Voltage Sag and Harmonics Mitigation of Hybrid PV-Wind

Microgrid Using Fuzzy Based PWM Inverter and Dynamic Voltage

Restorer
ABSTRACT: Voltage sag and harmonics distortion both are significant parameters to measure the power
quality of the system. Implementation of various power electronics converts in microgrid increases
harmonics distortions which leads power quality problems and unpredictable nature of solar and wind
creates power fluctuations which results in voltage sag. The paper present intelligent control strategies
which consists a fuzzy based PWM inverter to make balance of power in microgrid. Microgrid consists
hybrid Photovoltaic and a PMSG wind generation system with OT based MPPT control. The battery energy
storage system is implemented to deliver power during emergency condition or to maintain load power
constant during variable load period. The DVR is used as voltage compensation device during voltage sag
condition. The combination of Fuzzy controller-DVR-BES system is capable enough to reduce the
harmonics distortion and voltage sag as per IEEE519 standards. The research work presents FFT based
THD analysis at load side to calculate the scale of harmonics. The proposed methodology is simulated
using MATLAB/Simulink environment.
INDEX TERMS: Voltage sag, Total harmonics distortion (THD), Maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), Optimum Torque (OT), Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), Battery energy storage (BES).
1. INTRODUCTION
Although RES’s having bright future but their
The world primary energy consumption growth
dependency on weather such solar irradiation and
slow down to 1.3% last year, and it is the just half
wind speed makes them intermittent in nature
of growth rate 2.8% in 2018. The increased
which cause serious problem in chemical or other
energy consumption driven by renewable energy
manufacturing industries because they are very
sources which results in 0.5% growth rate in
sensitive to the power fluctuation [5],[6].
carbon emission, which is less than half of ten
The 80% of power quality problem occurs
years average growth rate of 1.1 % per year [BP
due to harmonics, flickers and voltage sag, swell.
statics 20]. This gives clear indication that energy
The presence of voltage source inverter in
road map now turns towards the renewable
microgrid generates harmonics and reduce the
energy. To fulfill increased energy demand
power quality of the system. The starting of large
reliably we required more advancement in
motors, load switching, energizing of
renewable energy-based technology.
transformers and the intermittent nature of RES’s
Solar photovoltaic and wind generation are the main cause of the voltage sag [7].
are the two most widely used renewable energy The DVR can effectively solve the
sources for power generation as they are problem arise from voltage sag, swell, flickers
abundant, economical and having several and harmonics distortion. Research on sag
environmental benefit’s [2]. With advancement mitigation without energy storage element [7],
of power electronics technology integration of [8], [9] and with energy battery and super
two or more renewable technologies with energy magnetic storage system has been done [9], [10].
storage system are now possible and gives the The DVR is implemented for power quality
concept of microgrid [3] [4]. improvement in hybrid PV-Wind system [11].

 
 
The DVR with Sinusoidal Pulse control Width
Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse
Width Modulation (SVPWM) have been
presented to mitigate the harmonics distortion and
reduce the voltage sag [12]. If DVR power is
given by main supply source then proposed
system will not be able to give good performance
during deep voltage sag. The DVR performance
can improve with battery energy storage system.
To the author best knowledge, new
control strategy is still required to reduce
harmonics distortion and for compensation of
voltage sag, swell and flickers effectively in
hybrid microgrid.
The implication of this strategy is that
FLC based voltage source inverter capable
enough to reduce harmonics and restricted them
to enter in to the load/ grid. The DVR system
compensate the power fluctuation produce due to
non-stable output of RES’s and fault conditions.
This research are performed for different load and
faults conditions and FFT based THD analysis is
carried out in source side and load side voltages
and current. Moreover, the results have been
compared and validated with IEEE 1159 and
IEEE 519. The description of proposed microgrid
discussed in section 2. System modelling
discussed in section 3 The section 4 presented
simulation results and discussion.
2. DECSRIPTION OF HYBRID SYSTEM
The proposed Microgrid consists of a hybrid PV-
Wind system integrated with battery energy
storage to supply the power to off grid
+community. The system includes of PV system
tied the DC-DC boost converter; WES is
connected to the boost converter with optimum
torque (OT) based MPPT technique; BES system
is connected to the bidirectional DC-DC
converter and controlled by fuzzy based
controller. These three DC-DC converters are
connected to the common DC Link of 640 V. The
fuzzy based VSC controlled inverter is used to
supply power to the AC loads. Two transformers
are used, step up transformer stepped up the
voltage up to 11 KV, to supply power to the
potential consumer like industry, stepdown
transformer is used to supply the AC power to the
consumer of, 11/0.380 KV, 50Hz. DVR is
connected at the point of common coupling
(PCC) in order to mitigate the voltage sag, swell,
unbalance and improve the power quality of the
proposed system. The difference of the voltage at
feeder F1 supply side and the load side feeder F2
compensated by proper voltage injection by VSI
via an injecting transformer. The LC filter circuit
is used to suppress the unwanted harmonics
components.
TABLE 1. Specifications of the PV-wind hybrid
grid system
Grid subsystem Ratings
PV system POUTPUT = 10000 W, Maximum
irradiance level 1000 W/m2
VMPPT = 54.7 V, Voc = 64.2, ISC
= 5.96 amp, RSERIES = 0.37125Ω,
Standard operating temperature
25 °C, No. of cells in an Array
22,
No. of cells in each row = 11,
No. of cells in each column = 3
Wind turbine POUTPUT = 8.5 KW, For PMSG a
system 3Ф, 50 Hz, Salient pole rotor,
Inertia = 0.01197 kg/m2,
Friction factor = 1.111189
N.m.s, Viscous damping =
0.001189
Battery system Ni-Metal-Hydride type, Nominal
voltage 300 V, Rated capacity =
6.5Ah, with SOC is 60%
L-C Filters Inductance = 25e−3 H and
Capacitance = 85e−6 F
DVR DC voltage Vdc = 400 V
Injecting 0.48 kV/0.48 kV, 50 Hz
transformer
ratings
 
 Dc Line

Boost Fuzzy
Converter Based VSC
With MPPT Controller

Boost Resistive
Converter with 0.64/11 KV VS 11/0.38 KV VL Load
OT Based 5 Km
MPPT LC
Inverter Filter DVR
Inductive
F1 F2 Load
FLC Based
control

Bi-directional
Battery
DC-DC
Storage
Converter

  (a)

PCC  LC Filter
VS
V dvr VL

LC Filter

LC Filter

F1 F2

PID Injection
Controller Transformer

Energy
Storage
DC Link
VSI  
(b)
Fig. 1 (a) Block diagram of the proposed microgrid and (b) DVR system
 

3. SYSTEM MODELING

3.1 PV system modeling

𝐼 𝑇 𝐺 𝐼 , /𝐺                  (3)
The equivalent circuit of PV cell is show in Fig.3.
it contains IL photo current source and series and 𝐾 𝐼 𝒞 / 𝐼 𝒞 / / 𝑇 𝑇                     (4)
parallel resistance RS & RSh respectively [13].
𝐼 𝐼 𝑒 (5)
The modeling of PV cell can be best
described as under:
𝐼 𝐼 / 𝑒 1                          (6)
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝑒 1 (1)
𝑅 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑙  1/𝑋 (7)
𝐼 𝐼 𝑇 1 𝐾 𝑇 𝑇 (2)

 
 
 fuzzy inputs Errors (E) and Change of Error
𝑋 𝐼 𝑒 (8)
/𝔠 (COE). The “if and then rule” based fuzzy rule
matrix is described in Table 2. In the proposed
Here K = 1.3805*10-23 and q = 1.6*10-19
control strategy fuzzy control generates desired
The PV power at time t is calculated by [13] gate pulse for PWM inverter. MAMDANI fuzzy
interface is used to develop 49 rule base, which
Ppv t 𝑆𝑟 𝑡 𝑎 𝜂 (9)
is applied to PWM inverter to generates desired
The total PV system power calculated by gate pulse. The gate pulse of desired magnitude
𝑃𝑡 𝑡 𝑁𝑝𝑣 𝑃𝑝𝑣 𝑡 (10) to the IGBT based inverter is generated by a
pulse generator. The FLC controlled VSC based
voltage controller having an ability to make
balance between different energy sources of
microgrid.
TABLE 2 49-rule base of two input; error (E)
and change of error (dE)
E
NM NS ZE PS PM NL PL
dE

NM PL PM PM ZE ZE PL ZE
Fig. 3 The equivalent circuit of PV cell
NS PL PS PS NM NS PL NM
3.2 Wind turbine modeling ZE PM PS ZE NS NM PL NL
The main function of the wind turbine is to
PS PS PS NS NS NL NM NL
convert the kinetic energy from the wind in to
mechanical energy, which is utilized to drive the PM ZE ZE NM NM NL ZE NL
generator. Different types of generators NL PL PL PL ZE ZE PL ZE
configuration are implemented in WES. Self- PL ZE ZE NL NL NL ZE NL
excited induction generator [14] and doubly Negative Large (NL), Negative medium (NM),
excited induction generator [15], [16] is Negative small (NS), Zero error (ZE), positive
implemented in different WES applications. small (PS), positive Medium (PM) and positive
The PMSG can work satisfactory at variable Large (PL).
wind speed and it’s having gearless operation,
this ability of PMSG make it suitable for many
applications. The PMSG based WES Switching signal = 4 Khz
Pulses
Vabc         Vabc Reference
implemented for off grid hybrid system in [17].
Discrete PWM 
Generator
Subsystem 1
3.3 Modelling of Fuzzy logic controller for Fuzzy Logic controller 
for voltage Error
PWM Inverter
The Fuzzy control based PWM inverter is used Fig. 4 Simulink model of FLC control IGBT
to supply balance power to the grid. The fuzzy based inverter subsystem
based inverter is coupled to the PV-wind-
battery storage system and used to clamps the
output voltage at desired level by using two

 
 
 Read the line voltage 
Set Vref
(Vabc)

Convert to dq0 axis coordinate  Convert to dq0 axis coordinate 
system to get (Vdq0) system 

PLL Comparator

(a) Error Signal

Convert to Vabc

Generate PWM 
signal

Convert DC to AC

Inject voltage to the system via 
injecting transformer

Fig. 5 Flow chart of DVR operation

(b)
Fig. 4 (a) Three-Dimensional surface viewer
(b) Membership function for desired output
The proposed FLC based controller regulates
the 4 kHz gate pulse and provide 6 gate signals
to PWM inverter to generate desired output. Fig.
4 (a) represents the dependency of out variable
to the corresponding membership function.
3.4 Dynamic voltage restorer
The proposed DVR system is capable enough to
mitigate any system disturbance occurs due to
faults by introducing controlled voltage over an
injecting transformer. The proposed system is
tested during different types of disturbances like
L-G, LL-G, LLL-G faults and voltage sag/swell
conditions. The process of DVR vis flow chart
is given in Fig. 5 and the block diagram of DVR
is shown in Fig. 1 (b).
The three phase AVC coordinate converted in
to dq0 reference frame as follows [18].
𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑉𝑏𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑐 sin 𝜔𝑡  (11) 
𝑉𝑞 𝑉𝑎𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑉𝑏Cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑉𝑐𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡                                                     (12) 
𝑉0 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑐                                           (13) 
The Fig. 6 shows the Simulink model of DVR
control. The load voltage is measured and
converted in dq0 reference frame. The
difference of reference dq0 and load voltage dq
is the input of PI controller, the q axis and d axis
reference are set to 0 & 1 p.u respectively. The
error signal PId and PIq is obtained by
implementing two PID controller for q and q
reference respectively. The PI controller output
then transformed in ABC and then to PWM for

 
 
activation of VSI-IGBT. The DVR data is
mentioned in Table 1.

(b)

   

Fig. 6 Subsystem Simulink model of DVR

control
4. RESULT & DISCUSSION
The performance of the proposed system is
tested during different faults and voltage
sag/swell conditions. During simulation
different faults is applied at the PCC bus for 100
(c)
millisecond time period for asymmetrical and
symmetrical condition which produce volage Fig.7 (a) PV voltage (b) PV current (c) PV
sag/swell. power
4.1 Test condition I: single line to ground fault
(l-G) at PCC bus F1
In this case L-G fault is applied at f1 feeder in
between 1.4 to1.6 s. The output of different
generating sources gets affected by this fault, the
PV voltage, current and power decreases as
shown in Fig. 7.

(a)

(a) (b)

 
 
 Fig. 9 WES with and without DVR at three
phase fault.

(c)
Fig. 8 Battery system with and without DVR at
three phase fault

Fig. 10 Source voltage during three phase fault

(a)

Fig. 11 DVR injected voltage during three

phase fault

(b)

(c)
(c)
Fig. 12 Load voltage during three phase fault
(a) WES voltage (b) WES current (c) WES
power
 
 
During this fault event, a battery voltage 5. Conclusion
decreases while battery current increases, large
The application of fuzzy controlled inverter and
increase in battery current may lead to
DVR in PV/Wind hybrid microgrid system is
disconnect it from the system, Fig. 8. Due to this
investigated in this paper. The DVR having the
fault WES current increases as shown in Fig. 9.
ability to overcome the adverse effect produced
The performance of the output voltage is better
by fault events like, there phase fault at PCC,
with DVR as compared to without DVR.
voltage sag and swell and unbalanced operation.
During fault period DVR injected voltage at
The proposed control strategy succeeded in
PCC with less harmonics and maintain the load
keeping the microgrid in continuous operation
voltage constant as shown in Fig. 12.
during abnormal condition like three phase fault
without disconnecting the renewable energy
sources. The beauty of the proposed DVR is, the
ability to regulate the voltage during fault and
improve the load voltage profile at PCC. The
fuzzy based VSI inverter with LC filters circuit
having the ability to reduce the harmonics
distortion with in the range specified by IEEE
519 standard.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 13 THD for the System (a) without DVR
(b) With DVR