4.

4 Sigma Notation
4.4.1 Definition
n
The symbol  f (k ) denotes the sum
n 1
f (1)  f (2)  ...  f (n) where f (1) is the first term, f (2) is the second term

and f (n) is the n th or the last term.The variable k is the index of summation, the number 1 is the lower limit of
summation and the number n is the upper limit of summation.
Example :
5
1) k
k 1
2
 12  2 2  32  4 2  52  55
4
2)  2k  2(1)  2(2)  2(3)  2(4)  20
k 1
5
3)  2k  1  [2(1)  1]  [2(2)  1]  [2(3)  1]  [2(4)  1]  [2(5)  1]  35
k 1

4.4.2 Properties of Sum

Theorem :
n n
1)  ca k  c ak
k 1 k 1
n n n
2)  a
k 1
k  b k    ak   b k
k 1 k 1

4.4.3 Summation Formulas

Theorem :
n
n(n  1)
1)
k 1
 k  1  2  3  ...  n  2
n
n(n  1)(2n  1)
2)  k 2  12  2 2  32  ...  n 2 
k 1 6
n
 n 2 (n  1) 2 
3)  k 3
 13
 2 3
 33
 ...  n 3
  
k 1  4 
Example :
20
i)  k(k  1)
k 1

6
ii) k
k 3
3

4.5 Riemann Sums and the Definite Integral

4.5.1 Properties of the Definite Integral
a Example :
a) If a is in the domain of f , we define  f ( x)dx  0 1

 x dx
2
a i)
b) If f is integrable on [a,b], then we define 1
0
a b
 x dx
2

 f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx ii)

1
b a
Theorem :
If f and g are integrable on [a,b] and if c is a constant, then cf, f  g and f - g are integrable on [a,b]
b b
a)  cf ( x)dx  c  f ( x)dx
a a
b b
b)   f ( x)  g ( x)dx    f ( x)  g ( x)dx
a a
If f is integrable on a closed interval containing the three points a,b and c, then
b c b


a
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a c

Example :
3 10 8
i)  4  5x dx
1
ii) If it is known that 
0
f ( x)dx  17 and  f ( x)dx  12 ,
0
10
find  f ( x)dx
8
3
 2 x, if x  2
iii) Find  f ( x)dx if
0
f ( x)  
1, if x  2

4.6 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

4.6.1 First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
b
If f is continuous on [a,b] and F is any antiderivative of f on [a,b], then  f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)
a

Example
2
Evaluate  xdx
1

4.6.2 Mean-value Theorem for Integrals

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b], then there is at least one point x in [a,b] such that
b

 f ( x)dx  ( f (c))(b  a)
a

Example
i) If f ( x)  2 x 2  3x is continuous on the interval [1,7], 1
ii) Find the number of c, if f ( x)  is continuous
determine the value of c. x2
on the interval [1,5]
 1 iv) Find the number of c, if f ( x)  cos 2 x is
iii) Find the number of c, if f ( x)  is continuous on
x   
continuous on the interval  , 
the interval [2,4] 4 3

4.6.3 Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Theorem : Using the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
g ( x)

 f (t )dt  f g ( x)g ( x)
d
F ' ( x)  '

dx a

Example :
2 x 1
i) Use the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find  t2 
x3
 3t  4  0  2  3t 2 dt . Use the Second
ii) Let F ( x) 
F ' ( x) if F ( x)    4 dt
2  t  5  Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find F ' ( x)

2 x  3  t2 x
 cos t 

dt . Use the Second
0
iii) Let F ( x) 
 2t
iv) Let F ( x)    t 
dt . Use the Second
 0

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find F ' ( x) Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find F ' ( x)