SOCIO ECONOMIC OFFENCES

PSDA

PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT, 1988:

ITS GENESIS AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

(REASON FOR INCORPORATION)

Submitted by:
Rishabh Jain
16410303815
V-C
INTRODUCTION

The evil of corruption is linked with the life of each individual of the State because of its
socio-economic effects. The origin of the evil of corruption has become a topic of
consideration and worry in society at large and in the mass media, in academic domains,
amongst the persons of various trade and occupations. It has become a regular topic of debate
between members of legislature, representatives of people, politicians of different political
parties, public servants, businessmen, labour communities and students. Corruption emanates
as a result of deficiencies in the present public administration structures as well as traditional,
social, political and other related elements. In addition, the inefficiency of anti-corruption
legislation and poor implementation of laws by the enforcement agencies has increased the
vigor of this evil. The main legislation dealing with the evil of corruption is the Prevention of
Corruption Act, 1988. The efficacy of this legislation may provide better results in controlling
the evil of corruption.

Apart from other things, the social justice is one of the noble goals of a real democracy.
Social justice is the need of the hour and has relevance in the modern world for the sake of
humanity and equality. All the people are born equal and have equal rights to live a healthy
life in a democracy. Social justice is essential not only for the people living in a democratic
world but also for the people of all of the nations. As observed by Mr. Kofi A. Annan, the
then Secretary General of United Nations, ―Corruption is an insidious plague that has a wide
range of corrosive effects on societies. It undermines democracy and the rule of law, leads to
violations of human rights, distorts markets, erodes the quality of life and allows organized
crime, terrorism and other threats to human security to flourish.1

The problem is not confined only to these observations. There are a number of other
associated problems also. For example, the money made by corrupt practices is also a source
of many criminal activities. The black money made by corrupt practices is being used for
promoting terrorism, human trafficking, drug-trafficking and other serious criminal activities.
Thus we can say that the evil of corruption is mother of many other crimes and consequently
is the main factor hindering the growth of the nation. Hence it becomes the utmost object to
control the menace of this evil for attaining an overall growth of the nation.

1 Koffi A. Annan, foreword to United Nations Convention against Corruption, General Assembly Resolution
58/4 of 31 October 2003.
Corruption hurts everyone. Corruption has been corrosive effects on society. Corruption
affects both civil and political rights as well as social, economical and cultural rights. One of
the biggest problems faced by people all over the world is corruption in the society. Not a
single country is untouched by the effects of corruption. Hence, need of structured reforms at
all the levels in the society is required. The effect of corruption has many dimensions related
to Political, Economical, Social and Environmental etc.

Fighting corruption has appeared as a vital development issue in India in recent years. More
and more policymakers, businesses, and civil society organizations, have begun to confront
the issue openly. At the same time the general level of understanding about corruption has
risen significantly. Until recently, it was not uncommon to hear someone discuss anti-
corruption strictly in law enforcement terms. By contrast, most people working in the field
today acknowledge that public education and prevention are equally important. The field has
also come to appreciate how critical the role of civil society is for effective and sustained
reform.
GENESIS

The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (henceforth referred to as PCA) came into force on
9th September, 1988. it incorporated the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, the Criminal
Law Amendment Act, 1952, and sec. 161 to 165-A of the Indian Penal Code with
modifications, enlarged the scope of the definition of the expression 'Public Servant' and
amended the Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance,1944. The PCA, 1988, thereby widened
the coverage, strengthened the provisions and made them more effective.

The evil of corruption is not an aspect of modern world only. It has been a serious threat to
the society even from the ancient times. The human race has transformed itself as one of the
most progressive species of the living creatures in this world. It has achieved the unique
distinction of becoming civilized. The humanity has transformed itself through many
reformative stages. In earlier times men used to live like a savage. Then he became civilized
by passing through many phases and started living in larger groups than a family but because
of the greedy nature of some persons of the society there is a degradation of moral values.
They take help of unlawful and deceitful means to fulfill their greed. This degradation of
moral values for the sake of personal benefit is called the corruption.

Corruption as a practice can be traced back to pre-biblical and ancient times and it has made
itself known in the all of the ancient civilizations of India, China, Greece, Rome and others.
But over the recent times, the issue of corruption, the abuse of public office for private gain,
has attracted interest amongst academicians, policymakers and general public. In this way the
evil of corruption has become a highly relevant international and development policy
concern.

The corruption in India has an ancient history. The author of the Arthasastra made some
remarks on government officials of his time which are relevant even today. They states that,
‘it is impossible not to taste the honey or the poison that finds itself at the tip of the tongue,’
2
so it is impossible for a government servant not to eat up at least a bit of the king's revenue.
Corruption has been an age-old phenomenon, deep-rooted evil and a universal malady
afflicting each and every society in one form or another at one time or another. Ancient Indian
history is replete with countless anti-corruption measures and punishments. Two thousand
years above, “Kautilya” an Indian king had written a book “Arthravshastra.”

2 Kautilya Arthshastra “chapter VII, book no.2, Tr. And Ed, shamsatry Rmysore 1929, p.29
History of anti-corruption strategies goes back to various holy religious literatures like Bible,
Quran and Zuardic law.3 According to Ralph Braibanti, “Government Corruption” is found in
all forms of bureaucracy and in all periods of political development. A review of penal codes
utilized in various ancient civilizations clearly demonstrate that bribery was a serious
problem among the Jews, the Chinese, the Japanese, the Greeks, the Romans as well as the
Aztees of the New World.4

The Vedic metaphysical principles are absolutely rich contribution of Indians as various
national as well as international agencies have started to combat problem of corruption by
providing ethical dimension to their anti corruption strategies. 5 The Vedic metaphysics
considered that, those learned persons who praise or justify any type of evil or wickedness is
a corrupt and evil minded person. The text demonstrates that, committing the corrupt act and
protecting the corrupt persons is also wickedness. The Veda’s have tried to trace out the
causes of corruption by referring divergent conduct of the individual. The prevention of
Corruption was the jurisprudence of Kautilya and suggested strong action against corrupt and
incompetent officials. “Those who have amassed money wrongfully shall be made to pay in
back they shall then be transferred to other jobs where they will not be tempted to
misappropriate”.6

To understand the advent of corruption in India and to grasp its influence on society as a way
of life, one must understand India’s history. India is a young country. It gained its
independence in 1947 after 200 years of British rule. The British came to India via the East
India Company and over the decades they came to realise that India was neither a geopolitical
entity nor culturally homogeneous. The combined influences of a shift in focus from trade to
territory, and from commerce to political and military power – rife with the corruption of its
private stockholders – further divided an already diverse region. The thousands of small
kingdoms that made up the geography of Bharat (India) became weaker and more corrupt as
the years went on, in a way embedding the virus of corruption in India.

Amid the time of Second World War, a huge amount of money was raised and spent on war
arrangements. New offices were opened; a substantial number of contractual workers were

3 Padhay, K.S. Corruption in Politics: A Case Study. New Delhi: B.R Publishing Corporation, 1986.
4 Thakur, U. Corruption in Ancient India. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1979,p.7. Quoted in; Mohammad
Mohabbat Khan. "Political and Administrative Corruption: Concepts, Comparative Experiences and Bangladesh
Case." Asian Affaris, VOL.25, NO.1 (2003): 5-33, at p.1.
5 Prem Sabhlok. Introduction to Glimpses of Vedic Metaphysics.
6 Shamasastry R. Kautilya’s Arthasastra. Mysore: Wesleyan Mission Press, 1929.
employed for execution of government work associated with war endeavors. Since the
assignments were to be finished within the fixed or stipulated time, the adherence to money
related guidelines and regulations was avoided many a times, in this way, a circumstance was
made which was quickly misused by deceitful, covetous and greedy persons (both authorities
and non authorities) for their personal benefits at the expense of society and government. The
then existing Government of India understood the wickedness of the issue and made special
staff was vested by Deputy Inspector General of Police and the superintendence of special
staff was vested with War and Supply Department.7

Since this new Department was made by an executive order of Central Government which
was not in harmony with the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935 the power and
jurisdiction of the Investigating Officers were tested in Court of Law which required
declaration of an Ordinance on July 12, 1943 (No. XXII of 1943). The Ordinance provided
for the establishment of Special Police for the examination of specific classes of offenses
with jurisdiction in British India. Another ordinance was declared on September, 25, 1946
preceding the failure of the past ordinance issued in 1943.

In this way, the seeds of corruption find their roots from the pre-Independence period which
affected the future generations and the evil of corruption continued as a tradition. In 1947,
finding itself reduced in power and ability after the Second World War, the British Empire left
India. Governance came into the hands of the first prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru.
In an effort to completely eradicate Western influence, he made a strategic decision to adopt a
socialist approach vis-à-vis the economy. What followed over the next five decades was
painfully slow economic growth. Heightened government controls resulted in reduced
economic opportunities. Increases in population, low per capita income, and slow GDP all
combined to create near hyperinflation.8 Low salaries of government employees (such as
bureaucrats and the police), excessive regulations, complex tax and licensing systems, opaque
bureaucracy, lack of opportunities, discretionary powers, government monopoly, and an
antiquated legal system with a lack of transparent laws and processes only further
exacerbated an already tainted and corrupt system.9

7 William Gould, A Brief History of Corruption in India, Available at: http://www.theindiasite.com/a-

briefhistory-of-corruption-in-india/
8 Syed Hussein Alatas, Corruption: Its Nature, Causes and Function 177-182 (Avebury, England, 1 st ed.,
1990).
9 Samual P.Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies 492 (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1968).
The mid-1960s is considered to be the great divide in the history of public administration in
India. It marked the fading away of the Gandhian and Nehruvian era of principled politics
and the emergence of new politics the keynote of which was amorality. The scams and
scandals of the nineties revealed that among the persons accused of corruption were former
Prime Ministers, former Chief Ministers, and even former Governors.

Increased globalisation, greater access to global media and reporting and the work of
organisations such as Transparency International continued to expose corruption. While India
was slowly improving its standing – challenging and questionable practices endured in many
sectors of the government, including hiring practices, measurement, and recording in civil
supplies departments and property tax assessments.

The Central Vigilance Commission was created in 1964 and put in charge of implementing
the Prevention of Corruption Act, focusing on high officials. Although over the years the
powers and mandate of the commission have been increased to make it more effective, its
focus is still more on bureaucracy than politics. In 1992, India found itself nearly bankrupt
and in severe debt, and under pressure from the World Bank, the country was forced to
liberalise its economy.

Since 2005, India has ranked around the middle (90th out of 180 countries) on Transparency
International’s table of perception of corruption index. India‘s experience with corruption
has shown that laws, rules, regulations, procedures and methods of transaction of government
business, however sound and excellent cannot by themselves ensure effective and transparent
administration if the political and administrative leadership entrusted with their enforcement
fails to do so and abuses its powers for personal gain. What followed over the last two
decades were such widely reported controversies as the Commonwealth Games and
AgustaWestland scams, and numerous allegations and arrests involving politicians and
representatives from the fodder, telecom, and coal industries.

Though we cannot say firmly that the evil of corruption was confined to the British rule only,
yet it was most prevalent during this time. It became very difficult for the future generations
to control this evil as the roots of corruption were deep rooted. The politicians also lacked
willpower to control the menace of corruption. They have inherited the regime which does
not favour the transparency. The License and Quota Raj was the prime reason favouring the
evil of corruption. The licenses were given only to the people who were having any proximity
with the corrupt politicians or bureaucrats.
IMPACT OF CORRUPTION (NEED FOR ANTI CORRUPTION LAW)

“When Corruption begins all rights end”. Hon’ble Apex Court observed that, Corruption
devalues human right, stop development, and undermines justice, liberty, equality and
fraternity which have core value in our preamble. Therefore each and every anti-corruption
laws to be interpreted and work out as to strengthen the fight against corruption and which is
accepted to eradicate corruption.10

 Hindrances for Development 11Corruption leads to loss of wealth and prosperity which
is a great loss for the future of India. For the past ten years, India has shown growth in
corruption rate, where the country has lost billions and billions dollars of money in
various scams, which are tax payer’s money. Many developmental projects are taking
unnecessary delay for their completion due to corruption. This leads to backwards in
every field like sports, technology, medicine, research, economy, defence, and
infrastructure.

 Obstacles for Business Corruption in public services sector carries high risks for
conducting good businesses. Companies are likely to unwanted red tapes, petty
corruption, bribes for finalizing any procedures or deals. Payments to expedite public
services, such as police protection, water supply, and government assistance will be a
headache. Likewise, irregular payments to government officials even for applying
business license are proving to be a major hindrance for business. Companies personally
feel bad, when they have to bribe officials even for getting a water or electrical
connection.

 Backwardness and Poverty Due to corruption in India, the Indian government is unable
or lacked the will to eradicate poverty. While the rich are becoming richer, the poor are
becoming more poorer. Despite the announcement of rehabilitation and monetary
packages, corrupt people in various government departments and contractors, suck the
fund through various means leaving very little for the end users.

 Brain Drain and Loss of Talent Corrupt government employee and mediators offer jobs
to unskilled and incapable candidates by taking bribe leaving the management with poor

10 Dr.Subramaniam Swamy vs. Dr.Manmohan Singh AIR 2012, SC 1185 to 1207.

11 https://www.careeranna.com/articles/corruption-in-india/
 decision making. When good employees in private sectors also face harassment due to
government policies and corruption in India they move to foreign countries. This is a
tremendous loss for the country as a developing nation without the contribution of
talented and creative people can never grow.

 Loss of Faith in Judicial System There is a high risk of corruption in India while dealing
with India’s judiciary, particularly in lower court levels put the common man in great
stress. With bribes often exchanged in return for favorable court decisions leads to people
to lose faith in judiciary. Besides, prosecution of office abuse by public servants is tough,
as it requires authorized by a minister prior to launching an appeal. Such a legal hurdle
hinders the judicial process. Besides, delaying the allotment of judges and creation more
courts leads to delay in justice. When it comes with resource shortages negatively impact
the efficiency of the court system; the current backlog of cases runs into crores.

 Loss of Natural Resources India is abundant in natural resources, but corruption in India
leads to loss the precious resources. Widespread problems in the illegal mining of sand,
results loss revenue also severely disturbing water resources in the country. Bribery in the
mining industry is common, leading very huge revenue for the government. This mainly
due to the fact that there is a lack of oversight and transparency, for example, it is
estimated that nearly half of the iron ore exported from the state of Goa has been mined
illegally.12

Corruption effects on people

 Lack of quality in services: In a system with corruption, there is no quality of service.

To demand quality one might need to pay for it. This is seen in many areas like
municipality, electricity, distribution of relief funds etc. Further candidates who do
not have the ability can also get into the same seat by purchasing it. So though he
becomes a medical practitioner, he may not be competent enough.

12 Vito Tanzi, ―Corruption around the World Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures‖ 45 (4) IMFSP 564
(December, 1998).
 Lack of proper justice: Corruption in the judiciary system, leads to improper justice.
And the victims of offense might suffer. A crime may be proved as a benefit of the doubt
due to lack of evidence or even the evidence erased. Due to corruption in the police
system, the investigation process goes on for decades. This lets the culprits roam free and
even perform more crimes. There are even chances that criminals due to old age due to
the delayed investigation. So it leads to a sense of “Justice delayed is justice denied.”

 Chances of Unemployment: This we can see with an example. The private education
and training institutes are given permits to start providing education. This permit is given
based on the infrastructure and sufficient recruitment of eligible staff. Here there are good
chances of corruption. The institute or college managements try to bribe the quality
inspectors so as to get permits. Though there is no sufficient eligible staff these institutes
get permission from the inspectors leading to unemployment. Instead of 10 faculties, a
college is run by 5. So, even if well-qualified persons wish to get a job there, they will not
be offered. If there was no corruption by inspectors, then there would be a chance for
more employment.

 Poor Health and hygiene: In countries with more corruption one can notice more health
problems among people. There will be no fresh drinking water, proper roads, quality food
grains supply, milk adulteration, etc. These low-quality services are all done to save
money by the contractors and the officials who are involved. Even the medicine provided
in hospitals for the hospitals are of sub-standard quality. So all these can contribute to the
ill health of common man.

 Pollution: Pollution is mostly emitted in the form of water pollution, air pollution, and
land pollution. This pollution is from vehicles and factories. The governments have a
monitor on this pollution by regular check of vehicle emissions and also industrial
exhausts. Corruption in the government department lets the industry people opt to release
untreated and harmful waste into rivers and air. If there is no corruption, there can be fair
probes. Then the industry personnel will treat the waste such that it is less toxic and
harmless to the environment and people in it. So we can mean that corruption is also the
main cause of pollution.13

13 Stephen Morse, “Is Corruption Bad for Environmental Sustainability? A CrossNational Analysis” 11 (1)
E&S 22 (2006).
 Accidents: Sanction of driving license without proper check of driving skills in the driver
leads to accidents and death. Due to corruption, there are countries where one can driving
license without any tests.

 Failure of genuine research: Research by individuals needs government funding. Some

of the funding agencies have corrupt officers. These people sanction the funds for
research to those investigators who are ready to bribe them. In doing so, they do not
sanction the funds to genuine and hardworking investigators. Thus the research and
development will be lagging. This seems to be not a problem for the common public. But
if we notice the resistance of microbes to drugs, we can know that there were no new
compounds discovered in the past few decades for the efficient treatment of resistant
microbes.

Effects of corruption on Society:

 Disregard for officials: People start disregarding the official involved in corruption by
talking negatively about him. But when they have work with him or her, they again
approach them by a thought that the work is done if some monetary benefits are
provided. Disregard towards officials will also build distrust. Even lower grade officer
will be disrespectful to higher grade officer. So even he may not obey his orders. There
were even incidents where a lower grade police officer kidnapped higher grade officer for
not offering him leave when asked.

 Lack of faith and trust in the governments: People vote to a ruler based on their faith
in him/ her. But if found to be involved in corruption people lose faith in them and may
not vote next time.14

 Aversion for joining the posts linked to corruption: Sincere, honest and hardworking
people develop an aversion for the post though they like to as they believe that they also
need to be involved in corruption if they get into the post.
14 Mukherjee Dilip. "Combating the crisis in Government Accountablity: A Review of recent Internaitonal
Experience." R.C Dutt Memorial Lectures. Cacutta, held on27-28 December 2001. Quoted in; Sarafa I
Ogundiya., op cit., at pp.193-194. Page No.38.
Effects of corruption on Economy

 A decrease in foreign investment: There are many incidents wherein foreign

investments which were willing to come to developing countries have gone back owing to
heavy corruption in the government bodies.

 Delay in growth: Due to a desire to mint money and other unlawful benefits, the official
who needs to pass the clearances for projects or industries delay the process. A work
which can be done in a few days may be done in a months time. This leads to delay in
investments, starting of industries and also growth. Even if started, company growth
hinders as every work linked to officials get delayed due to need to provide bribes or
other benefits

 Lack of development: Many new industries willing to get started in particular region
change their plans if the region is unsuitable. If there are no proper roads, water, and
electricity, the companies do not wish to start up there. This hinders the economic
progress of that region.15

 Differences in trade ratio’s: Some countries have inefficient standard control institutes.
Or in other words, these standard control institutes are corrupt that they can approve low-
quality products for sale in their country. Hence you can see countries manufacturing
cheap products dump them in big markets. These countries can manufacture cheap quality
products but cannot dump in countries with strict standard control institutes. They can do
so only in countries with chances of corrupt officials in standard control. One best
example is products which can’t be just dumped into Europe and US markets can be done
in other country markets with poor import regulations and quality checks. So there arises
trade deficit that these countries cannot manufacture their own products at a cheaper price
than those exporting to them. So if corruption is minimized than these countries will have
fewer trade deficits in-terms of exports and imports with other countries and their
economies can prosper.

15 Anwar Shah, “Corruption to Country Circumstances” Asian Journal, p. 235,236.

REASONS OF CORRUPTION

There have been various reasons behind the expansion of corruption. The evil of corruption
has affected the prospects of economy in an enormous way because of multifarious nature of
the evil. The cases of corruption have increased manifold. We have enacted many anti-
corruption laws to tackle with this evil. Yet there is no end to the instances of corruption.
Even the members of elite class are promoting the evil of corruption irrespective of the
money and resources they are having. Similarly, top bureaucrats and politicians are also a part
of this deadly nexus. Not only the persons who are enjoying top government positions are
exploiting their position for wrong reasons, but their proxies are also a part of this deadly
nexus which is evident from a number of instances. There are abundant reasons for the cause
of corruption in India.

1. Low Pay scales/ Wages: Most of the employees in the government sector are paid low
wages and salaries. Hence some employees revert to corruption for more financial benefits.16

2. Low Job opportunities. This is another cause of corruption. Due to the lack of job
opportunities at will, there are many people who like to go for corruption mode to get the job
offer. They will be ready to pay a lump sum amounts for the job offer to the higher officials
or politicians.

3. Lack of Strict and fast punishments: Even if someone is found guilty or even caught red-
handed by the anti-corruption officials or media, the convicts get less punishment. First, they
will be suspended for a few months or weeks and then re-posted to another location with
same Job grade and pay. So this means the official who did the corrupt practice is given a free
license to continue his practice.

4. Lack of ill fame: If a person is found to be corrupt or has done some

unacceptable misconduct, he or she has to be avoided and not be respected. But currently,
those with corruption and other offense related history are given prominent positions like the
member of parliament or even higher posts. Instead of being disrespected they are respected.

5. Lack of Unity in public: Public openly criticize corruption but interestingly there is no
unity among the public to stop corruption. If a person wants to get his done his work, he gets

16 https://www.mindcontroversy.com/causes-of-corruption/
it done by corruption means if possible and then later criticizes the corrupt official. If the
public stands united against corruption in such a way that no one is ready to offer bribes to
get their work done then the corrupt officials will have no other option but to work in a
corruption-free manner.

6. Lack of transparency in affairs and deals: Many seat selection processes like in
education, contracts for the job, employee income reports (wealth possession), etc lack
transparency. For this purpose, there is a new act namely RTI: right to information, but the act
is not strong enough to prevent malpractices.

7. Lack of Independent detective agency: Lack of an independent detective agency to

investigate with full power and freedom to expose the corrupt individuals. The existing
agencies are under the control of either the government or the armies and are not free to
work. Hence anyone who commits offense will not be afraid of the investigation as they can
escape from it by taking help of those controlling them.

8. Lack of state funding to elections: Political parties receive party funds and will not
disclose it to the fullest. In doing so, they encourage corruption. They receive massive funds
from industrialists with a promise to help when in power. Presence of state funding can
abolish party fund culture and minimize the corruption.

9. Poverty: There is no doubt that poverty and corruption are linked. In 2003, only 15 per
cent of the government’s anti-poverty funds reached the poor. Anti-corruption laws have
existed since 1968, supported by agencies such as the Central Bureau of Investigation and the
Central Vigilance Commission, but a lack of agency independence and a natural hesitancy to
self-police or incriminate have resulted in many failures to enforce these laws effectively. Not
only does corruption in India worsen poverty, but it also drags the whole country’s
development down through resource depletion.

10. Lack of enough powers to the judicial system and other independent organization:
Like the election commission cannot ban a politician from contesting in case they make a
mistake or do not comply with the rules during the election campaign (like distributing
money to people etc). Similarly, the judicial system has low options to punish someone who
is found to be.
11. Lack of accountability: In government, there is a big trend in corruption. This is because
of a lack of accountability. The employee’s on government offices do not perform to their par
excellence. If they receive 100 files to be cleared in a week they may not even clear 50 of
them in that week. They tend to postpone the clearance of the files. So those who are in the
urgency of the clearance have to get them done by rewarding the officials involved in the
clearance office. This lack of accountability in government offices is the chief cause of
corruption.17

12. Encouragement of unhealthy competition: Competition in business is a good sign for

the quality of service to be delivered. But in poor nations, there is an encouragement of
unhealthy competition.

17 Pranav Bardhan, “Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues” 35 (3) JEL 1320-1346
CONCLUSION

Indians think that corruption cannot be eliminated in India – at least not in their lifetime.
Scales of corruption can be Grand, Middling or Petty and payment of bribes can be due to
collusion between the bribe taker and the bribe giver, crime of corruption may be due to
coercion or even anticipatory. This shows that there is an existence of corrupt people, and
there is also corrupt practices, and corrupt system in a society. Since laws relating to
eradication of corruption are enacted 27 years before due to electronic revaluation and change
in the mind set of the people, many corrupt practices fall outside the purview of existing laws
and need to be tackled by people themselves. E.g. very huge lump-sum amount or
contributions by avoiding tax, given by industrialise or by businessman to political parties as
an election campaign fund. As also Corrupt surgeons and other physicians perform operations
in the private hospitals in the Government hospitals timings.

Private hospital bills are sometimes accommodated from the budget of the Government. This
activity is itself a open secret crime. Everyone knows that it is nothing but an “corruption”
which is committed openly but unfortunately it is not covered under any of the enactment
related to law of prevention of the corruption in the society.

It took about 67 years to enact the Lokpal Act as they were not ready to make them amenable
to the provisions of the Act. The appointment of Lokpal and other staff is still a distant dream
even after the formation of new government after the general elections.