10/24/2020

Design Of Tension-Reinforced
Rectangular Beams

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 1

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution (Whitney’s block)

c
C = αf c'cb = γf c' ab from which γ = α
a
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 2
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

1
 10/24/2020

Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution (Whitney’s block)

c α
C = αf c'cb = γf c' ab from which γ = α =
a β1
a a
= βc = β  β1 = 2 β
2 β1
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 3
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution (Whitney’s block)

≤28 34 41 48 ≥55

α 0.720 0.680 0.640 0.600 0.560

β 0.425 0.400 0.375 0.350 0.325

β 1 =2 β 0.850 0.800 0.750 0.700 0.650

γ = α/β 1 0.850 0.850 0.850 0.860 .860

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 4

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

2
 10/24/2020

Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution (Whitney’s block)
• Thus Regardless of f’c , the concrete
compression force at failure in a rectangular
beam of width b is

C = 0.85 f c' ab
f c' − 28
a = β1c where β1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
0.65 ≤ β1 ≤ 0.85
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 5
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution
a
(Whitney’s block)
M n = As f y ( d − )
2
As f y
a=
0.85 f c'b
As
let ρ =
bd
ρf y
 M n = ρf y bd 2 (1 − 0.59 )
f c'
ρf y
let R = ρ f y (1 − 0.59 ) R = flexural resistance factor
f c'
 M n = Rbd 2
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 6
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

3
 10/24/2020

Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution (Whitney’s block)
• Balanced Strain (Reinforcement Ratio)
condition:
εu
c= d
εu + εy
C =T
ρb f y bd = 0.85 f c'ab
f c' ε u
ρb = 0.85β1
fy εu + εy

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 7

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Example f-1
• Determine the nominal moment Mn at which
the beam will fail (Use Whitney’s block)

b=0.25m f c' = 28 N/mm 2

f y = 420 N/mm 2
d=0.60m h=0.65m f r = 3.25 N/mm 2
3φ25

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 8

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

4
 10/24/2020

Example f-1
As 1472.62
ρ= = = 9.817 ×10 −3
bd 250 × 600
f ' εu 28 0.003
ρ b = 0.85β1 c = 0.85 × 0.85 = 0.0289
fy εu + εy 420 0.003 + 0.002

Since ρ<ρb it will fail due to yielding of steel

As f y a
a= = 103 .95 mm c= = 122 .29 mm
0 .85 f c'b β1
a
M n = As f y ( d − )
2
 103 .95 
= 1472 .62 × 420 ×  600 − 
 2 
= 338 .95 kN.m
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 9
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Under-reinforced Beams
• To ensure failure by yielding of steel ρ should
be less than ρb for the following reasons
– Avoid reaching the compressive strain limit of
concrete.
– Material properties are not known precisely.
– Strain-hardening of reinforcement steel not
accounted for.
– Actual steel area provided will always be larger
than required
– The extra ductility provided increases deflection
capability substantially
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 10
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

10

5
 10/24/2020

ACI Safety Provisions

• Safety limits are defined by
– Strength reduction factor (φ) ACI-318-19
– Minimum tensile reinforcement strain

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 11

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

11

ACI Safety Provisions (318-19)

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 12

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

12

6
 10/24/2020

ACI Safety Provisions

ε ty
ε ty + 0.003


fy
Es
For fy=420 MPa
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 13
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

13

ACI Safety Provisions

• Both limits are controlled by the net tensile
strain (εt ) of the reinforcement farthest from
the compression face of the concrete at depth
(dt )

f c' εu
 ρ max = 0.85β1
fy fy
εu + ( + 0.003)
Es
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 14
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

14

7
 10/24/2020

Practical Considerations in the

Design of Beams
• Concrete protection for reinforcement (ACI-19)

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 15

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

15

Practical Considerations in the

Design of Beams
• Concrete proportions
– Use d=(2-3)b or bw

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 16

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

16

8
 10/24/2020

Practical Considerations in the

Design of Beams
bmin = n φ bar + ( n − 1) s + 2 (φ stirrups + cover)
s = min of 25 mm and φ bar
1
d = h − ( cover + φ stirrups + φ bar )
2
40 mm min.

Φ10 Stirrups

3Φ32

66 mm min.

40 mm min.

66 mm min.
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 17
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

17

Examples
• Example f2: What is the nominal flexural
strength, and what is the maximum moment
that the cross section can handle according to
the ACI code
b=0.30m

f c' = 28 N/mm 2
d=0.45m
f y = 420 N/mm2
4φ25

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 18

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

18

9
 10/24/2020

A s = 1963.50 mm2
Example f2
1963.50
ρ= = 0.014544
450 × 300
28  0.003 
ρmax_ old = 0.85 × .85 ×   = 0.0206
420  0.003 + 0.004 
28  0.003 
ρmax_ new = 0.85 × .85 ×   = 0.01806
420  0.003 + 0.005 
ρmax_ old = 0.714ρb ρmax_ new = 0.625ρb
ρ < ρmax (failure by tensile yielding)
1963.5 × 420
a= = 115.50 mm
0.85 × 28 × 300
 115.5 
Mn = 1963.5 × 420  450 −  = 323.48 kN.m
 2 
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 19
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

19

Example f2
a 115.50
c= = = 135.88 mm
β1 0.85

εt = εu
(dt − c ) = 0.003× (450 -135.88) = 0.00694
c 135.88
ε t > 0.005
or
c 135.88
= = 0.302 < 0.375
dt 450
 φ = 0.90
 φM n = 0.9 × 324.48 = 291.14 kN.mm
CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 20
Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

20

10
 10/24/2020

Example f2
• According to ACI Code 9.6.1.2 the minimum
steel should not be less than
0.25 f c'
As ,min = bw d
fy
and
1.4bw d
As ,min =
fy
• For this example
0 . 25 f c'
ρ min = = 0 . 0031
fy
1 .4
ρ min = = 0 . 0033  ρ min = 0 . 0033 < 0 . 014544
fy

CE 432 1st Semester 20/21 21

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

21

11