Week 1

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 Periodic Motion, Simple Harmonic
Motion, Damped and Driven
Oscillation
Introduction

Any repeated motion in equal intervals of the time is called periodic

motion. Beating of your heart and the ticking of the clock is the best
example of motion. A person or an object in periodic motion is called an
oscillator.

We define periodic motion to be a motion that repeats itself at regular 

time intervals, such as exhibited by the guitar string or by an object on a
spring moving up and down.

The usual physics terminology for motion that repeats itself over and
over is periodic motion, and the time required for one repetition is called
the period, often expressed as the letter T. (The symbol P is not used
because of the possible confusion with momentum.) One complete repetition
of the motion is called a cycle. The frequency is defined as the number of
cycles per unit time. Frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by a
Greek letter ν (nu). Note that period and frequency are reciprocals of each
other.

Learning Competency

1. For circular orbits, relate Kepler’s third law of planetary motion to

Newton’s law of gravitation and centripetal acceleration
(STEM_GP12G-IIc22)

2. Relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period,

displacement, velocity, and acceleration of oscillating systems
(STEM_GP12PMIIc-24)

3. Calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple

pendulum, and physical pendulum (STEM_GP12PMIIc-27)

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 Objectives

At the end of this learning activity, you are expected to:

1. Distinguish orbits and Kepler’s law of planetary motion to Newton’s

law of gravitation and centripetal acceleration
2. Describe Simple harmonic motion: spring-mass system, simple
pendulum and Damped and Driven oscillation
3. Compute the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple
pendulum, and physical pendulum

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 Review

Before we proceed to the next topic let’s have a review on Newton’s

second law of motion where it is more than a definition, but it is a
relationship among acceleration, force, and mass. It can help us make
predictions. Each of those physical quantities can be defined independently,
so the second law tells us something basic and universal about nature.

Remember that the acceleration of a system is directly proportional to and

in the same direction as the net external force acting on the system, and
inversely proportional to its mass.

Remember that the equation of second law of motion is

And written in more familiar as

When only the magnitude of force and acceleration are considered, this
equation is simply

Even Though these last two equations are the same, the first gives more
insight into what Newton’s second law means. The law is a cause-and-effect
relationship among three quantities that is not simply based on their
definitions. The validity of the second law is completely based on
experimental verification.

The next section introduces the Newton’s third and final law of motion.

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 Discussion

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Every Time a body exerts a force on a second body, the first body
experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to
the force that it exerts.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces

The Man of la Mancha is a musical show where there is a passage saying

that relates to Newton’s third law of motion. Sancho, telling a fight with his
wife to Don Quixote, says, “Of course I hit her back, Your Grace, but she’s a
lot harder than me and you know what they say, ‘Whether the stone hits the
pitcher, or the pitcher hits the stone, it’s going to be bad for the pitcher.’”
This is just what happens when one body exerts a force on another and the
first also experiences a force that equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. Several common experiences, like stubbing a toe or throwing a
ball is the best example of this. It is expressed in Newton’s third law of
motion.

Where this law signifies a symmetry in nature. It explained that forces

always occur in pairs, and one body cannot exert a force on another without
experiencing a force itself. Sometimes it refer to the law as “action-reaction,”
where the force exerted is the action and the force experienced consequently
is the reaction. Newton’s third law has practical uses in analyzing the origin
of forces and understanding which forces are external to a system.

Newton’s third law is about how people move about. Study a swimmer
pushing off from the side of a pool, as illustrated in Picture A. She used her
feet against the wall of the pool to accelerates in the direction opposite to
that of her push. The wall has exerted an equal and opposite force back on
the swimmer. You might think that two equal and opposite forces would
cancel, but they do not because they act on different systems. In this case,
there are two systems that we could investigate: the swimmer or the wall. If
we select the swimmer to be the system of interest, as in the figure, then
Fwall on feet is an external force on this system and affects its motion. The
swimmer moves in the direction of Fwall on feet. In contrast, the force Ffeet on
wall acts on the wall and not on our system of interest. Thus, Ffeet on wall

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does not directly affect the motion of the system and does not cancel Fwall on
feet. Note that the swimmer pushes in the direction opposite to that in
which she wishes to move. The reaction to her push is thus in the desired
direction.

Picture A shows that when a swimmer applies a force Ffeet on wall, she
speeds up in the direction opposite to that of her push. This implies that the
net external force on her is in the direction opposite to Ffeet on wall. This
opposition occurs because following Newton’s third law of motion, the wall
exerts a force Fwall on feet on her, equal in magnitude but in the direction
opposite to the one she exerts on it. The line around the swimmer indicates
the system of interest. Note that Ffeet on wall does not act on this system
(the swimmer) and, thus, does not cancel Fwall on feet. Thus, the free-body
diagram shows only Fwall on feet, w, the gravitational force, and BF, the
buoyant force of the water supporting the swimmer’s weight. The vertical
forces w and BF cancel since there are no vertical motion.

Another examples of Newton’s third law are when a professor paces in front
of a whiteboard and exerts a force backward on the floor. The floor exerts a
reaction force forward on the professor that causes to accelerate forward.
Equally, a car accelerates because the ground pushes forward on the drive
wheels in reaction to the drive wheels pushing backward on the ground.
Evidence of the wheels pushing backward when tires spin on a gravel road
and throw rocks backward. Rockets move forward by expelling gas
backward at high velocity is another example of Newton’s third law. This
implies that the rocket exerts a large backward force on the gas in the
rocket combustion chamber, and the gas therefore exerts a large reaction
force forward on the rocket. This reaction force is called thrust. It is a
common misconception that rockets propel themselves by pushing on the

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ground or on the air behind them. They work better in a vacuum, where
they can more readily expel the exhaust gases. Another example is a
helicopter which also create lift by pushing air down and experiencing an
upward reaction force. Like airplanes and bird, they the fly by exerting force
on air in a direction opposite to that of the force they need. It explains that
the wings of the bird force air downward and backward to get lift and move
forward.

Periodic Motion

Period, frequency, and amplitude is considered periodic motion.

The time to complete one oscillation or one complete cycle of the

motion will remain constant and is called the period T. Its units are
usually seconds but may be any convenient unit of time. The
word period refers to the time for some event whether repetitive or
not; but we shall be primarily interested in periodic motion, which is by
definition repetitive. A concept closely related to period is
the frequency of an event.

Picture A. The strings on this guitar vibrate at

regular time intervals. (credit: JAR)

Another example is a pendulum which clock takes second to go

from one intense position to the other and another second to come
back again. So, the period of the pendulum is 2 seconds.

Frequency is the equal number of periods. It is the number of

happenings of a repeating event per unit of time, usually second. In
the earlier example, the pendulum has a period of 2 seconds. So, its
1
frequency is or 0.5 per second (/s or S−1 ¿ . This means that the
2s
pendulum completes half a motion in 1 second. Frequency is

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 measured in units of hertz (Hz) which is equal to one occurrence of a
repeating event per second.

Let’s take a look if period be τ (Greek letter “tau”) and frequency be f,

then this will be the formula,
1
f=
τ

And if the period is the reciprocal of frequency, then we will have

1
τ=
f

Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) proposed that the unit of frequency

per second is equivalent to hertz (Hz), whose experiments in the late
1800 confirmed that light is a wave.

 The maximum displacement of an oscillator is an Amplitude.

The displacement of a vibrating object differs from zero to a
positive maximum and from zero to a negative maximum. So,
the maximum displacement (in both directions) is the
amplitude.

Simple Harmonic Motion

In simple harmonic motion, the acceleration of the system, and then

the net force is proportional to the displacement and acts in the opposite
direction of the displacement.

Do you think sitting on a swing without moving is fun? Well, if you

just sit on it, and your not moving, the moment when someone pushes you
and the swing started to move back and forth in a repetitive movement, this
back and forth movement which the oscillator passes from one side to other
side position is called Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM).

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 L
Picture B.e Showing
t Pendulum Movement
u s (a) balance (b)l upswing
o (c) o k
downswing to balance position (d) upswing

happens to the swing in term of Physics? In Picture B, a force moves the

swing

from its balance position, its position is at rest. In Picture C, a returning

force pulls back to its balance position. The restoring force is due to gravity
or the combined weighs of the swing and the person on it. Picture D shows
the swing moves far away from its position, the returning forces increases,
until the force of the swing can no longer survive the pull and the swing
back down and I pass through the balance position but does not stop there.
The reason for this is because the swing has inertia that is why it keeps
moving and the swing moves away from its balance position. At the same
time, a returning force occurs again that is why pulling the swing back in
the direction of balance position and then they cycle repeats. The swing
shows a repetitive motion called Simple Harmonic motion.

The swing will never stop moving back and forth without friction and
energy losses, but there are damping forces of friction so the swing will
come back to rest at its balance position.

The frequency f of an oscillator in SHM is

(ω)
f= (a)
2π

The angular frequency of the oscillator is the t (Greek letter “omega”). It is

represented by the scalar measure of rate of oscillation. The unit symbol for
angular frequency is SI, which is measured in radians per second (rad/s).

If we can consider a spring oscillating up and down in simple harmonic

motion, let us remember the deformation of spring follows Hooke’s Law,
which states that the applied force is equal the product of the constant
force, k, and the change in length or deformation of a spring. If the
displacement y of the up and down oscillating spring we stated is graphed
with respect to the time t, Picture B shows a sine wave is obtained, which
tells us that the spring is pulling the mass m at its end, moving upward a
maximum distance equal to the amplitude A.

Later, the movement started back down again, giving the balance position
continue to move down until it reaches the distance equal to A, below the
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balance position. Currently, when the spring pulls the mass back up again,
another SHM cycle begins.

Picture C. A graph
of displacement y
of a body in SHM
against time t.

If we determine angular velocity by how elastic the spring is, the angular
frequency of a spring in SHM is

k
ω=
√ m
(b)

If we change ω in equation above, the equivalent expression in equation b

we get the expression of frequency f of soring in SHM.

1 g
f=
2Π √ l
(b)

Always remember that the simple pendulum frequency is not affected by its
displacement y from the equilibrium position. In equation B, it shows that
shorter frequency and longer periods tells us that it is longer pendulum.
Although, the variation of g, depend on the location that affect the frequency
or period of simple pendulums.
The simple harmonic motion is very interesting in different vibrating objects,
including pendulum. The example of vibrating object like strumming string
of guitar, ringing cellphones, and a sound of music that exhibit SHM.
He studies of SHM is very important in understanding pattern of how you
walk or what we called gait, which helps us in physical therapy and even in
biometrics. The use of tis concepts of simple harmonic motion usually done
by Quantum Physicians, which they study to understand the vibration of
molecules.

Example A.

A harmonic oscillator of sound of music using guitar that has spring with
force constant 180N/m. The sound of music using guitar vibrates with a

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frequency of 10.00 Hz. Now, find the following (a) period, (b) angular
frequency, and (c) oscillator mass.

Solution

Given:
Constant Force k = 180N/m
Frequency f = 10.00Hz

(a) Oscillator period

l ⊥
τ= =
f 10.00
s

= 0.1 s

(ω)
(b) rearrange f = to get the angular frequency.
2π
(ω)
f=
2π

ω=2 πf =2 π (10.00 /s)

¿ 2(3.1416)(10.00/ s)
¿ 2(3.1416)(10.00/ s)
¿ 62.8832∨62.9 rad / s

The angular frequency is 62.9 rad /s

k
(c) Let us use the equation ω=
√ m
to compute the mass m.

k
ω=
√ m

k 180 N /m
m= =
ω ² (62.8 rad /s)²

180 N /m
¿
(62.8 rad / s)(62.8 rad /s)

180 N /m
¿
(3,943.84)

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 ¿ 0.0456∨0.05 kg

The mass is 0.05kg or 5.0grams

Example B.
A mass-spring system has a force constant of 3.00 ×106 dynes /cm . Lets
find what mass will vibrate at (a) 20.0Hz (b) 36.0Hz

Solution
1 k
Start deriving an expression for a mass m from f =
2Π √ m
;

1 k
f=
2Π √ m

1 k
f 2=
4Π 2
m( )
k
m=
4Π²f ²

Then, let us substitute the variables in a given values.

Given:
6 dynes
Constant force k 3.00 ×10 ∨3.00 × 106 g /s ².
cm

(a) the needed mass m to achieve a frequency f of 20.0/s.

k 3.00 x 106 g /s ²
m=
4Π²f ² = 4 Π ²¿¿

3.00 x 1,000,000 g / s ²
=
4(3.14) ² ¿ ¿

3.00 x 1,000,000 g / s ²
= 4 (3.14)²( 400/s ²)

3,000,000 g /s ²
= 4 (9.86)(400 /s ²)

3,000,000 g /s ²
=
39.44 (400 /s ²)

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 3,000,000 g /s ²
=
15,776

= 190.2 g

(b) The mass needed to have a frequency of 36.0/s is

k 3.00 x 106 g /s ²
4Π²f ² =
m=
4 Π ²¿¿

3.00 x 106 g /s ²
=
4 (3.14) ²(36.00/ s ²)

3,000,000 g /s ²
=
4 (9.86)(1,296/ s ²)
3,000,000 g /s ²
= 39.44(1,296 /s ²)
3,000,000 g /s ²
= 51,114.24
= 58.7 g
Example C.
Let us now proceed to Simple Pendulum with a period of 5.000 s in a
place with acceleration due to gravity is 9.806 m/s² that moved to another
place with a period of 1.965 s. Find out and compute the acceleration due to
gravity in the new location.

Solution
Given:

Old location: τ 1 =5.000 s ; g1=9.806 m/s ²

New location: : τ 2=2.895 s

Remember that the length l of the pendulum will not change. As a result,
1 g
we can separate length l from f =
2Π l √
by using two sets of variables. The
first set represents the old location, and the second set is the new location.

Formula for old location:

1 g1
f 1=
2Π l
1
√
g1
f ² 1=
4Π² l √
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 g1
l=
4 Π ² f1²
Formula for new location:
g1
l=
4 Π ² f1²

then we can compare the two expression for l and get a formula for
acceleration due to gravity g, for the new location.
g1 g2
=
4 Π ² f 1² 4 Π ² f 1 ²

g1 g2
=
f 1 ² f 2²

f2
g2=g 1( )²
f1

τ1
¿ g1 ( )
τ2
²

Remember that we substitute f 1 and f 2 with their respective equivalent

reciprocals, the value of τ 1 and τ 2 are given.

Let us now substitute the variable with the given values.

g2=9.806 m/s ² ¿
= 16.94 m/s²

Now, the acceleration due to gravity in the new location is 16.94 m/s².

The Pendulum

A pendulum is a body that is supported from a pivot point and allowed to

swing back and forth under the influence of gravity. Among their other uses,
pendulums were an essential component of clocks for centuries.

The Simple Plane Pendulum

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A simple plane pendulum is a pendulum that involves of a point mass m at
the end of a string of length L of negligible mass. The pendulum is moved
from vertical by an angle 0 and released; after that, it swings back and forth
under the control of gravity. The pendulum is limited to swing back and
forth in a plane.

A simple plane pendulum.

When the pendulum makes an angle from the vertical, the torque acting to
move it back toward vertical is - mgL θ . Then by the rotational version of
Newton’s second law of motion

This is a second-order differential equation that is difficult to solve; the

solution is shown in Appendix S. If we constrain the pendulum to small
angles, then we can make the approximation

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Under this approximation the equation above becomes,

This is a second-order differential equation that’s fairly easy to solve; you’ll

learn how to solve differential equations like this in a course on differential
equations. The solution turns out to be

where θ0 is the (angular) amplitude of the motion (in radians), w=√ g/ L is

the angular frequency of the motion (rad/s), and δis an arbitrary integration
constant (seconds). The solution can be verified by direct substitution into

The period T of the motion (the time required for one complete back-and-
forth cycle) is given by

Remember that this is an approximation and is valid only for small θ. The
period of motion for a large period is given by an infinite series.

The Physical Pendulum

A physical pendulum consists of a stretched body that
tolerable to swing back and forth around some pivot
point. If the pivot point is at the center of mass, the
body will not swing, so the pivot point should be
displaced from the center of mass. As an example, you
can form a physical pendulum by suspending a meter
stick from one end and allowing to swing back and
forth. In a physical pendulum of mass M, there is a
force Mg acting on the center of mass. Suppose the
body is suspended from a point that is a distance h

A torsional pendulum

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A physical pendulum. The object has mass M and is suspended from point
P; h is the distance between P and the center of mass.
From the center of mass, there is a weight force Mg acting on the center of
mass of the body, which creates a torque -Mgh sinθ about the pivot point.
Then by the rotational version of Newton’s second law,

where I, is the moment of inertia of the body when rotated about its pivot
point. As with the simple plane pendulum, this is a second-order differential
equation that is difficult to solve. But if we constrain the oscillations to
small amplitudes, we can make the approximation sinθ ≈ θ as before, and the
equation becomes

≈
We can solve this second-order differential equation as before, and get

where 0 is the (angular) amplitude of the motion (in radians)

is the angular frequency of the motion (rad/s), and ı is an arbitrary
integration constant (seconds). The solution can be verified by direct
substitution into

The period T of the motion (the time required for one complete back-and-
forth cycle) is given by

Measuring Acceleration due to Gravity: The Period of a Pendulum

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What is the acceleration due to gravity in a region where a simple pendulum
having a length 75.000 cm has a period of 1.7357 s? Strategy We are asked
to find g given the period T and
the length L of a pendulum. We can solve for g , assuming only
that the angle of deflection is less than 15º .
Solution:
Square g and solve for g :

Substitute known values into the new equation:

Calculate to find g:

Discussion This method for determining g can be very accurate. This is why
length and period are given to five digits in this example. For the precision
of the approximation sin θ ≈ θ to be better than the precision of the
pendulum length and period, the maximum displacement angle should be
kept below about 0.5º.
A record player undergoes uniform circular motion. You could attach dowel
rod to one point on the outside edge of the turntable and attach a pen to the
other end of the dowel. As the record player turns, the pen will move. You
can drag a long piece of paper under the pen, capturing its motion as a
wave.
Damped Harmonic Motion

Picture A show that to counteract dampening

forces, that needs to keep pushing the swing.
(credit: Erik A. Johnson, Flickr)

To keep a child happy on a swing, you must

keep pushing. Even Though we can often
make friction and other non-conservative
forces negligibly small, completely undamped
motion is rare. In fact, we may even want to damp oscillations, such as with
car shock absorbers.
For a system that has a small amount of damping, the period and frequency
are nearly the same as for simple harmonic motion, but the amplitude
gradually decreases as shown Picture B below. This occurs because the
non-conservative damping force removes energy from the system, usually in
the form of thermal energy. In general, energy removal by non-conservative
forces is described as

where Wnc is work done by a non-conservative force or the damping force.

For a damped harmonic oscillator, Wnc is negative because it eliminates
mechanical energy (KE + PE) from the system.

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Picture B. This graph of displacement versus time for a harmonic oscillator
with a small amount of damping, the amplitude slowly decreases, but the
period and frequency are nearly the same as if the system were completely
undamped.
If amount of damping in a system gradually increase, the period and
frequency start to be affected, because damping opposes and hence slows
the back-and-forth motion. (The net force is smaller in both directions.) If
there is very large damping, the system does not even oscillate—it slowly
moves toward equilibrium.
Picture C shows the displacement of a harmonic oscillator for different
amounts of damping. When
we want to damp out
oscillations, such as in the
suspension of a car, we may
want the system to return to
equilibrium as quickly as
possible Critical damping is
defined as the condition in
which the damping of an
oscillator results in it
returning as quickly as
possible to its equilibrium
position the critically damped system may overshoot the equilibrium
position, but if it does, it will do so only once.
Critical damping is represented by Curve A in Picture C. With less-than
critical damping, the system will return to equilibrium faster but will
overshoot and cross over one or more times. Such a system is
underdamped; its displacement is characterized by the curve in Picture B.
Curve B in Picture C signifies an overdamped system. As with critical
damping, it too may overshoot the equilibrium position, but will reach
equilibrium over a longer period.
Picture C. Displacement versus time for a critically damped harmonic
oscillator (A) and an overdamped harmonic oscillator (B). The critically
damped oscillator returns to equilibrium at X = 0 in the smallest time
possible without overshooting.
Critical damping is often desired, because such a system returns to
equilibrium rapidly and remains at equilibrium as well. In addition, a
constant force applied to a critically damped system moves the system to a
new equilibrium position in the shortest time possible without overshooting
or oscillating about the new position. For example, when you stand on
bathroom scales that have a needle gauge, the needle moves to its
equilibrium position without oscillating. It would be quite inconvenient if the
needle oscillated about the new equilibrium position for a long time before
settling. Damping forces can vary greatly in character. Friction, for example,

18 | P a g e
is sometimes independent of velocity (as assumed in most places in this
text). But many damping forces depend on velocity—sometimes in complex
ways, sometimes simply being proportional to velocity.

Damping an Oscillatory Motion: Friction on an Object Connected to a

Spring
Damping oscillatory motion is essential in many systems, and the capacity
to manage the damping is even more so. This is usually to attained using
non-conservative forces such as the friction between surfaces, and viscosity
for objects moving through fluids. The next example considers friction.
Think of a 0.200-kg object attached to a spring as shown in Picture D, that
a simple friction between the object and the surface, and the coefficient of
friction μk is equal to 0.0800.
(a) What is the frictional force between the surfaces?
(b) What total distance does the object travel if it is released 0.100 m from
equilibrium, starting at v = 0 ? The force constant of the spring is k = 50.0
N/m.

Picture D. The transformation of energy in simple harmonic motion is

illustrated for an object attached to a spring on a frictionless surface.
Strategy
This situation requires integration of various concepts regarding waves,
oscillations, and damping. For computation of an integrated concept
problem, you must first distinguish the physical principles involved.
Part (a) is about the frictional force. This is a topic involving the application
of Newton’s Laws.
Part (b) requires a knowledge of work and conservation of energy, as well as
some understanding of horizontal oscillatory systems. Now that we have
identified the principles, we must apply to solve the problems, we need to
identify the knowns and unknowns for each part of the question, as well as
the quantity that is constant in Part (a) and Part (b) of the question.
Solution a
1. Choose the proper equation: Friction is
2. Identify the known values.
3. Enter the known values into the equation:

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4. Calculate and convert units: f = 0.157 N.
Discussion a
The force here is small because the system and the coefficients are small.
Solution b Identify the known:
• The system involves elastic potential energy as the spring compresses and
expands, friction that is related to the work done, and the kinetic energy
as the body speeds up and slows down.

• Energy is not conserved as the mass oscillates because friction is a non-

conservative force.

• The motion is horizontal, so gravitational potential energy does not need to

be considered.
• Because the motion starts from rest, the energy in the system is initially
This energy is removed by work done by friction
where d is the total distance traveled and is the
force of friction. When the system stops moving, the friction force
will balance the force exerted by the spring, so where x is
the final position and is given by

1. By equating the work done to the energy removed, solve for the distance
d.
2. The work done by the non-conservative forces equals the initial, stored
elastic potential energy. Identify the correct equation to use:

3. Remember that
4. Enter the friction as , thus

5. Combine these two equations to find

6. Solve the equation for d:

7. Enter the known values into the resulting equation:

8. Calculate d and convert units:

Discussion b
It explained that his is the total distance traveled back and forth across x =
0, which is the undamped equilibrium position. The number of oscillations

20 | P a g e
about the equilibrium position will be more than d / X = (1.59 m) / (0.100
m) = 15.9 because the amplitude of the oscillations is decreasing with time.
At the end of the motion, this system will not return to x = 0 for this type of
damping force, because static friction will exceed the restoring force. This
system is underdamped. In contrast, an overdamped system with a simple
constant damping force would not cross the equilibrium position x = 0 a
single time. For example, if this system had a damping force 20 times
greater, it would only move 0.0484 m toward the equilibrium position from
its original 0.100-m position. This illustrates how to apply problem-solving
techniques to integrate the unique concepts. To identify the physical
principles involved in the problem. The second step is to solve for the
unknowns using familiar problem-solving strategies. These are found
throughout the text, and many worked examples show how to use them for
single topics. In this concept example, you can see how to apply them
across several topics. You will find these techniques useful in applications of
physics outside a physics course, such as in your profession, in other
science disciplines, and in everyday life.

Activities

Guided Practice 1
Directions: Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Write the correct
word/s from the choices in the box below to complete the sentence in each
given item.

_____________________1. It is characterized as periodic motion?

_____________________2. any motion that is repeated in equal intervals of the
time.
_____________________3. Itis the time it takes for one complete cycle of the
motion occur.
_____________________4. It is the maximum displacement of an oscillator.
_____________________5. Back and forth periodic motion in which the
oscillator
passes from one side of the equilibrium position to the other.
_____________________6. A scalar measure of rate of oscillator.
_____________________7. The angular frequency of a spring in SHM.
_____________________8. the angular frequency is measured in what Unit?
_____________________9. consists of an extended body that allowed to swing
back and forth around some pivots point.
____________________10. An object or person in periodic motion.

PERIODIC MOTION SIMPE HARMONIC MOTION 21 | P a g e

PERIOD, FREQUENCY and AMPLITUDE AMGULAR FREQUENCY

k
Guided Practice 2

Direction: Calculate the following problem and show your solution in a

separate sheet of paper.

1. The pendulum clock appears with a period of 12.990 s in place and the
acceleration due to gravity is 10.564 m/s² that move to another place
with a period of 2.125 s. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity in
the new location.

2. Simple Pendulum with a period of 18.958 s in place with acceleration due

to gravity is 16.845 m/s² moving to different location with a period of
8.365 s. Find the acceleration due to gravity of the new location.

3. A harmonic oscillator of unknown mass has a spring with force constant

465N/m. They found that it vibrates with a frequency of 163.00 Hz.
Find the following.

(a) period, (b) angular frequency, and (c) oscillator mass.

4. Find the amplitude, frequency, and period of motion for an object

vibrating at the end of a horizontal spring if the equation for its

position as a function of time is

a. Find the maximum magnitude of the velocity and acceleration.
b. What is the position, velocity, and acceleration of the object after
1.00 s has elapsed?

Independent Practice

Direction: Choose the correct answer based in Simple Harmonic Motion.

Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. A mass on a spring undergoes SHM. The maximum displacement from

the equilibrium is called.
A. Period B. Frequency C. Amplitude
D. Wavelength E. Speed

2. In a periodic process, the number of cycles per unit of time is called?

22 | P a g e
 A. Period B. Frequency C. Amplitude
D. Wavelength E. Speed

3. In a periodic process, the time required to complete one cycle is called?

A. Period B. Frequency C. Amplitude
D. Wavelength E. Speed

A mass in the diagram to the right undergoes simple harmonic motion. Use
this diagram to answer questions 4 through 7.

4. When the mass reaches point x = +A its instantaneous velocity is?

A. Maximum and positive
B. Maximum and negative
C. Zero
D. Less than maximum and positive
E. Less than maximum and negative

5. When the mass reaches point x = 0 its instantaneous velocity is?

A. Maximum and can be positive or negative
B. Constant and does not depend on the location
C. Zero
D. Slightly less than maximum and positive E. Slightly less than
maximum and negative

6. When the mass reaches point x = +A its instantaneous acceleration is?

A. Maximum and positive
B. Maximum and negative
C. Zero
D. Slightly less than maximum and positive
E. Slightly less than maximum and negative

7. When the mass reaches point x = 0 its instantaneous acceleration is?

A. Maximum and positive
B. Maximum and negative
C. Zero

23 | P a g e
 D. Slightly less than maximum and positive
E. Slightly less than maximum and negative

In the diagram to the right, a mass suspended at

the end of an elastic spring undergoes SHM
between point A and B. Use this diagram for
questions 8 and 9.

8. At which location of the mass the system has the

maximum kinetic energy?
A. Only point A
B. Only point B
C. Only point 0
D. Point A and B
E. The kinetic energy remains constant

9. At which location of the mass the system has the

maximum elastic potential energy?
A. Only point A
B. Only point B
C. Only point 0
D. Point A and B E. The potential energy remains constant

10. A mass-spring oscillating system undergoes SHM with maximum

amplitude A. If the amplitude is doubled what effect will it produce on the
mechanical energy of the system?
A. The energy is increased by factor two
B. The energy is increased by factor four
C. The energy is decreased by factor two
D. The energy is decreased by factor four E. It doesn’t affect the
energy

Assessment

24 | P a g e
 A. Direction: Choose the correct answer based in Simple Harmonic
Motion. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. A mass-spring oscillating system undergoes SHM with maximum

amplitude A. If the spring constant is doubled what effect will it produce on
the mechanical energy of the system?
A. The energy is increased by factor two
B. The energy is increased by factor four
C. The energy is decreased by factor two
D. The energy is decreased by factor four E. It doesn’t affect the
energy

2. An object with a mass M is suspended from an elastic spring with a

spring constant k. The object oscillates with maximum amplitude A. If the
amplitude of oscillations is doubled, how it will change the period of
oscillations?
A. The period is increased by factor two
B. The period is increased by factor four
C. The period is decreased by factor two
D. The period is decreased by factor four E. The period remains the
same

3. An object with a mass M is suspended from an elastic spring with a

spring constant k. The object oscillates with period T. If the mass of
oscillations is quadrupled, how it will change the period of oscillations?
A. The period is increased by factor two
B. The period is increased by factor four
C. The period is decreased by factor two
D. The period is decreased by factor four
E. The period remains the same

4. An object with a mass M is suspended from an elastic spring with a

spring constant k. The object oscillates with period T on the surface of
Earth. If the oscillating system is moved to the surface of Moon, how it will
change the period of oscillations? Acceleration due to gravity on moon= 1.6
m/s2
A. The period is increased by factor √6
B. The period is increased by factor four
C. The period is decreased by factor √6
D. The period is decreased by factor four
E. The period remains the same

25 | P a g e
5. A mass M suspended from a string L undergoes SHM. Which of the
following is true about the period of oscillations?
A. The period increases with increasing amplitude
B. The period increases with increasing mass
C. The period increases with decreasing length
D. The period increases with increasing length
E. The period doesn’t depend on acceleration due to gravity

6. A simple pendulum is moved from the Earth to the Moon. How does it
change the period of oscillations? Acceleration due to gravity on moon= 1.6
m/s2
A. The period is increased by factor √6
B. The period is increased by factor four
C. The period is decreased by factor √6
D. The period is decreased by factor four
E. The period remains the same

7. The length of a simple pendulum oscillating with a period T is

quadrupled, what is the new period of oscillations in terms of T?
A. 2 T
B. 4 T
C. T
D.1 2 T
E. 1 4 T

8. A simple pendulum has a period of 1 s. What is the length of the string?

A. 1 m
B. 2 m
C. 4 m
D. 1 2 m
E. 1 4 m

9. A simple pendulum with a length of 1 m oscillates on the surface of a

hypothetical planet X. What is the surface gravity on the planet if the period
of oscillations is 4 s?
A. 1.6 𝑚 𝑠 2
B. 3.7 𝑚 𝑠 2
C. 11.2 𝑚 𝑠 2
D. 2.5 𝑚 𝑠 2
E. 9.8 𝑚 𝑠 2

10. A mass-spring oscillating system undergoes SHM. Which of the following

graphs represents the elastic potential energy as a function of position?

26 | P a g e
B. Direction: Calculate the following problem and show your solution in
a separate sheet of paper.

11. Simple Pendulum with a period of 36.125 s in place with

acceleration due to gravity is 63.126 m/s² moving to different
location with a period of 7.965 s. Find the acceleration due to
gravity of the new location.

12. A harmonic oscillator of unknown mass has a spring with force

constant 632N/m. it is found that it vibrates with a frequency of
213.00 Hz.
Find the following.
(a) period (b) angular frequency, and (c) oscillator mass.

13. Using a small pendulum of length 0.171 m, a geophysicist counts

72.0 complete swings in a time of 6.00 s. What is the value of g in
this location? Determine the period of oscillation and find the value
of g.

Reflection

Direction. Answer the following question comprehensively.

27 | P a g e
 1. Why does an object resist a change in its state of motion?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Describe how mechanical wave is produced and how it transmits?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Criteria 5 3 1

Content Demonstrate an Demonstrate a Show some

excellent god misunderstanding
understanding understanding of the topic.
of the topic. of the topic.

Organization Information is Some There is no clear

relevant and information is introduction,
presented somewhat structures, or
logically. relevant and conclusion.
presented
logically

28 | P a g e
 References

"Damped Harmonic Motion | Physics". 2020. Courses.Lumenlearning.Com.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/16-7-damped-
harmonic-motion/#:~:text=and%20critical%20damping.-,Solution,without
%20oscillating%20about%20the%20equilibrium.

"Electronic Library. Download Books Free. Finding Books". 2020. B-Ok.Org.

https://b-ok.org/.

2020. https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics-formulas/angular-
frequency-formula/.

Santisteban, Celeste. 2009. Breaking Through Physics. Quezon, City: C & E

Publishing, Inc.

Salmorin, Lolita. 2008. Science And Technology PHYSICS Updated Edition.

Quezon, City: aviva Publishing House, Inc.

"Simple Harmonic Motion- With Examples, Problems, Visuals, MCQ Quiz

Questions- Force Law, Pendulums, Phase, Amplitude, Damped Oscillations
- The Learning Point". 2020. Thelearningpoint.Net.
https://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/physics/simple-harmonic-motion.

"Simple Harmonic Motion". 2020. Artsites.Ucsc.Edu.

http://artsites.ucsc.edu/EMS/music/tech_background/TE-
12/teces_12.html.

29 | P a g e
 Key to Corrections

Guided Practice 1

1. period, frequency and amplitude

2. periodic motion Independent Practice
3. period 1. C
4. amplitude
5. simple harmonic motion
2. B
6. angular frequency 3. A
k 4. C
7. ω=
√ m 5. A
6. B
8. radians/second 7. C
9. physical pendulum 8. C
10. oscillator
9. D
10. B
Guided Practice 2 Assessment
1. 392.53 m/s 1. A
(show solution) 2. E
2. 86.41
(show solution) 3. A
4. E
3. (a) 0.006 Hz 5. D
(b) 1,024.16 rad/s
6. A
(c) 0.00044 kg
7. A
4. (a) 16 s 8. E 19. D
(b) maximum velocity 0.098m/s² 10. A
Maximum acceleration 11. 1,301.03 m/s
0.39m/s² 122. (a) 0.0047 Hz
(c) 0.231m (b) 1,337.64 rad/s
For velocity −0.038 m/s, (c) 0.00035 kg
For acceleration −0.036 m/s². 13. 9.74 m/s

30 | P a g e
Acknowledgment
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL TRACKS

ACADEMIC TRACK

TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL-
LIVELIHOOD (TVL) TRACK

SPORTS TRACK

ARTS AND DESIGN TRACK