PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER

(3340501)

CHAPTER-1
FUNDAMENTAL OF HEAT TRANSFER

Mrs.Rashmi Jadav
 HEAT TRANSFER:
• It deals with the study of rates at which exchange of heat takes place between a hot source
and a cold receiver.
• Heat transfer is the flow of thermal energy from a hot body to a cold body.
• Heat is defined as a form of energy which is in transit between a hot source and cold receiver.
• Temperature difference is the driving force of heat transfer.
 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT TRANSFER:
• In process industries there are many operations which involve transfer of energy in the form of
heat ,e.g., evaporation, distillation, drying, etc.
• Chemical reaction carried on a commercial scale take place with evolution or absorption of
heat.
• It is also necessary to prevent the loss of heat from a hot vessel or a pipe system.
• In all these cases, the major problem is that of transfer of heat at the desired rate.
• The knowledge of laws of heat transfer, mechanism of heat transfer and process heat transfer
equipments is of great importance from a stand point of controlling the flow of heat in the
desired manner.
 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER:
• CONDUCTION:
• It is the transfer of heat from one part of the body to the another part of the same body or from
to another which is in physical contact with it, without appreciable displacement of particles of
a body.
• Example: heat flow through the brick wall of a furnace, the metal sheet of a boiler and the metal
wall of heat exchanger tube.
• CONVECTION:
• It is the transfer of heat from one point to another point within a fluid(gas or liquid) by mixing of
hot and cold portion of fluid.
• Natural Convection:
• It is the motion of fluid ,the result of difference in density of the warmer and cooler fluid elements
arising form the temperature difference/gradient in the fluid mass.
• Forced Convection:
• In this motion of fluid is produced by mechanical means such as an agitator, a fan or a pump.
• Example: heating of room by means of a steam radiator, heating of water in cooking pans,
heat flow to a fluid pumped through a heated pipe.
 RADIATION:
• Radiation refers to the transfer of heat energy from one body to another ,not in contact
with it, by electromagnetic waves through space.
• Example: heat from the sun to the earth, loss of heat from an uninsulated steam pipe
STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER
When the rate of heat flow is
constant i.e. it does not change
with time, resulting in a steady
state condition, the process is
called steady state condition.
UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER
When the rate of heat flow is not
constant i.e. it change with time,
resulting in a unsteady state
condition, the process is called
unsteady state condition.

The internal energy of the system The internal energy of the system
does not change in this process. changes in this process.

The temperature difference at any The temperature difference at any

point in a system does not point in a system changes with
changes with time. time.
Example: heat transfer to water in Example: cooling of castings in a
boiler tubes from the hot gases foundry