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Design Of Reinforced Concrete

Structures

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 1

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Types of Loads
1. Dead Loads: are those that are constant in
magnitude and fixed in location throughout
the lifetime of the structure. Such as weight
of the structure itself.
2. Live loads: are those that change in
magnitude and location during the lifetime of
the structure. Their magnitude and
distribution at any given time are uncertain.
Such as traffic loads on bridges and
occupancy loads in buildings.
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Types of Loads
3. Environmental loads: are mainly snow, wind
pressure and suction, earthquake loads soil
pressures on subsurface portion of structures
and temperature differentials

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Ultimate Design Method

Design Basis
• To serve its purpose the structure must be
safe against collapse, deflection is adequately
small, and cracks kept at tolerable limits.
Load Distribution Strength Distribution
Pf is small

Safety Margin M=S-Q

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Safety Margin
• Coefficients are highly dependent on the
variance of the quantity to which they are
applied (namely S or Q) and the chosen value
of β, usually β is between 3 and 4 which gives
a probability of failure of the order 1:100,000.

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Design Basis
Why is a margin of safety needed?
1. Actual loads may differ from those assumed.

2. Actual loads may be distributed in a manner

different from that assumed.

3. The assumptions and simplifications inherent

in any analysis may result in calculated load
effects different form actual load.
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Design Basis
4. Actual member dimensions may differ from
those specified.

5. Reinforcement may not be in proper

position.

6. Actual material strength may be different

from that specified.
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Safety Margin
• The further the mean M is from zero the
better, this can be achieved by

ψ s S ≥ψ L Q
Ψs: is a partial safety coefficient less than 1.0
ΨL: is a partial safety coefficient larger than 1.0

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Safety Margin
• In practice it is usually more convenient to
introduce the partial safety coefficients with
respect to code specified loads, which already
exceeds the average loads (more safety). Similarly
the partially safety coefficients are introduced to
with respect to the nominal strength values thus
the previous equations changes to

φSn ≥ γQd U = γQd

• These factors are based on statistical information,
experience, and engineering judgment.
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Safety Margin
• Typical load factors based on ACI 318M-19

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Safety Margin
• Typical load factors based on ACI 318M-19

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Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

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Safety Margin
• Typical load factors based on ACI 318M-19

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Safety Margin
• Typical load factors based on ACI 318M-19

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Safety Margin
• Design Strength ≥ Required Strength

φS n ≥ U
• U is the required strength calculated from the
factored load, so if we are designing for
moment, shear and axial loads we will have
the following

φM n ≥ M u φVn ≥ Vu φPn ≥ Pu
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Near the Ultimate Load

• Stresses are no longer proportional to strains
αfc’

f av
α= C = f avbc = αf c'bc
f c'
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Near the Ultimate Load

α = 0.72 f c' ≤ 28 MPa

f c' − 28
α = 0.72 − × 0.04 28 MPa ≤ f c' ≤ 55 MPa
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α = 0.56 f c' > 55 MPa
β = 0.425 f c' ≤ 28 MPa
f c' − 28
β = 0.425 − × 0.025 28 MPa ≤ f c' ≤ 55 MPa
7
β = 0.325 f c' > 55 MPa

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Near the Ultimate Load

C =T
αf c'bc = As f s
M = Tz = As f s ( d − β c)
M = Cz = αf c'bc(d − β c)
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Near the Ultimate Load

•If yielding in steel occurs first
fs = f y
As f y ρf y d
c= =
αf c'b αfc'
M n = Tz
 βρ f y 
M n = ρ f y bd 2 1 − 
' 
 α f c 

 ρf 
M n = ρ f y bd 2 1 − 0.59 'y 
 fc 
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Near the Ultimate Load

•If Concrete fails first, before steel yields
f s = ε s Es
εu εs fs
= =
c d −c Es ( d − c )
ε u Es ( d − c )
fs =
c
(d − c)
αf c'bc = As f s  αf c'bc = Asε u Es
c
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Near the Ultimate Load

•If Concrete fails first, before steel yields
αf c'bc 2 = − Asε u Es c + Asε u Es d
αf c'bc 2 + Asε u Es c − Asε u Es d = 0
Aε E Aε E d
c 2 + s u' s c − s u ' s = 0
αf c b αf c b
Aε E
δ = s u' s
αf c b
c 2 + δc − δd = 0
1
(
 c = − δ + δ (4d + δ )
2
)
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Near the Ultimate Load

•Balanced Reinforcement Ratio: is the ratio
necessary for the beam to fail by crushing of the
concrete at the same load that causes the steel to
yield. d −c
f s = ε u Es
c
f d −c
f y = εu y  (ε y + ε u )c = ε u d
εy c
εu
c= d
ε y + εu
αf c' εu
αf c'bc = ρbdf y  ρb =
f y ε y + εu
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Example I-3
• Determine the nominal moment Mn at which
the beam will fail
f c' = 28 N/mm 2 = 285.5 kg/cm 2 ≈ 280 kg/cm 2
f y = 420 N/mm 2 = 4282.8 kg/cm 2 ≈ 4200 kg/cm 2
b=0.25m

f r = 3.25 N/mm 2
d=0.60m h=0.65m

3φ25

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Example I-3
As 1472.62
ρ= = = 9.817 × 10 −3
bd 250 × 600
αf c' ε u 0.72 × 28 0.003
ρb = = = 0.0288
f y εu + ε y 420 0.003 + 0.002
Since ρ<ρb it will fail due to yielding of steel
 ρf y 
M n = ρf y bd 2 1 − 0.59 ' 
 fc 
 9.817 × 10−3 × 420 
= 9.817 × 10 −3 × 420 × 250 × 6002 1 − 0.59 
 28 
= 338.84 kN.m
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Example I-3

ρf y d 9.817 × 10 −3 × 420 × 600

c= =
αf c' 0.72 × 28
= 122.71 mm

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