Prof. Dr. L.C.M.

Itard
Heat Pumps and their efficiency (COP)

Photo Sun Emits a Solstice CME by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ . Changes made by Rins Lindeman, 2020
Heat Pumps and Chillers
Heat pumps: COP
Heat sink

Qelec + Qin,evap = Qout,cond + Qout,lost

Efficiency:
Qout,cond
η= <1
Qelec + Qin,evap

Coefficient of Performance
Q
COP = out,cond > 1
Heat source
Qelec
Carnot COP
Heat sink

Th COPcarnot: maximum COP of a heat pump

operating between Th and Tc

𝑻𝒉
COPcarnot=
𝑻𝒉#𝑻𝒄

Example: Th=70oC, Tc=7oC

Tc %&'.)*+&,
COPcarnot = = 5.4
&,#&

Heat source Qout,cond Qout,cond

Qelec= =
COP 5.4
Actual COP and Carnot efficiency
Example: Th=70oC, Tc=7oC

%&'.)*+&,
COPcarnot = = 5.4
Th &,#&

Th+ ΔT
-./01
COPreal= -./01#-2345

!"#.%&'"!
• ΔT=2: COPreal = "!(&
= 5.1
!"#.%&'""
• ΔT=7: COPcreal = ""()
= 4.5 (16% lower!)
Tc - ΔT

Tc
COP= ηc .COPcarnot ηc: Carnot efficiency
Outdoor air
Seasonal COP: SCOP

-6
COP= ηc .COPcarnot= ηc .
-6#-.

ηc < 0.3 for cheap systems

ηc ~ 0.6 for excellent systems

-6
SCOP= ηc .SCOPcarnot= ∑ηc .
-6#-.
712!"#$ 7/<%,'(#$
Qelec= =
89:; 89:;
High temperature heat source for high COP
Central heating at 70oC, ηc = 0.4

• Outdoor air Tc=3oC

!"#.%&'")
COP= 0.4. ")(#
=2.1

• Lake/sea Tc=7oC
!"#.%&'")
COP= 0.4. =2.2 (+ 4%)
")("

• Ground Tc=9oC
!"#.%&'")
COP = 0.4. =2.3 (+ 10%)
")(*

-6 • Return air from ventilation Tc=20oC

COP= ηc COP = 0.4.
!"#.%&'")
=2.7 (+ 29%)
-6#-. ")(!)
 Examples of heat sources for heat pumps

Ground heat exchanger by WGisol, CC BY-SA 4.0 Sanyo SAP-KRV93EHN heat pump outdoor
unit by Piisamson,
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
3.0 Unported license.

Pond Pondheat exchanger adapted by autor from WGisol, CC BY-SA 4.

Low temperature delivery for high COP
-6
COP= ηc -6#-.

Ground source heat pump Tc=9oC , ηc = 0.4

Th
• Central heating Th=70oC
Th+ ΔT !"#.%&'")
COP = 0.4. =2.3
")(*

• Low temperature central heating Th=50oC

!"#.%&'&)
COP= 0.4. =2.7 (+ 17%)
&)(*

Tc - ΔT
Tc

Ground source
Low temperature delivery for high COP
-6
COP= ηc -6#-.

Outdooor air Indoor air Ground source heat pump Tc=9oC , ηc = 0.4
Th
• Central heating Th=70oC
Th+ ΔT !"#.%&'")
COP = 0.4. =2.3
")(*

• Low temperature central heating Th=50oC

!"#.%&'&)
COP= 0.4. =2.7 (+ 17%)
&)(*

• Floor heating Th=40oC

!"#.%&'#&
Tc - ΔT COP= 0.4. #&(*
=4.7 (+ 104%)
Tc
• Direct air heating Th=20oC
!"#.%&'!)
Ground source COP= 0.4. !)(*
= 10.7 (+ 311%)
Hot tap water
Electrical resistance/
gasboiler/solar heat
Water tank T=60oC

Th =40oC

Nefit-Bosch Compress 7001i LWMF

Tc ground heat pump for central
heating and hot tap water, with built-in
cylinder
 Absorption chillers: COP

Desorber uses waste heat:

Qout,cond + Q,out,abs Q
COP= or COP= out,cond
Condensor Qelec,pump Qelec,pump

Desorber uses heat from gas or boiler:

Qout,cond + Q,out,abs Qout,cond
COP= or COP=
Qelec,pump+Qheat,deso Qelec,pump+Qheat,d

Evaporator
-12=#-. -6
COP= ηc. ξtc.COPcarnot= ηc
-. -6#-.

Qheat,deso+Qin,evap+Qelec,pump = Qout,cond+Qout,abs
 Primary Energy and CO2-eq emissions
Gas power plant

PE = Ein/ηelec Electricity
Ein = Eheating/ηh Electrical Heat Eout = Eheating = 3000 kWh
production = 750 kWh Pump
= 1875 kWh
ƞ𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 = 0.4 electricity 𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑃ℎ = 4

ƞ = ƞ𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄. 𝑺𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟔
Energy content of gas (north-sea) = 9.8 kWh/m3
Primary Energy = Needed energy content = 1875 kWh (750/0.4)
Needed volume of gas = 191 m3 (1875/9.8)

CO2 emissions gas (methane): 0.2 kg CO2-eq/kWh PE

CO2 emissions = 1875 x 0.2 = 375 kg CO2-eq (4 x less than with electrical heater)
Summary
- COP depends on temperature heat source (Tc) and heat

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ . Changes made by Rins Lindeman, 2020

sink (Th)

Photo Sun Emits a Solstice CME by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0
-6
- COP= ηc .
-6#-.
- High and stable temperature heat source are preferred
• Ground, water, return air
- Low temperature heat sinks are preferred
• Floor heating, low temperature radiators, air
- SCOP is the seasonal performance of the heat pump
- For hot tap water the heat pump will generally be aided
by an additional heater.