Review Axial Force-Shear- & Bending Moment

Shear, Axial Force and Bending Moment Diagrams of

Beams

Axial Force:

Forces that act along the longitudinal axis of the beam and it can be determined from the
equilibrium equation  f x  0 and it is either tension or compression.

Shear Force:

To maintain any section of a beam in equilibrium, there must be internal vertical force (V) acting at
a right angle to the axis of the beam. Such force is called shear force.

Bending Moment:

Moments which tend to bend the beam in the plane of the loads is called bending moment. The
internal bending moment at any section can be determined using the equilibrium
equation  M z  0 .

Sign convention of Axial force, Shear Force and Bending Moment:

1- Axial Force: Tensile (+ve), Compression (- ve)

2- Shear Force: Positive (+ve) when shear at the right section (left portion) is down ward and
results in positive bending moment.
3- Bending moment: Positive (+ve) when moment at the right section (left portion) is counter
clockwise which tend to bend the beam so that it concave upward.

M V
Positive: F F
M
V

Concave
Upward

Method of Sections:

In order to obtain the shear and moment at any point along the beam, the method of sections can be
applied. The method of section based on the principle that if the beam is in equilibrium, then any
part of it is in equilibrium.

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Engineering College - Civil Department 1
Review Axial Force-Shear- & Bending Moment

Ex.1)
Calculate the shear force and bending moment at 1m from the left support.
1m 1 10 kN
Sol.)
The whole beam:
A B
 M A  0  B y  5kN  Ay 1 By

 f y  0  Ay  5kN 
2m 2m
 f x  0  Ax  0
M
Left Part: X

 fx  0  X  0 V
5  V  0  V  5kN  5kN

M  51  5kN  m c.c.w.

Right Part: 10 kN
V
V  10  5  5kN 
M  53  101  5kN  m c.w.
M
5kN
Ex.2)
Draw the shear force and bending moment Diagrams.
10(4/5)=8 kN
Sol.)
10 kN
 M A  0  B y  4kN  4
x 3
 f y  0  Ay  4kN  Ay
10(3/5)=6 kN

 f x  0  Ax  6kN  A B
By
1- 0<x<2 m
 f x  0  A  6kN Compressive
2m 2m
 f y  0  V  4kN Constant M
 M o  0  M  4x  0 6kN A
 M  4 x Linear o
2- 2<x<4 m x V
4kN

 fx  0  A  0 8kN
 fy  0
M
V  4  8  4kN Constant 6kN
6kN A
 Mo  0 x
o
V
M  4 x  8( x  2)  0
4kN
 M  16  4 x Linear

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Engineering College - Civil Department 2
Review Axial Force-Shear- & Bending Moment

8 kN
6 kN
6 kN

4kN 4kN

2m 2m

A.F.D
-
-6 kN
4 kN
+
S.F.D
-
8 kN.m 4 kN
+
B.M.D

Ex.3)
Wo (kN/m)
Draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams.

Sol.) A B
For the whole beam: WoL/2 WoL/2
MA  0
l Wl L
B y  l  Wol   0  B y  o
2 2
Wl
 f y  0  Ay  o WL/2
+
2 S.F.D
For the section: - -WL/2
 fy  0
Wol
 Wo  x  V  0 @ x = 0 → V = wL/2
2 Wo M
0 xl @ x = L/2 → V = wL/2-wL/2 = 0
o @ x = L → V = wL/2-wL = -wL/2
Wl
V  o  Wo  x
V
2
x
WL2/8
 Mo  0 WoL/2
+
B.M.D
Wol x Wol Wo x 2
M  x  Wo x   x
2 2 2 2
@x=0→M=0
W

 M  o xl  x 2
2
 0 xl and @ x = L/2 → M = w/2(L2/2-L2/4) =
wL2/8
l  @ x = L → M = w/2(L2-L2) = 0
V  Wo   x  0 xl
2 

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Engineering College - Civil Department 3
Review Axial Force-Shear- & Bending Moment

Relationship between applied loads and shear:

Consider and element (dx) is taken perpendicular to

the longitudinal axis of a beam with an upward y
(Positive) distributed load.
q(x)
 fy  0
V  q x   dx  (V  dV )  0
x
 q x 
dV
 …. (1) dx
dx
This means that the slope of shear force
diagram equals the corresponding distributed load.
dV
(i.e. for zero load    slope of shear diagram=0 ) q(x)
dx
Integrating eq. (1) between the two sections 1 and 2, yields;
V2 x2 M M+dM
 dv   q  dx
V1 x1
o
x2
V2  V1   q  dx
x1 V V+dV
x2
dx
V2  V1   q  dx
x1
This states that the shear at section 2 equals the shear at section 1 plus the area under the load curve
between the two sections 1 and 2.
Also;
 V  dx  M  qx dx 
dx
Mo  0   ( M  dM )  0
2
(dx) 2 (dx) 2
 dM  V  dx  q  Since dx2 is too small, then consider  0 dM  V  dx
2 2
dM
 V …. (2)
dx

This means that the slope of bending moment diagram equals the corresponding shear force load.
dM
(i.e. for zero shear    slope of bending moment diagram=0 )
dx
Integrating eq. (1) between the two sections 1 and 2, yields;
x2
M 2  M 1   V  dx
x1

This states that the bending moment at section 2 equals the bending at section 1 plus the area under
the shear force curve between the two sections 1 and 2.
Also from equations (1) and (2),
d 2M
qx  
dx 2

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Engineering College - Civil Department 4
Review Axial Force-Shear- & Bending Moment

Ex.4) 10 (kN/m)
Draw shear force and bending moment diagram.
1
Sol.)

MA  0 A
1
B
10  3 5 kN x 10 kN
By  3  2  0
2 3m
 B y  10 kN 
10  3
 f y  0  Ay  B y  0
2
 Ay  5kN 
Parabola
 f x  0  Ax  0 5 kN 2nd degree
+
S.F.D
Section 1-1: 10 kN/m 1.732 m - -10 kn
From triangles:
10x y
y
3 x
 fy  0 3m
3m
10 x x 5.77 kN.m
V  5  0 10x/3 M
3 2 3rd degree
o +
10 x 2 V
V  5  x B.M.D
6
5kN

Maximum moment is located at zero shear force.

Solve for V  0
10 x 2 30
  5 x   1.732m
6 10
MA  0
10 x x x 10 x 3
M    5x  0  M  5x 
3 2 3 18
Maximum moment is located at x = 1.732 m. 10 kN
3 3
10 x 10(1.732)
M  5x   5(1.732)   5.77kN.m 2 kN
18 18 1.5 m
Ex.5) o
Draw S.F & B.M diagrams for Beam A-B.
A B
Ay By

1m 2m 2m

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Engineering College - Civil Department 5
Review Axial Force-Shear- & Bending Moment

Sol.)
For the frame segment:

10 kN
 Mo  0 10 kN
17 kN.m
2 kN
M  10  2  2  1.5 2 kN

 M  17 kN .m
A B
 fx  0 17 kN.m o
7.4 kN 2.6 kN
2 kN
Ox  2kN
 fy  0  10 kN 1m 2m 2m

O y  10 kN
2 kN + A.F.D
For the whole Beam:
 fx  0
Ax  2kN  ten. 7.4 kN +
MA  0 S.F.D
-
B y 5  17  103  0 2.6 kN

 B y  2.6kN  22.2 kN.m

+ 5.2 kN.m
 fy  0 B.M.D

Ay  2.6  10  0
 Ay  7.4kN 

Ex.6) W kN/m
Draw shear force & bending moment
diagrams. wL2/2 L
Sol.)
wL
 fy  0 -ve slope for downward
load
R y  wl wL +
S.F.D
MA  0
l wl 2 B.M.D
M  wl   _
2 2 nd
2 degree

The slope of
-wL2/2 B.M.D = 0
because the sear
force = 0.

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Engineering College - Civil Department 6
Review Axial Force-Shear- & Bending Moment

Ex.7)
W kN/m
Sol.)
 fy  0
wl
Ry  L
2 wL2/6
 A 0
M
wL/2
The slope of S.F.D
wl l wl 2 2nd degree
M   wL/2 +
=0
2 3 6 because the load
S.F.D = 0.

2 Area of
A
3 1 parabola B.M.D The slope of
A _
3
rd
3 degree B.M.D = 0
because the sear
force = 0.
-wL2/6 M = shear Area
1 wl wl 2
M   l 
3 2 6

W kN/m
Ex.8)

Sol.) wL2/3
 fy  0 L
wL/2
wl The slope of S.F.D
Ry  ≠0
2 S.F.D
because the load _
MA  0 ≠ 0. -wL/2
2nd degree
wl 2l wl 2
M  
2 3 3
M = shear Area
2 wl wl 2
M    l  
3 2 3

The slope of
B.M.D ≠ 0 B.M.D
because the sear rd
_
3 degree
force ≠ 0. -wL2/3

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Engineering College - Civil Department 7
Review Axial Force-Shear- & Bending Moment

5 kN 5 kN
(kN/ W=10 kN/m (kN/
Ex.9) m) m)

Sol.) A B

MA  0 1m
RA
2m
RB
1m

RB 2  5  1  5  3  102  0
2
2
10 -5
 RB  15kN  + S.F.D
+
 fy  0 -5 - -
 R A  15kN  1m -10

M @ mid span
M= 5-5=0
0
B.M.D
- -
-5 kN.m -5 kN.m
M= shear area
M = shear area M= (10×1)/2=5
M = -5×1=-5

4 kN /m 12 kN./m
Ex.10)
C
A B
Sol.)
RA RB
MA 0
RB 5  12  43  0
3 3m 2m 2m
2
 RB  6kN  6 kN
 fy  0 +
S.F.D
A B C
 R A  6kN  1.5 m -
-6 kN

4.5 kN.m

+
B.M.D
-
12 kN.m
B

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Engineering College - Civil Department 8
Review Axial Force-Shear- & Bending Moment

50 kN 10 kN
4 kN/m (kN/ 2 kN/m (kN/
Ex.11) m) m)
(kN/m (kN/m
Sol.) ) )
MB  0 A B C D E F
 66 RB=25.5 kN RD=58.5
 4    50  4  RD  8  kN
 23
6m 4m 4m 6m 2m
2  6 6  8   10  16  0
2  22 kN
13.5 kN 10 kN
(kN/
(kN/m + + (kN/
 RD  58.5kN )
m)
m)S.F.D
 fy  0 A
- B C D E F (kN/
m)
 RB  25.5kN 2nd degree -12
-
kN
(kN/ -36.5 kN
m) (kN/m)

30 kN .m

A B C D E F
B.M.
rd
3 degree D
-24 kN .m -20 kN .m
(kN/
2nd degree m)

Ex.12) -116 kN
.m
20kN/m 20kN/m
Sol.) 10 kN hinge
(kN/m (kN/m
(kN/ ) (kN/ )
For section D-F: m) m)
A B C D E F
MD  0 RB=40 RC=5 kN RE=20
20  1.5  1.5  kN kN
RE  1.5  1.5  0 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
2  3 
 RE  20kN  20kN/m
5 kN (kN/m
)
For section A-D:
D E F

MB  0 RE=20 kN

1.5
10  1.5  20  1.5  Rc  1.5  5  3  0 20kN/m
2 10 kN (kN/m
(kN/
 Rc  5kN  m)
) 5 kN

 fy  0 A B C D

 10  RB  20  1.5  5  5  0 RB=40
kN
Rc=-5 kN

 RB  40kN 
Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Engineering College - Civil Department 9
Review Axial Force-Shear- & Bending Moment

20kN/m 20kN/m
10 kN (kN/m hinge (kN/m
(kN/ ) (kN/ )
m) m)
A B C D E F
RB=40 RC=5 kN RE=20
kN kN
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

30 kN
15 kN 2nd degree
+ (kN/ +
- m) S.F.D
- 10 (kN 5 kN
k (
(kN/
( k m)
( N
k N
k /
7.5 kN.m N /
N m
+ / m
/ )
m - ) B.M.D
m- nd
(
2 degree ) rd
3 degree
) 7.5 kN.m
(
( 15 kN.mk
N k
k / N
N m /
/ ) m
m )
)

Prof. Dr. Sallal R. Abid Wasit University - Engineering College - Civil Department 11