ter SPECIAL PRODUCTS ae FACTORING OLYNOMIALS 44 SPECIAL PRODUCTS 4.1.1 Square of a Binomial Squaring a binomial will always give us a three-term polynomial. Use the following formula to get the product without using the usual longer method of:multiplying polynomials. Formula: (x+y )’=x?+2xy+y* (x-y P=x?- Ixy + y? 1. Square the first term and second term. The results are the first and last terms of the product. 2, The middle term is twice the product of the first term and the second term of the binomial. Examples: 1, (2x + 3y)? 2. (5-297 = dx? + 2(2x)(3y) + Oy? = 4x° + Lxy + oy’ = 25 ~2(5)(2y°) + 4y'= 25 - 20y" + Ay"More Than Two Ter, 4.1 S f 1 nomial With 5 Ao ms 1.2. Square ofa Poly! 8 Formula: (a +b +e +, OF 8) 24 2ab + 2ac + 2ad + 2ae + 2h =atbite + Dbd + Ibe + 2ed + 2ee + 2de Pe Cheae + ayy? = 1 +2 x2 4992 + 2(C28) + 20)Gy) + aoe, 2(-2x)(3y) aie Dei toy — ax oye 1) Square each of the given terms in the polynomial. 2) Distribute each term by multiplying to the other terms of the polynomial then multiply each product by 2, 2. (x+6y+4z)? = x?+36y? + 16z° + 2(x)(6y) + 2(x)(4z) + 2(6y)(4z) = = x? + 36y?+ 16z7+ 12xy + 8xz + 48yz 4.1.3. Product of the Sum and Difference of Two Numbers Formula: (x + y)(x-y)=x7-y* Example: (5x* + 3)(5x?—3) = 25x°—9 4.1.4. Product of Two Binomials with Like Terms Formula: (ax + by)(cx + dy) = acx? + (ad + be)xy + bdy? Examples: 1. (2x +3y )(5x +2y) = lx? + (4+ 15) xy tev = 10x? + ies A 2. (4a—5)(2a+7) = gary 08 a a 8a°+ 18a 354,2 FACTORING POLYNOMIALS Factoring is a process of writing a polynomial as a product of twoo! more simpler polynomials, Itis used to solve quadratic equations such® x+3x+1=0, x°-y'=4, and so on, Different types of polynomials however, need different methods of factoring. In this chapter, the diflet®" factoring formulas will be discussed, ‘apter, theDeal 4.2.1 GRE € REATEST COMMON Formuia: FACTOR MOK X= Rab +e In this polyn, ‘olynomial, x can be facto 's the greatest « Bt eee ait red out , common monomial factor so 11 Examples: 1). 4xky +84 ig ye 8 Y= Boxy te 2x4 40 -dy = 4 (xy+ 2x49) 4 is the great Ereatest common monomial factor so factor it out. 2) 2K — 4x" + 4x! + 6x's 2x 1 42x. Ax+2xe 2x +2x03x =2x(1-2x+2x +3x) 3) (m—D@- 2m) + (m= 10+ 3m) = (m- (n—- 2m ++ 3m) =(m-)2n+m) The greatest common factor is the binomial m-1 so we factor it out. The second factor have to be simplified by collecting and combining like terms. 4.2.2. DIFFERENCE OF SQUARES Formula: a? — b?= (a+ b) (a—b) If the binomial is a difference of two perfect squares then the factors will be the sum and difference of the square roots of the two terms. : Examples: 1) 4—25e2= (2 + 502-59) 2) 4xt-1= (2x + nex) 3) sox? - 9y' = (10x + 39)(108=29) 4) 3x2 = 27 = 39) OEE 373)In this example the common monomial factor 3 is fac oring difference of squares is then applied to —9). 4.2.3 FACTORING TRINOMIALS Formula: x?+ (atb)x + ab = (x + a) (x + b) Examples: 7x + 10=(x+2)(x+5) x?+ 2xy + y?=(x + y)?® (this is called a perfect square . trinomial ) 3) 162+ 40t+25=(4t+5)? (has 2 perfect square terms ) 4) acx? (ad + bexy) + bdy? = (ax + by)(cx + dy) 5) 10(m+ 1) —7(m+ 1)+1 = (S(m+ 1)— L(2(m+ 1)- 1) (5m + 5—1)(2m+ 2-1) (5m +4 )(2m+ 1) We can simplify the process by letting x be equal to m + 1 then substitute x in the original trinomial to obtain 10x" — 7x + 1. Now, factor the trinomial to get (5x — 1)(2x -1). Substituting back m+ | for x in the factored form then simplify, the final answer above will be obtained. 4.2.4. SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF CUBES Formula: a) (x' + y’) = (x + y) (? — xy +y’) The first factor x + y is the sum of the cube roots of the two terms in the given binomial. The second factor is a trinomial where the first term is the square of the first term in the first factor (x2), the second factor is the negative of the product of the two terms in the first factor (-xy) , and the third term is the square of the second term of the first factor (y’). b) (+ y) = (xy OX? + xy +)as in the sum of The cubes. T} terms in the are positive, OTs are re obj first ined in : the saine » ris the differen All the of the cube roots of the Signs of the terms in the second factor Examples: D O-Y)=~y oe : TP &~y) G8 + ay 4y%) (oe 279!) = Ox +39) (4x? — 6xy + 9y*) YD = 4~y) (16+ 4y?+ yy = 2+ yV2— yy(16 + dy? + y'y 2. The factor 4 — y*is factorable so we have to factor this to obtain the completely factored final answer above. 4.2.5. FACTORING BY GROUPING Steps: 1. Collect the terms into two or more groups in such a way that each group has a common factor. 2. Factor out the common factor in each group. 3. Factor the whole polynomial using any of the methods discussed in the earlier sections. Examples: 1) 3x?+ 7x — 6xy- l4y, group the terms: (3x + 7x) + (-6xy — 14y) factor each term: x(3x + 7) - 2y (3x +7) factor out 3x + 7, the common factor: (x — 2y)(3x + 7) Final answer: (x — 2y)Gx+ 12 34 3x7 +x+3 2 a groups: (ess + 3x7) + (x + 3) factor each term: X (x+3)+ (X43) - factor out x + 3: (P+ I) + 3) Final answer: (°+ 1) (x+3)3) a = abx + acx — bey ~ aby + bex ~ 8°Y form 3 groups: (abx - aby) + (acx - acy) * oe + bex) factor each group: ab (x-y) * 4° (x-y) + be (x-y) factor out the common factor x - Y: (xy) (ab + ac + be) Final answer: (x -y) (ab a¢ * be) 2x? - 8x - (x? - 2x - 1) form 2 groups : (2x°~ 8x) (x°~ 2x I) factor each term: 2x(x° - 4) - (x - 2)(x + 1) factor out the common factor x ~ 2: Ix (x + 2)(x-2)-(x-2)(x+ 1) = (X- 2) [(2x)(x + 2)- (x+1)] combine like terms: = (x2) (2x? + 4x-x-1) = (x2) (2x? + 3x-1) Final answer: (x-2) ( 2x’ +3x- 1)