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Polar Graphs

Math 37
Mathematical Analysis II

Department of Mathematics, Physics and

Computer Science

19February
September 2013
28, 2013

Math 37
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1 Limaçons and Cardioids

2 Rose

3 Lemniscates

4 Area of a Region for Polar Graphs

5 Length of Arc for Polar Graphs

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Limaçons

Equation

r = a ± b cos θ or r = a ± b sin θ
where a > 0 and b > 0.

Types of Limaçons
a
Cardioid: = 1
b
a
Limaçon with a Loop: 0 < < 1
b
Limaçon with a Dent: 1 < ab < 2
a
Convex Limaçon: b ≥2

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Math 37
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Symmetry and Direction of a Limaçon

r = a + b cos θ
Symmetric to polar axis; points to right

r = a − b cos θ
Symmetric to polar axis; points to left

r = a + b sin θ
π
Symmetric to 2 axis; points upward

r = a − b sin θ
π
Symmetric to 2 axis; points downward

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Example
Describe and plot the graph of the equation r = 3 + 2 cos θ.

Solution
Since a = 3 and b = 2, ab = 23 . Clearly, 1 < 3
2 < 2. So, the graph
is a limacon with a dent.
π π π π 2π 3π 5π
θ 0 6 4 3 2 3 4 6 π
r 5 4.73 4.41 4 3 2 1.58 1.26 1

Math 37
Outline

1 Limaçons and Cardioids

2 Rose

3 Lemniscates

4 Area of a Region for Polar Graphs

5 Length of Arc for Polar Graphs

 Outline

Rose

Equation

r = a cos nθ or r = a sin nθ

Graph
a is the length of the leaf

number of leaves :

n if n is odd
2n if n is even

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Math 37
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Example
Describe and plot the graph of the equation r = 4 cos 2θ.

π π π π
θ 0 6 4 3 2
r 4 2 0 -2 -4

Math 37
Outline

1 Limaçons and Cardioids

2 Rose

3 Lemniscates

4 Area of a Region for Polar Graphs

5 Length of Arc for Polar Graphs

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Math 37
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Lemniscates

Equation

r2 = a2 cos 2θ or r2 = a2 sin 2θ

Example
Describe and plot the graph of the equation

r2 = 9 sin 2θ

π π π π
θ 0 6 4 3 2
r 0 ± 2.79 ±3 ± 2.79 0

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Assignment (Due on March 5, 2013 (Tuesday))

Describe and plot the graph of the given equation.

1 r = 2 − 2 sin θ
2 r = 2 cos 3θ
3 r2 = 4 cos 2θ

Math 37
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1 Limaçons and Cardioids

2 Rose

3 Lemniscates

4 Area of a Region for Polar Graphs

5 Length of Arc for Polar Graphs

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Area
Let R be the region bounded by the polar curve r = f (θ) and
by the rays θ = a and θ = b. Then the area of R is
Z b
1
A= r2 dθ.
2 a

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Example
Find the area enclosed by one leaf of the rose r = cos 2θ.

Math 37
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Math 37
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Example
Find the area of the region that lies inide the circle r = 3 sin θ
and outside the cardioid r = 1 + sin θ

Math 37
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Math 37
Outline

1 Limaçons and Cardioids

2 Rose

3 Lemniscates

4 Area of a Region for Polar Graphs

5 Length of Arc for Polar Graphs

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Arc Length
The length of a curve with polar equation r = f (θ), a ≤ θ ≤ b is
s  2
Z b
2
dr
L= r + dθ
a dθ

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Example
Find the length of the cardioid r = 2 (1 + cos θ)

Math 37