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Sustainable Tomatoes: Good Agricultural Practice Guidelines
Sustainable Tomatoes: Good Agricultural Practice Guidelines
Sustainable Tomatoes: Good Agricultural Practice Guidelines
SUSTAINABLE
TOMATOES
GOOD AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE GUIDELINES
U
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
SOIL HEALTH 2
SOIL LOSS 4
NUTRIENTS 6
PEST MANAGEMENT 8
BIODIVERSITY 12
PRODUCT VALUE 14
ENERGY 16
WATER 18
LOCAL ECONOMY 22
GLOSSARY OF TERMS 24
FURTHER READING 25
Note: This document has been discussed with the members of the Unilever Sustainable Agriculture Advisory Board (SAAB). The SAAB is a group
of individuals, specialists in agricultural practices or representatives of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), who have expertise in different
aspects of sustainability. They have agreed to critically assist Unilever in the evolution of Sustainable Agriculture Indicators and good practices for
a range of raw material crops. The contents of this document and the choices made therein are, however, the responsibility of Unilever only.
4897 Unilever tom guides [2] 26/2/04 11:56 am Page 1
INTRODUCTION
Ten indicators of sustainability have been potential agronomic practices and good agricultural practice guidelines.
identified: associated inputs and follows the These guidelines are supported by other
principles of Integrated Farm documents relating to the management
1. Soil Health Management (IFM). These guidelines system which cover the full tomato life
2. Soil Loss have been produced in consultation cycle from detailed agronomy aimed at
3. Nutrients with relevant scientists and specialists, tomato processors, company agronomists
4. Pest Management including members of a Unilever and growers, to the finished product. This
5. Biodiversity Sustainable Agriculture Advisory document forms the basis for continuous
6. Product Value Board (SAAB). improvement and development of good
7. Energy agricultural practices. These include
8. Water This guide is primarily intended for use aspects of product safety and quality as
9. Social and Human Capital by the management teams of Unilever well as the environmental impact and
10. Local Economy tomato processing operations and for sustainability of the entire agricultural
communication with other tomato production process.
For each indicator specific good processors and tomato product suppliers.
agricultural practices are described, A complementary guide for agronomists Contributions to the continuous
which are either already in place or and farmers growing tomatoes should improvement of these guidelines
will be implemented in the near future. be developed for each individual region are welcome and may be sent to:
In addition, potential areas for in close consultation with the
improvement are listed, which will farming community. sustainable.agriculture@unilever.com
require further investigation.
We value our relationships with growers,
The development of these good their knowledge base and capacity to
agricultural practice guidelines has been innovate, which are all key to a successful
based upon a thorough evaluation of development and implementation of the
SOIL HEALTH
GOOD PRACTICE – Avoid planting other solanaceous Regular soil testing for presence of soil
crops such as potato, peppers and borne diseases (i.e. root-knot
Soil Type eggplant in a rotation with tomatoes nematode) combined with advice on
– The need for crop-specific equipment corrective measures when necessary
Avoid light, sandy and heavy clay soils
Retain crop residues in the field
Promote appropriate tillage procedures Soil pH
to encourage root growth when Where available, use organic fertilisers
severely restricted Tomatoes require a pH between 5.0 and soil improvers
and 6.5 for good sustainable growth:
Use pest action thresholds to reduce
Organic Matter (OM) – If soils are too acidic (pH below 5) number of pesticide sprays
advise on using good quality liming
Conduct regular field soil testing for Avoid the use of broad-spectrum
material where available. Recommended
organic matter – every four years as insecticides and soil fumigants
rates should be obtained from local
a minimum wherever possible
research or extension services
Advise growers to improve or compensate Use cultural methods of pest and weed
– Dissuade growers from planting
organic matter losses in the rotation control wherever possible
tomato crops on fields with pH above
through: 7.5 as this significantly increases
– Encouraging the use of organic mineral deficiencies (such as zinc) Salinity
fertilisers (manure, compost) at the Regularly monitor irrigation water
appropriate time in the rotation, with Soil Compaction quality for sodium, magnesium and
management practices aimed at chloride levels
minimising nitrogen leaching losses Stipulate regular visual, qualitative soil
structure assessments through training Monitor ground water table depth and
– Incorporating previous crop residue seminars for growers to alleviate soil quality in situations where rising
(e.g. tomato trash, cereal straw) into compaction. Field compaction checks ground water tables have the potential
soil and promote practices to incorporate can be made using a simple to move salt from depth into the crop
residues into the soil profile penetrometer or solid metal probe root zone of the soil
– Encouraging improved crop rotation Avoid soil compaction through: Minimise losses of water below the
strategies and green manuring through crop root zone where ground water
introduction of cover crops before – Minimising the number of in-field
tables are rising and have the potential
and/or following the tomato crop machine passes and using wide
to increase soil salinity
machinery where possible to minimise
Promote appropriate soil cultivation
the impact of a single operation
techniques to conserve soil health,
– Ensuring vehicle traffic and tillage POTENTIAL AREAS FOR
build organic matter and reduce
operations are conducted when the soil IMPROVEMENT
tillage-induced gaseous losses to
the atmosphere is at appropriate moisture content. Support growers to establish
Avoid traffic when the field is too moist appropriate and viable crop rotations
Crop Rotation – Ensuring land is adequately drained Review current field cultivation strategies
– Using sub-soiling or deep ripping in with the aim of reducing further the
For an optimal crop rotation, the
appropriate conditions where number of machinery passes
following points need to be considered:
compaction appears to be a problem Further research on:
– Selection of crops that provide an
economic return – Using tracked vehicles or low ground – The correlation between organic
pressure tyres. Adjust tyre pressures for carbon levels and other soil quality
– Consideration of all crop management
all field operations to suit field conditions parameters like microbial activity and
factors. For example, one crop may
– Advise on reducing longer-term earthworm biomass, and between OM
provide a lower direct return per unit of
degradation by providing well-formed, and yield for local soils and conditions
area than the alternate crop, but may
also lower management costs for the well-drained and stable tracks and – The influence of vegetation cover,
alternate crop (e.g. by reducing weed roads (grass or tarmac) biomass return, pesticide and fertiliser
pressure, and thus avoiding tillage use on soil health
and/or application of herbicides), with Soil Fauna
– The perceived link between retaining
an overall net increase in profit
Earthworm activity (presence and tomato vines in the field after harvest
– Keep tillage intensive crops in the numbers) should be monitored as an and subsequent soil borne diseases
rotation to a minimum indicator of soil health and pests
SOIL LOSS
Erosion by wind and water can lead to the loss of valuable top
soil, thereby reducing the main asset of the agricultural system.
Sustainable practices can reduce soil erosion.
Soils form over very long periods of time Soil erosion in tomato growing areas –
as a result of weathering, reworking and consisting of both water erosion and
reorganisation of the upper layers of the wind erosion – is a factor not only on
earth’s crust. Soil erosion is a natural light soils on sloping land but also on
process, but agricultural activity, soil type, some land previously classified in ‘low
slope, crop, wind and amount or risk’ erosion categories. There is a linear
intensity of rainfall can all affect the relationship between the relative amount
amount of soil lost. Erosion removes of exposed soil and the soil lost during
topsoil, reduces levels of soil organic rainfall or over a season. Soil cover
matter and nutrients, and contributes to index (the average soil cover over the
the breakdown of soil structure, creating life of the crop including any fallow The effective prevention of soil loss depends
a less favourable environment for plant period before plants start to grow) is on careful attention to the particular
growth. In soils that have restrictions to therefore an extremely useful indicator characteristics of a field, or areas within a field.
Two examples here from Brazil: the sloping
root growth, erosion decreases rooting of erosion potential.
ground has been terraced to help avoid
depths, which in turn decreases the erosion (top). A ‘minimum tillage’ approach
amount of water, air, and nutrients Soil loss during mechanical harvesting (above) where only the surface
available to plant roots. Erosion removes operations not only removes fertile soil, layers of soil are prepared for planting the
surface soil, which often has the highest but also presents a problem during following crop, is an important contribution
in helping to stem soil erosion by wind and
biological activity and greatest amount of processing and is an undesirable waste
rain. Additionally, a reduced number of
soil organic matter. It also results in loss stream for tomato factories. Minimum machine passes over a field is also helpful in
of nutrients which once removed are no tillage systems can, where appropriate, preventing the loss of fertile topsoil.
longer available to support plant growth contribute to erosion prevention.
on site. Soil removed by water erosion
often ends up in streams and rivers,
which may also be detrimental to the
health of aquatic ecosystems.
NUTRIENTS
GOOD PRACTICE
Nutrient Inputs
PEST MANAGEMENT
GOOD PRACTICE
– If pesticide use is necessary, use a If vigorous varieties are being grown Fruitworm (middle) completes its larval
target-specific product which is and weed pressure is low, consider development inside the fruit. Feeding results in
environmentally benign to reduce eco- using reduced rates of certain herbicides a messy, watery internal cavity filled with cast
skins and faeces, and yield losses of up to 30%.
balance disruption and ensure the
To achieve sustainable weed control
highest operator safety The Colpam predictive system (above) for fungal
and reduce the risk of developing
diseases detects early and late blight
– Broad-spectrum insecticides should herbicide resistance, a planned
proliferation risks, based on a leaf wetness and
only be used where there is no programme of rotating active temperature matrix. The system offers an
selective alternative and when ingredients from different chemical accurate way to enhance fungicide action and
economically justifiable groups should be introduced manage its use.
Pesticide Use Ensure highest attention to operator Research alternative products such as
safety through: semio-chemicals (behaviour disrupters),
Issue a list of permitted pesticides
natural chemicals, which might provide
recommended by the processor and – Regular training and retraining
economically justifiable alternatives to
formally reviewed by appropriate
– Provision of appropriate protective synthetic pesticides
governmental and non-governmental
clothing
organisations: Investigate and test use of precision
– Making personal washing facilities farming tools as part of a decision
– based on their efficacy and hazard
available and stipulate all clothing and support system
(human and environmental) profile in
equipment must be appropriately
relation to the field and weather Research into better ways to assess
washed/cleaned after use
conditions in which they are to be pesticide risk for use in profiling system
used (soil type, drainage, leaching – Routine health checks for operators
Reduce rates or number of pesticides
potential, rainfall, etc.) and appropriate measures for first
applications and use low drift nozzles
aid and incidents associated with
– to be reviewed on an annual basis
product use Investigate weed-mapping techniques
to include any newly registered
to target herbicides more efficiently
products or new information relating – Pesticide purchase should be
to older products recommended from suppliers who Research where in rotation best weed
will take back empty containers for control might be obtained
– excluding compounds which erode
proper disposal
consumer confidence in the tomato Define weed tolerance levels to allow
brands Label nozzle recommendations in selective weeding
relation to spray quality should be
– aimed at leaving no residue in the Investigate the potential of mechanical
followed. Consider using low drift
final product and complying with weeding as an option for weed control,
spray equipment wherever possible
international MRL (Maximum Residue to replace and/or complement the use
Level) legislation All applications must be made by a of pre- and post-emergence herbicides
suitably qualified operator
– pesticides used are restricted to those Use Low Dosing System (LDS) – split
on the permitted list Consider the protection of appropriate pesticide applications to increase
buffer zones around water bodies, effectiveness
Accurate records must be kept of
habitats of particular wildlife
pesticide use, including any legislative Use Metered Dosing Systems (MDS) –
importance and buildings, especially
requirements new spray application technologies
dwellings and places of work,
enabling pesticides to be metered and
Pesticides should be selected from the schools, etc.
mixed at point of application
permitted list with regard to their
Spray equipment used should be well
efficacy and hazard (human and Create better awareness of the risks
maintained and regularly calibrated.
environmental) profile in relation to the and impacts of farmyard pesticide
Records should be kept of procedures
field and weather conditions in which losses (filling and cleaning of sprayer,
and equipment calibrated
they are to be used (soil type, drainage, disposal of empty containers and
leaching potential, rainfall, etc.). packaging), even where amounts
Company agronomists and farm are small
POTENTIAL AREAS FOR
managers must be able to justify the
IMPROVEMENT Provide guidelines and support to
use of each pesticide growers on minimising water pollution
Review current pesticide use, using the
Ensure pesticide harvest intervals (time associated with storage, filling and
pesticide profiling method – assess the
between application and harvest) are cleaning spray equipment
risks of use, substituting where possible
strictly adhered to – failure to do so will
with the lowest risk (non-chemical IPM
lead to crop rejection
compliant) control measure
Spray applications must comply with the
Promote research on bio-control agents
statutory conditions of use on the label
(predators, parasites, bio-fungicides,
Ensure safety measures are followed etc.) as IPM tools. Where research
with respect to pesticide handling and findings are encouraging, incorporate
use, including appropriate storage, their systems into management
mixing, cleaning and waste handling practices and evaluate their
facilities and the correct use of effectiveness and consequences
appropriate personal protective for pest management and the
equipment wider environment
BIODIVERSITY
GOOD PRACTICE
PRODUCT VALUE
Sustainable tomato production must be Quality of the final product includes both
productive, competitive and efficient. tangible (taste, colour, appearance, etc.)
Product value is determined by the and perceived quality of the final
combination of tomato yield per product. Good tangible quality tomatoes
hectare and product quality, which meet processors’ standards not
minimising costs and waste, and adding only add value for the grower and the
value wherever possible. processor, but also avoid fruit losses
during harvest, transport, handling and
Yield per hectare is used as a measure processing. Consequently environmental
of the economic sustainability of impact is diminished. Perceived quality
tomatoes, since yield should be refers to consumer concerns about
maintained or improved where possible. food safety, environmental performance
Yield also provides an important measure and social responsibility, which must
of impact for other sustainability be satisfied.
indicators when expressed as per tonne
of finished product.
GOOD PRACTICE
Product Quality
Yield per hectare and product quality are MOT - material other than tomatoes. Green
the measure of product value. Attention to tomatoes and fruits that are damaged,
POTENTIAL AREAS FOR detail is the key, from preparing the soil to diseased or mouldy are deducted from the
IMPROVEMENT planting and monitoring growth. Sampling total weight to establish the net weight.
the crop in the field (above) before and If certain thresholds are exceeded truck
Development of a HACCP plan
during harvesting (opposite) is all part of loads can be refused.
incorporating Critical Control Point tight quality control.
tools for fruit production, harvest, An evaporator (right) is part of primary
transport and sample procedure to Sampling continues in the factory (top) to processing in the making of intermediate
ensure full traceability from seed to establish Brix - the soluble solids content, and products including tomato paste and dice.
finished product
ENERGY
GOOD PRACTICE Ensure sufficiently aerated soil and POTENTIAL AREAS FOR
minimise periods of water logging to IMPROVEMENT
Efficiency and the Use of Renewable reduce denitrification through
Further work on more detailed energy
Resources application of a soil compaction
audits – including machinery efficiency,
alleviation strategy
Minimise use of fossil fuel for power work rate and fuel use per hectare – to
generation i.e. Use irrigation scheduling techniques review the baseline
such as soil moisture sensors and
– Optimise field operations, including Investigate energy requirements in
manual field soil moisture assessments
transportation from field to factory relation to harvest strategies and
to improve timing and placement
energy efficiency of harvesters
– Careful selection of equipment of irrigation
Investigate alternative practices for
– Ensure proper and timely Improve irrigation system water use
recycling and waste disposal, especially
maintenance efficiency through the use of drip
plastics
– Meter all power outlets to minimise systems (converting from less efficient
furrow systems) Review possible use of alternative
power misuse/wastage.
energy sources such as bio-fuels
Minimise the input of synthetic Minimise tillage intensity and depth to
maintain and/or improve level of soil Long-term strategy for use of plant oil
fertilisers and consider alternative
organic carbon levels for fuel and lubrication of tractors
organic and renewable fertiliser
technologies Avoid burning stubble and trash Develop the potential for generation of
through improved tillage practices and renewable energy sources, including
Investigate and test alternative
incorporation techniques bio-gas from factory organic wastes
practices for reducing, re-using,
and, where practical, develop hydro-
recycling and/or safe disposal of waste Optimise fossil fuel consumption during
electricity or wind-power schemes
incurred in tomato growing field operations through reduction of
tillage timing and depth and choice of Review fertiliser application scheme to
Review practicality of best current
machinery reduce gaseous losses, in particular
waste re-use, recycling and disposal
identifying renewable nitrogen sources.
technologies available Consider establishing biodiversity
Research slow release nitrogen
conservation areas (areas of native
technology. Nitrification inhibitors also
vegetation) to improve the farm CO2
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions need attention
balance and offset farm CO2 emissions
Optimise nitrogen balance (nitrogen
input minus output) to reduce nitrous
oxide losses and consider split nitrogen
applications to match crop demand
WATER
GOOD PRACTICE
Irrigation
Good relationships with the workforce, Human capital entails the capacity of Australian farmers, agronomists, scientists,
local community, suppliers, customers, people to earn and sustain a livelihood, NGOs, local authority and community leaders
with other stakeholders taking part in the
NGOs and authorities are vital for the including health, nutrition, education and
Little Wallenjoe field day in Victoria. All of
long-term sustainability of any business. training. Well-trained, knowledgeable, them are involved in the sustainable tomato
These relationships reflect the degree of and responsible growers now and in production project. Regular meetings help
trust within and between social units future form the most important asset for promote sustainable farming methods and the
(individuals and/or groups) and are often the tomato business. Social and human sharing of innovative techniques.
referred to as social capital. capital forms the basis for innovation,
building confidence and creating trust.
Human capital
LOCAL ECONOMY
Frank Muller (right) of Joe Muller & Sons, here with UBF
fieldsman Rudy Lucero (middle) and UBF director, field
operations Randy Rickert (left), in the Sacramento Valley,
California. Frank comments: “Unilever Bestfoods (UBF) is the first
buyer we have worked with to recognise the value of
sustainable agriculture. We recently signed a three-year term
contract for processing tomatoes with UBF. This contract offers
our farming operation significant economic sustainability, with
time rather than price the most important component. Until
this contract was signed, the cost of production was the major
focus of economic sustainability. Now a secure flow of income
can also be a part of the sustainability index. The contract has
allowed us to turn a philosophy into a valuable marketing tool.
The term commitment has given us the motivation to be more aggressive and innovative in
researching and adopting new production practices.
“Interestingly, our conversations with UBF representatives have
evolved from price and tonnage negotiations to discussions
about cover crops, water return systems, crop rotation and other
production practices that provide benefits to multiple parties in
this community. We appreciate the opportunity to be aligned
with a company that is an innovator in the sustainability
movement. We look forward to the day when the marketplace
recognises the true value of UBF’s efforts.”
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Biodiversity – There are two aspects to environmental risks while conserving, the mixing of pesticides prior to
biodiversity: the first is the diversity of enhancing and recreating that which is of application to target crops. Advantages
wild floral and faunal species on and environmental importance of these systems include improved
around a tomato field and up to efficiency and efficacy, reduced OH&S
landscape scale. The second is the genetic Integrated Pest Management (IPM) – risks associated with chemical handling
diversity in the tomato crop grown on a A sustainable approach to managing and mixing, reduced environmental
world scale pests by combining biological, cultural, impacts due to the elimination of the
physical, and chemical tools in a way that need to wash chemical tanks and vats,
Greenhouse effect – The rise in global minimises economic, health and reduced chemical compatibility issues in
temperature caused by certain gases in environmental risks tanks as chemicals are stored in
the atmosphere (e.g. carbon dioxide) manufacturers containers prior to direct
trapping energy from the sun Low Dosing Systems (LDS) – Low field application.
dosing systems are an emerging new
Integrated Farm Management (IFM) – approach used to apply fungicides in Pesticide – A chemical used to control
A whole farm policy encompassing crop particular where the label rates are split invertebrates (such as insects, mites, slugs
and animal husbandry, which provides into 2 or 3 applications in order to improve and snails, nematodes, etc.), weeds, plant
the basis for efficient and profitable the efficacy of the applied pesticide. diseases and vertebrate pests.
production, which is economically viable
and environmentally responsible. IFM Metered Dosing Systems (MDS) -
integrates beneficial natural processes These systems involve modifying existing
into modern farming practices using spray application equipment to carry
advanced technology. It aims to minimise water and pesticides, thereby only having
CREDITS
FURTHER READING
Growing for the Future II Fishing for the Future II Our Everyday Needs
Unilever and Sustainable Unilever’s Fish Sustainability Unilever’s Water Care
Agriculture (2002) Initiative (FSI) (2003) Initiative (2001)
Tea – A popular Palm Oil In Pursuit of the *Growing for the Future • Growing for the Future
Beverage A Sustainable Future Sustainable Pea Spinach: For A Sustainable Tomatoes: For A Sustainable
Journey to a Sustainable (2001) Forum for the Future in Future (2003) Future (2003)
Future (2002) collaboration with Birds Eye
(2002)
Sustainable Tea Sustainable Palm Oil *Sustainable Vining Peas *Sustainable Spinach • Sustainable Tomatoes
Good Agricultural Practice Good Agricultural Practice Good Agricultural Practice Good Agricultural Practice Good Agricultural Practice
Guidelines (2002) Guidelines (2003) Guidelines (2003) Guidelines (2003) Guidelines (2003)
If you wish to read more about our sustainable agriculture programme, please look at the
Unilever website at www.unilever.com/environmentsociety/sustainability
Specific documents, protocols, brochures, etc. can be found at www.growingforthefuture.com
or email us at sustainable.agriculture@unilever.com
For information on the Sustainable Agriculture Initiative (SAI) - a platform created by the
food industry to support the development of and communicate worldwide about
sustainable agriculture – visit www.saiplatform.org
U sustainable.agriculture@unilever.com
www.unilever.com
ST/RLD/SP/2000/0104