Toto d 2 243 1 ' vou |) f (18) (412) 38636 v= +36cm ance of 36 cm on the other side of the lens and the image is eal a. hus. the umage is formed at a dist rerted one Exomple 52. An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a concave lens and its erect image is f at a distence of 10 cm from the lens on the same side as the object. Calculate the focal length of given lens. Also, calculate the value of magnification 20 cm and distance of the image, v = ~10 cm Solution: As per question, distance of the object, u = i since : ona 7 prhence i Z | 7 (cio); (220) = 10 20 = 720 f = -20cm iy. (10cm e L nd a cation, m= > = ~- CE = ==05 and magnification, m = 7, = 4 = (20cm) 2 0 Example 5.3: Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens of focal length 40 cm so as obtain a real and inverted image magnified 4 times? Solution. Here, focal length of the convex lens, f = +40. cm e is real and inverted, hence m = 4 As magnification is 4 and the imag' v u m= v= mu = (Aju = Au 1 2 From the lens formula, = =, we have vu f Ao (4u) Ww) +4 et a — Thus, the object shi . should be placed at a distance of 50 cm from the given convex lens Example 5.4: A 2.0 cm tall object i rene 2 i objec pies perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens 0 f foc’ of the m and dista”” ition: Here hy object, h = +2.0 cm; focal length of © height of th ee bec ee 7 : tfrom the lens, u = 10 cm a ; 7lens formula, 1 As per ula, = je have 50 ve ~Z 6M = -16.7 cm Obes that the image is formed at a distance of 167 cm on the same side of S virtual and erect, The negative sign of v sy the lens and the image j met. hog v (16.7) > th. 2. = : (9, % 29m = 34cm The image cannot be obtained ON a screen because it i Example 5.5: An object 6.0 cm tall is placed on the princi formed on the screen placed a ta distance of 30 cm fror Solution: Here, height of the obje real and inverted image, hence, hv ipal axis of a convex lens. Its 3.0 cm tall image is mM the lens. Calculate the focal length of the lens. th = 6.0 cm. As the image is being formed on the screen, the image is 3.0.cm and v= +30 cm ey, Magnificat Bose agnitication, m = a vh _ (+30) x (+6.0) = Ss 00) eg ust 2) 60 cm Yili. 11 i p25--- tt li, == Te 2 (730) (60) 30) 20 5 f = 20cm Example 5.6: An object of height 4.0 cm is placed at a distance of 16 cm from a concave lens of focal ee 10 cm. Find the position, size and nature of the image formed. luti Here, height of the object, h = +4.0 cm; distance of the object from the lens, u = -16 cm and Solution: 1 LY focal length of the concave lens, f = -10 cm jet -2 2 hence vu f \ cs 5 ~ (16) * (10) ~ 80 — in the figure given x alongside. Infact, Voter refraction angle of red is more than retract gle of violet. It ig by Pees ane : jecause inside the wlan speed of violet colour is Tess (or ae refractive andes ‘= more) than that for red cole ae result, the violet light is deviated moreut AS & light is deviated less aos tet oy Oa 7 he Ar of monochromatic light e: nters a liquid from air a shown in the di il ‘am given below (a) Copy the diagram and show the path of the ray of light after it strikes the mirror and renters the med of air (Uquiay Denser m (b) Mark in your diagram the two angles on the when the to air surface of separation ay of light moves out f rom the liguid () Name the principle you have used. (2011, 2019 Ans. (a) The path of the ray of light after reflection Nas from plane mirror is far 4 Shoven in figure here, = —S (>) The two angles have Denser 304, also been marked. Now, the angle of incidence bs in liquid is 30° and the angle of refraction in air is 45" () In giving answer to parts (a) and (b) of the guestion, we have made use of the principle of reversibility of the path of light. Does the depth of a tank of wate or remain the same above? ppear to change when viewed normally from (2012) Ans, The observed depth of a tank of water changes. In fact, the observed depth of a tank of water is less than its true depth, 24, (With the help of a well-labelled dia that the apparent depth of an obje coin, in water is less th Jn its real deptt >) How is the refractive index of oe to the real depth and the apparent der column of water Ans. See section 47 and Fig. 4.5 Why d ° : app be bigge . ‘Ans. The observation is on account of refractiyn of lis When a light ray starting from the lemon Kes water reaches the water-air interface, if bends ava from the normal. As a result, virtual image of the lemon is formed which is closer to the observer and is of bigger size.” Passes fron Pression speed of hig las: (b) As the ra Speed of light in air (c) Ans, (a) “PCO of lightin ai () ‘ ” Speed of light in pass) (2008) tefractive index (ny of gla The relation may also be written as; Speed of light in air Speed oflightin glass (x)= 2P&ed of light in shin glee) = eve inges OF glass 'n (©) As the speed of light decreas, correspondingly, the wavel decreases, es in glas length of light a) Draw a ray diagy am to illust stick in water tee A stick partly immersed in Draw a ray diagram to sh when placed in above 01, Ans. See Fig. 4.6. 28. Jatin puts a pencil into a gi Water and is surprised to see th state. What change is observed the pencil? Name the pher the change. Draw a ray diaw, eye sees the pencil eons) Ans. The pencil appears to be displaced at the air-water interface. It is on account of the phenomencs refraction of light. See Fig. 4.6. 29. How is the refra nde its real depth and appar zon) Real depth Ans. Refractiveindex of amedium (i) ~~ Apparent depth (i2010) Ans see diagram of Fig. 44 ne incident ray and the emergent ray are parallel other The lateral displacement 1s marked in diagram. OL as the lateral displacement are ; In : mark the angle of incidence Je nd the angle of emergence by the low are angles i and. ¢ related to each < (2011) ns. (a) See Fig. 44 :y marked appropriately. Angle of emergence, £¢ 2 5) Angles have bee Angle of incidence, r d clearly show the ‘ath taken by the emergent (2014) is Ans, Completed diagram shown in Fig. 44 factors which affect the lateral displacement ectangular glass passes through a Fe (2015) ends on (a) thickness of nce, and (¢) refractive lab, ateral displacement dept the glass slab, (b) angle of incide Ges of the material of the glass lab is placed over a page in which the YOR is printed with each letter in its the image of all the letters be in the same which colour will be raised to the m. Give a reason for your answer. [2005] Ans The mage sages of all the letters are not in the same ter V tot violel : ear wolet colour) is raised to the Sarena the letter R (of red colour) i {is minimum. This ison account of the (reese indes of glass is maximum and minimum for red and yfowhere ft = thickness of ab ant n the refractive index ive index > ie NSP PHYStES _\ (2). in terms of the velocity of fight, and (b)_ in terms of the angle of incidence the angle of refraction rin the given meu2% ‘Ans. (a) Refractive index of a medium (7) ‘et _ Velocity of light in air (c) Velocity of light in the medium (b) Refractive index of a medium (1) Sine of angle of refraction in the medium ~ jy, 36. Explain briefly what causes the twinkling of stars night 5 i & Ans. See illustration no. 3 in section 4.8. oa) Ans. 38, Ans. 4 ray of light strikes the surface of a rectangular glas, block such that the angle of incidence is (a) 0°, ang (b) 12", Sketch a diagram to show the approximat path taken by the ray in each case as it passes through the glass block and emerges from it, [20eq (a) See figure given slongside. If angle of incidence, Zi = 0", then angle ' of refraction 2r and { angle of emergence 4 Ze are also equal to 7 0° and the light rays | pass straight and do not suffer any lateral displacement. ° 2 ic (b) When angle of 1 incidence, 2 = 42", . the ray diagram is shown in Fig. 44. A monochromatic 9 point source of light O is seen through a rectangular glass block ABCD. Paths of two rays, in and outside the block, are shown in figure given below. Does the source O appear to be farther with F shift depend on the thickness fa) nearer or f espect to the surface AB? How does the (b) (AD or BC) of the block? (o) Justify your answer in (b) with the help of an appropriate ray diagram (a) For the same rectangular block, which colour visible spectra will produce the from the [2003] maximum shift? The source O appears to be nearer with r espect to the surface AB. In fact, the point O eet he shifted to position Fas shown in figure below (a)jhe shall OF diecty rortional to the ir the block wt : the appropriate ray . diagt shown in, ' + fig.) Here, E point | yethe virtual image» \_ dy the source point Q ' i inl appears closer to the surface AB 1) For the same rectangular blog 0 (visible spectra will produce fecause refractive index of the {or violet colour and hence, maximum on refraction, ky, violet colour pcm shift hss is maximum violet ray bends ven diagram shows 1a) The w Tay Of white light PO coming from an object P, 1d incident on the surface af a thick plane glavs mirror. Copy the show the of three images of the object P ay diagram and complete it ta s formation formed by the w \ 8 ob c (b) Which image will be the brightest im, Ans, fa) See Fig. 48. ge? (R009) (h) The second image (the image formed due to reflection from polished surface CD of thick tnirror) will be the brightest image. 4b) The diagram hows a ray of light incident on \ an equilateral \ a m placed \ deviation position Copy the diagram and complete it to show the path of the reflected and the emergent rays {b) How are. i and .¢ related to each other in this Position of the prism? (ee) M1) The 5412. completed ray diagram is given in Fig. 4.12. ©) Theangle of incidence /i and angle of emergence < are equal in minimum deviation position o ‘he prism, I How tion “| S0es the value of angl Py nt ty) td by a prism change with an increa s} Value of angle of incidence, and (b) Ans, Ans, Ans, Ans. Ans. ay we incre (a) Starting with a small value, eee ence for a light ra ia th orf i Sy ara of deviation 76 «prism, then initially, @ mee dlecreases with increase in angle 0 inci ee 21, acquires a minimum value and then ae increasing with increase in incidence ang, Variati (b) As wavelength 2. 1s increased, the refractive sae of prism material decreases and therefore, angle of de lion decreases, nis shown in graph of Fig. 4.17 Wa tight say IM surface AB of a Hass slab ABCD, then identify th The correct emergent ray is NQ which is exactl Parallel to the IMos, direction of extended incident ray Ma monochromatic beam of light undergo. minimum deviation throug, h an equiangular he the beam pass through th pect t0 its base? In minimum deviation position of an equiangular Prism, the refracted ray passes through the prism, Parallel to its base. Write a relation between angle of incidence ( angle of emergence (/i,), angle of prism (/A), and the angle of deviation (70) for a ray of light pansing through an equilateral prism? (2017] ‘The relation is expressed as: Angle of incidence + angle of emergence = Angle of prism + angle of deviation + Lit Lip= A+ £6 A ray of light incident at an an passes through an equilateral glass. p \ the refracted ray inside the p F \ base and emerges from 1 1 (a) How is the any 1 by What cai (2012) (a) Angle of emergence eis equal to the angle of incidence Zi (b) Inthe given situation, the angle of deviation of light ray is minimum, ee. aAns. Ans, (a1) Whe stutter and whe? a hight bean “lab. retraction take fist time Wate Misses thinugh a rvtangular % place tooo two parallel surfaces ‘nt aie to glass and sevwond tome tram glass Xs a result dev tations suttered by light beams TeaNe Btexctions ane egual but appt, So the net RS 200 and emergent ray te parallel to the anentent tay §0 case ot a thangutar lass prism. retraction takes Place trom two inclined suntaces As a result, the net ht beam is finite and the tight beam the base of the prism deviation ot lig ot ligt bonds towanis Draw a labelted ray gf Stitical angle, and a 4 Ub) total internal 5 ving trom Writ lationship denser medium with its critical (2008) angle tor that pait ot a wy See Fig 413, The criti inde angle ~< 8 related to the refractive ot the denser medium wart, the medium as per the rarer 1 relation, sing = = n What is meant by the term tical angl Hed to the refractive index of the The critical angle tor light is the angle Medium for whi media vedio? paoray 4 given pair of media for of incidence ich the angle ts 90° and the the intertace agiven in the optically denser of refraction in rarer fefracted ray just grazes along between the two media It retractive inde of the given denser medium want reg eedium is then critical angle: is corelseed to it as, sine ores sint | " (2009) tultilled tor total Following two conditions must be internal reflection to take place (a) The light ray should travel in denser medium towards the rarer medium {b) The angle of incidence at the intert ace between two media must be greater than the critical angle What is meant by the s mt tor diamond tical angle of a material relat ex? (2005) Ans. When we sty that crittcal angle: SY dtameng ms that ia ght ay avenge ay is cident at its surface at an angle 24 then angle of retraction will be 90" fe Catal angle © 1s related t0 retracting material as per relation: : since t " Sl. What is an optical fibre? Give ong Practica optical fibre. Ans. An optical fibre isa special extreme), fing quartz which works on the principe gy rection fight. Ws used for logan ot video signals without any’ lo OSS iN inten transmission, : he Name the factors affecting the ctisal a pair of media, Ans. The value of critical angle depends 0m the iy for a given pair of media and on the light. ® PQ and PR are two light rays emer object P as shown in the following ge fe ig Ar (3) What is the special name gi dence _PQN of ray PQ? Copy the ray diagram and compie the position of the ima en tot ) of the seen obliquely from (cl Name the phenomenon that Of incidence _PQN is increas Ans. (a) The angle of incidence PQS is (<0) tor water {b) The completed ray diagcam icy Virtual image Tot the ob is closer to the surface as ¢ . eb If angle of inetdence ZPQN is incr bevond critical angle, then we do Tetracted ray and 104)". of light io! reflected in water itseltgf. (ee OB Te, tb) A ray of light pay through a right-ay prism the ining State the incidence and BC lea S Shown figure angles of at the faces Ac {2008 ® t a) See Mlustrative ONo. as (b) The angle of incidence at the face BC ig adj Ans At the tace AC ig 4 Aray of light enters 2 glass stats py am. The critical : ae QRS as sho the diay wn in angle o py this dit Copy # the gi gram and ior the complete the mis tite » from the glass slab. en the diagram wherever necessary TK the angte in tor = a | $ 7 9 Ans, The completed ray diagram is sho At point A on face PQ, 48) which ts greater th 1s totally reflected WN in the adjoining figure angle of incidence is an critical angle. So, the and strikes the B at an angle of incidence 42" angle 1s critieal angle, the ray Jace PS at point As now incide refraction angle is 90 an the ray emerges along the path BS A ray of Light PQ is incident normally on the hypotenuse of right-angled prism ABC | . \ ab eT () Copy the di ? any and comp Tay PQ till it emerges from the Ans, Ans. Ans. (bY What is the value of angle af deviation of the (0 Name an instrament where this action of th Prism is uned (2012) () For completed diagram, see Fig, 4.15 (by The ray suffers a net deviation of 180° (© This actic prof the prism is used in “pr binocu ay the diagram given shows a rightangled prism with tay Of light incid, side AB, he f fa) critical a Blass is 42") Copy the diagram and compte tay of light in ! . | the angle of dev (by tion 2007) alight ray is shown in | (@) The complete path of Fig. 4.14, (©) The net deviation shown by the } ray is 90", Two isosceles ngled glass Prisms are placed hear each other as ; shown in the figure below. Complete the path of the light Fay entering the first isosceles right angled glass prism UIT it emerges from the second ides ical (2008) The complete path of the light ray has. been given in the following figure. State two advantages of ngled prism \ as a reflector, rather than a plane mirror {2002} } Two main advantages of w raghtangted prim | flector as compared toa plane mirn follows: fa) Ina right ar Jed prism, there is 100%. reflection ot ght and there is ne wastage. Ina plane marror there is never 100% reflect (by A right any long, f ed prism can work efficiently tor ime because there is ne silvering, on it and ence, there no risk of damage to the silvering Ina mirror, the silvering gradually fades and it has a short lifespan a REFRACTION OF Licey SRE(a) The angles of incidence at the are 0” and 60" respectively: . (b) The completed ray diagram is given in Fig, 4.17 r of light to nd the Ans. uses blue colou 61, (a) A bo refractive index of glass. He then repeats th periment using red colour of light. Will the refractive index be the same or different in the ea reason to support your answe (bi) Copy the diagram siven alongside and complete the path of light ray till it emerges out P af the prism. ¢ critical angle sis 42°C 1 diagram, mark the angles In yo tate the dependence of angle of deviation: 1 On the refractive inde of the material the prism the wavelength of light. (2016) 9) The refractive index will be different in two cases, “tac, the value of refractive indey for red colour be less than that for blue light. It is because ‘aciwe index of a medium depends on the * Fwavelength) of light used. faces AB and AC (b) The complete Ans. (a) (b) of path of light ray is shown in the diagram given here. (i) The angle of deviation of a with an increase in refractive index gp material of the prism & ion (i) The angle of devi decreases increasing the wavelength of light 4s deviation angle is maximum fot Violet gy | For a given pair o colour (wavelength), the rate of incidence —: to the sine o is a constant. and minimum for red light | | Too tween angie of Gali and angle of refrac siven pair of i nds. W s this p | Write o n where | Mathematically Speed of light in a mediu optical density. When one medium to another ha density. its speed chai interface between two media of ditten densities. then the ray goes bend from its or